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1.
Localized treatment of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Wisonsin) cotyledons with inhibitors of N-glycosylation such as tunicamycin or amphomycin resulted in systemic acquired resistance in the first leaf to the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lagenarium. Resistance was maximal as early as 2 days after application and best results were observed when the inhibitor was used at 100 μ . The same treatment also induced salicylic acid accumulation as well as the expression of chitinase and a PR1-like protein. The systemic effect is not caused by the transport of tunicamycin, since tunicamycin was not detected in the leaves. Within 2 h after application tunicamycin inhibited N-glycosylation, but not protein synthesis as indicated by labelling experiments. The amount of large and small subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase decreased after tunicamycin treatment and after pathogen inoculation and the expression of BiP, a protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum was enhanced. The activation of defense reactions seems to be dependent and sensitive to N-linked glycosylation.  相似文献   

2.
Polyphosphate kinase (PPK), encoded by the ppk gene, is a principal enzyme responsible for synthesis of inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) from ATP in many Gram-negative bacteria. In order to elucidate the functions of poly P in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605, an in-frame deletion mutant of the ppk gene (ppk) was constructed. The ppk mutant did not accumulate poly P, whereas the wild-type strain accumulated a large quantity. The mutant had reduced swarming motility, even though it retains swimming motility like the parental strain. The mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to prolonged incubation and environmental stresses, such as heat shock and oxidative stress and reduced exopolysaccharide (EPS) production compared to the wild-type. Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of the rpoS gene, encoding the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS, was reduced in ppk in the logarithmic phase, indicating that rpoS is regulated by the ppk gene. The poly P deficient mutant had significantly reduced ability to cause disease in its host tobacco plant and in planta growth of the mutant was also significantly reduced in host tobacco leaves as compared to the wild-type strain. Thus, our results suggest that poly P plays an important role in the virulence of P. syringae pv. tabaci 6605.  相似文献   

3.
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4.
Complexes of the type [M(apabh)Cl] and [M(Hapabh)(H2O)SO4], where M = Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II); Hapabh = acetone p-amino acetophenone benzoylhydrazone have been synthesized and characterized. Electronic spectra and μeff values suggest a square planar geometry for Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) chloride complexes, whereas, octahedral geometry for the sulfato complexes. ESR data show isotropic spectra for [Cu(apabh)Cl] and axial spectra for [Cu(Hapabh)(H2O)SO4] and dx2−y2 as the ground state for both Cu(II) complexes. The ligand acts as tridentate monobasic in all chloro complexes bonding through two >CN and a deprotonated enolate groups, whereas tridentate neutral in all sulfato complexes coordinating through two >CN and a >CO groups. Thermal analysis (TGA & DTA) of [Ni(apabh)Cl] complex shows a multi-step exothermic decomposition pattern. The complexes show a significant antifungal activity against Rizoctonia sp., Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. and a considerably fair antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas sp. and Clostridium sp. The activity increases at higher concentration of the compound.  相似文献   

5.
Zusammenfassung  Im Rahmen eines Umweltgutachtens wurde die phytotoxische und insektizide Wirkung von Steinkohlenflugasche untersucht. Als Testorganismen dienten die Pflanzen Tropaeolum majus (Kapuzinerkresse) und Lepidium sativum (Brunnenkresse) sowie die Vorratsschädlinge Plodia interpunctella (Dörrobstmotte), Tenebrio molitor (Mehlkäfer) und Sitophilus granarius (Kornkäfer). Gezeigt werden konnte, dass die verwendete Steinkohlenflugasche bei einem aus der Literatur entnommenen theoretischen täglichen Flugstaubniederschlag von 1 g/m2 keine phytotoxischen bzw. insektiziden Eigenschaften aufwies. Selbst eine zehnfach erhöhte Dosis von 10 g/m2 hatte innerhalb von 2 Tagen keine erhöhte Mortalität von Dörrobstmottenlarven bzw. über einen Zeitraum von 12 Tagen keine erhöhte Mortalität von Mehlkäfern (alle Entwicklungsstadien) zur Folge. Für Kornkäfer ergab sich eine leichte Erhöhung der Mortalität auf 2 % innerhalb von 12 Tagen nach einer Dosierung von 5 g/m2. Die Mortalitätsrate von Kornkäfern erhöhte sich nach Applikation von 125 mg Flugasche auf eine Fläche von 50 cm2 innerhalb von 12 Tagen von 6 % in der Kontrolle auf 14 %. Eine mit Diatomeenerde zur Positivkontrolle durchgeführte Versuchsreihe hatte hingegen bei gleich hoher Dosierung eine 100 %ige Abtötung aller adulten Kornkäfer zur Folge. Starke Pflanzausfälle waren erst bei einem komplett aus Flugasche bestehendem Substrat zu verzeichnen. Nur geringfügig waren die Wuchsleistungen der verwendeten Pflanzen ab einem Flugascheanteil von 50 % im Substrat beeinträchtigt.
Christian UlrichsEmail:
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6.
Spatial disease pattern of Cercospora beticola was characterised during natural epidemics of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) in sugar beet. We applied linear regression and geostatistical analyses to characterise CLS spatial patterns in three field trials, in long-established and recently-established CLS-areas, during two consecutive years. Linear regression showed a positive influence of average disease severity of within-row neighbouring plants (0.38 < < 0.88). Semi-variograms modelled the spatial dependence of disease severity for two directions per week in both years. Disease severity displayed strong spatial dependence over time. The within-row spatial dependence was the largest, but across-row dependence was irregular and weaker. Both long- and recently established areas showed strong spatial dependence of disease severity within row, decrease in variability between years and within the second trial year and a relation between and the relative nugget. Observed differences were more field than area specific. These spatial and temporal analyses indicated that disease severities of adjacent plants were dependent; hence, we concluded that C. beticola is dispersed mainly over short distances from plant to plant.  相似文献   

7.
The activities of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic responses were investigated in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var.) pre-treated by plant activators and inoculated by Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Plants were sprayed with acibenzolar-S-methyl, ASM [Bion® 50 WG (0.2 g l−1)] and aqueous extract from dry necrotic tissue flour (VLA) of ‘Lobeira’ (Solanum lycocarpum) bush. Four days later, the plants were challenged with a virulent strain of X. vesicatoria, under greenhouse conditions. Tomato leaves were then assessed to determine the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). A reduction of bacterial leaf spot severity was observed in plants treated by ASM (49.3%) and VLA (31.4%), without any in vitro inhibitory activity over the pathogen. Controls showed decreases in CO2 assimilation, transpiration, photosynthetic rates, and stomatal conductance. Water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency were strongly affected in ASM- and VLA-treated, in comparison to controls and healthy plants. The tested substances induced increases in SOD and CAT activities in a delayed enzymatic response typical in compatible plant–pathogen interactions. Measured at daily intervals, activities of APX and POX were significantly (ρ0.05) higher in treated plants than in controls, except for APX in ASM-treated plants where no difference was found when compared to controls. Only POX was clearly induced at the earlier stages after spraying the tomato plants with ASM or VLA. Our results suggest that late increases in antioxidant enzyme activities may play a role in mitigating oxidative damage in restoring the photosynthetic imbalance imposed by the expansion of bacterial lesions.  相似文献   

8.
This research examined the variation in the response of eight commercial wheat cultivars to Microdochium nivale isolates using both in vivo FHB tests (AUDPC and RHW measurements) and in vitro detached leaf assays (LGR). Irrespective of fungal variety, the two Italian cvs Fortore and Norba exhibited the greatest amount of visual disease symptoms (mean AUDPC=2.2 and 2.3, respectively), being significantly more susceptible than the other six cultivars (AUDPC 1.24) (P < 0.05). Irrespective of fungal variety, the Italian cv. Norba and the Irish cv. Falstaff were more susceptible than the other cultivars (except Fatima 2) in terms of RHW (P < 0.05), while the cvs Fortore, GK Othalom and Consort were more resistant than the other five cultivars (P < 0.05). In the detached leaf assay, the Hungarian cv. GK Othalom and the Italian cv. Norba were more susceptible (mean LGR=0.79 and 0.81 mm day–1, respectively) to M. nivalethan the other six cultivars (mean LGR=0.51–0.72) (P < 0.05). Analysis of the relationship between head and leaf reaction to M. nivaleinfection revealed no significant correlation.  相似文献   

9.
The occurrence of Fusarium species of Liseola section and related toxins was investigated for two years (1996 and 1998) on maize ear rot samples collected in the most important areas for maize growing in Slovakia. The species most frequently isolated was F. verticillioides, followed by F. proliferatum in 1996 and F. subglutinans in 1998. Most of the strains belonged to mating populations A, D, and E of the teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi. Fusarium graminearum was also frequently recovered in both the years of investigations. Toxin analysis of maize ears showed that most of the samples (21 out of 22) were contaminated with at least one toxin. In particular, the concentration of fumonisin B1, and fumonisin 2 was up to 26.9 and 5.1gg-1, respectively in 1996, and up to 12.1 and 6.3gg-1, respectively in 1998. Beauvericin was detected only in one sample in 1996. Seven samples in 1996 were contaminated by fusaproliferin up to 8.2gg-1, but just traces of the toxin were found in one sample in 1998. All 29 strains of F. verticillioides, two of three strains of F. proliferatum and none of eight F. subglutinans strains isolated from samples produced fumonisin B1 in culture on whole maize kernels (0.1–5646 and 940–1200ugg-1, respectively). Two strains of F. subglutinans and two of F. proliferatum produced beauvericin (up to 65 and 70gg-1, respectively). Ten strains of F. verticillioides produced beauvericin: 9 strains produced a low amount (up to 3gg-1), while only one of them produced a high level of toxin (375gg-1). Fusaproliferin was produced by two F. proliferatum strains (220 and 370gg-1), by seven F. subglutinans (20–1335gg-1) and by three F. verticillioides (10–35gg-1). This is the first report on fusaproliferin production by F. verticillioides, although at low level.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Environmental factors influencing sporocarp formation in Typhula ishikariensis were studied under controlled conditions. Sporocarp formation in T. ishikariensis was divided into two stages: stipe elongation from the sclerotium and fertile head development at the tip of the stipe. Factors required for each stage differed. At the stipe elongation stage, low temperature (10°/5°C; day/night) and high humidity were important, but light was not required. In contrast, at the fertile head stage, light and moderate day length (8h/day) were essential. Fertile heads developed at 46µEm–2s–1; and high intensity (137µEm–2s–1) did not suppress development. Moreover, adding unsterilized soil to the sea sand medium accelerated sporocarp formation. These findings imply that the sclerotium of T. ishikariensis recognizes several physical factors for sporocarp formation. Sporocarps of T. ishikariensis developed within 4 weeks after incubation under optimal conditions. The sporocarp produced basidiospores, and differential mating incompatibility was confirmed among monokaryons derived from basidiospores produced under artificial conditions. This method should be useful for obtaining monokaryons for genetic studies of T. ishikariensis.  相似文献   

12.
In 1998–99 and 1999–2000 six trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicides on Fusarium head blight in the field, on infected kernels and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in grain. A single application of prochloraz, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole or bromuconazole, applied to durum wheat varieties at the manufacturer's recommended dose at the beginning of anthesis stage, provided good control of the disease when infective pressure in the field was low to medium, and when the main pathogens were F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Kresoxim-methyl showed a low efficacy at controlling the disease. Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole were effective at controlling F. graminearum and F. culmorum, while kresoxim-methyl was not effective in reducing Fusarium infected kernels. DON concentration in grain of cultivars inoculated with F. graminearum and F. culmorum was high, averaging 4.2mgkg–1 (untreated control). Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole reduced DON concentration by 43%, while epoxiconazole was ineffective. DON concentration in kernels of naturally infected cultivars was 1.95mgkg–1, a concentration which exceeds the 1mgkg–1 maximum level of contamination allowed in the United States. Furthermore prochloraz, bromuconazole and tebuconazole applications, in the naturally inoculated trials, reduced DON concentration from 73% to 96%, while epoxiconazole showed the lowest effectiveness. Moreover, a positive linear correlation between Fusarium infected grains and the DON concentration was observed.  相似文献   

13.
Foliar sprays and soil drenches with DL--amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) reduced the number of Heterodera avenae and H. latipons cysts on wheat and barley. Foliar sprays of wheat with 8000mgl–1 BABA reduced the number of H. avenae cysts by 90%, whereas 2000mgl–1 BABA was enough to reduce the number of H. latipons cysts by 79%. Multiple spray treatments with 2000mgl–1 BABA at 10-day intervals reduced the number of H. avenae cysts on wheat and barley. A soil drench of wheat with 125mgl–1 BABA reduced the number of H. latipons cysts by 93% and H. avenae cysts by 43%. Second-stage juveniles of these nematodes penetrated and formed syncytia in wheat roots soil-drenched with BABA. More adult males of H. avenae were produced in BABA (<250mg1–1)-treated wheat roots (~76%) than in untreated roots (27%). Soil drenches with higher concentrations of BABA inhibited development of adult males and females. Several chemical elicitors of induced resistance were tested for their ability to reduce the number of H. avenae cysts on wheat. Only BABA was found to be an effective resistance inducer. The number of egg masses of an unidentified Meloidogyne sp. root-knot nematode, which infects only monocots, was also reduced by 95% by a soil drench of wheat with 500mgl–1 BABA. Development of this nematode inside the BABA-treated roots was also inhibited.  相似文献   

14.
Development of Clonostachys rosea in rose leaves and petals and control of Botrytis cinerea by the agent were investigated. C. rosea germinated, established endophytic growth, and sporulated abundantly whether the tissues were mature, senescent or dead when inoculated. Germination incidence was moderate on mature and senescent leaves (47% and 35%) and petals (31% and 43%), and high (>98%) on dead tissues. Sporulation of C. rosea in tissues inoculated when mature, senescent or dead averaged 41%, 61%, and 75% in leaves, and 48%, 87% and 53% in petals. When leaves were wounded with needles before inoculation, germination of C. rosea increased from 45–56% to 90–92%, but sporulation became high (>75%) regardless of wounds. When leaves were inoculated with C. rosea at 0–24h after wounding and subsequently with B. cinerea, germination of the pathogen was reduced by 25–41% and sporulation by 99%. A humid period prior to inoculation of senescent or dead leaves promoted communities of indigenous fungi, reduced sporulation of C. rosea and B. cinerea, and, in dead leaves, increased control of the pathogen associated with C. rosea. Applied at high density, isolates of indigenous Penicillium sp. and Alternaria alternata from rose interacted with C. rosea and reduced control of the pathogen by 16% and 21%, respectively. In conclusion, C. rosea markedly suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea in rose leaves and petals regardless of developmental stage, minor wounds, and natural densities of microflora. This versatility should allow C. rosea to effectively control inoculum production of B. cinerea in rose production systems.  相似文献   

15.
Several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae produce the phytotoxin coronatine (COR)in vitro, and the availability of purified toxin has facilitated development of immunological detection methods. A modified, indirect competitive ELISA using the COR-specific monoclonal antibody 11B8 was developed to detect COR in various host plants infected by P. syringae. The estimated detection limit for COR was 50 pg per well, and COR could be reliably quantified from 5 to 40 ng ml−1. The subcellular localization of COR within infected tomato tissue was investigated using the COR-specific antibody MAb 8H3G2. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold labelling showed that COR was present inside tomato cells and was associated with chloroplasts and particles of proteinase inhibitor I. Localization studies indicated that COR is mobile in infected plant tissue and can be detected in healthy tissue adjacent to the bacterial lesions.  相似文献   

16.
Artificial inoculation experiments were carried out at 25°C to determine the effects of inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris races 0 (Foc-0) and 5 (Foc-5) and susceptibility of chickpea cultivars P-2245 and PV-61 on development of Fusarium wilt. Foc-5 proved much more virulent than Foc-0. Increasing the inoculum density of F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris caused an exponential reduction in disease incubation period and a monomolecular increase of disease incidence and the area under the disease intensity progress curve. The extent of these effects was highest in the most conducive P-2245/Foc-5 combination and decreased in the less susceptible PV-61 and for the less virulent Foc-0, in that order. For P-2245/Foc-5, the highest disease intensity was attained with 6 chlamydospores g–1 of soil, the lowest inoculum density in the study. One thousand chlamydospores g–1 of soil of the same race were needed to attain a comparable disease intensity in PV-61. Twenty thousand chlamydospores g–1 of soil of Foc-0 were required for maximum disease intensity in P-2245.The disease intensity curves were adequately described by the Gompertz model. Using this model, a response surface for disease intensity was developed, in which the model parameters are expressed as a function of both time from inoculation and inoculum density. This response surface confirmed that the final amount of disease intensity increases in a monomolecular relationship with increasing inoculum density and showed that the relative rate of disease progress increases exponentially with increasing inoculum density of the pathogen.  相似文献   

17.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

18.
Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and two plant activators DL--amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) and CGA 245704 (acibenzolar-S-methyl (BTH)) in sunflower plants susceptible to downy mildew were studied in four experiments using different methods of treatment and pathogen inoculation. Both chemicals were applied as soil drenches and foliar sprays, whereas P. helianthi infection was obtained by root and cotyledon inoculations of the seedlings. Soil drenches at the rates of 50 and 100mgkg–1 soil of BABA and BTH given 1 and 3 days before P. helianthi inoculation, respectively to mycorrhizal plants, provided moderate protection against the pathogen (about 50–55%). Morphological changes and decrease in mycorrhizal colonization in roots of BTH-treated plants and in BTH-treated mycorrhizal plants were also observed. Delay in the emergence and reduction of the root systems were more evident at the highest concentration but decreased with time. These effects were absent with the BABA treatment.Foliar spray treatment of BABA and BTH, applied at 4000 and 200µgml–1, respectively (1 day post-inoculation) to mycorrhizal plants provided good protection (about 80%) against P. helianthi foliar infections. No effects on mycorrhizal colonization or on root systems were observed. In vitro tests on the effect of the compounds on the mycorrhizal fungus showed that the germination of G. mosseae sporocarps increased with BABA treatment whereas it was greatly inhibited by BTH treatment.  相似文献   

19.
Bt Transgenic Crops: Risks and Benefits   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Bt crops, predominantly maize and cotton hybrids, transgenically expressing cry genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, were planted on approximately 14 million hectares (worldwide) in 1999. Preliminary reports suggest that in most cases pesticide use was reduced, and in some situations there were significant increases in yields and profits. However, assemblages of secondary pests – such as aphids, plant bugs and thrips – also exist in Bt crops, and although the overall need for scouting and chemical control is reduced in Bt crops, there may be a requirement for additional, conventionally applied chemicals to control such non-target pests.Naturally-occurring Bt toxins with activity against a wide variety of pest species have been discovered and are thus potentially available for engineering into Bt crops to control a broader spectrum of pests than are currently targeted. New Bt crops and second-generation products incorporating an expanding range of Cry toxins and other arthropod targeted genes are in development and could become available for introduction to the market within the next few years.Insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies for Bt crops are reviewed in the context of studies on selection pressures and the potential for resistance development in target populations. The so-called, high dose strategy, combined with the use of refuges, is widely agreed to be the best technical approach for managing resistance, and evidence is accumulating that separate refuges are more effective at conserving pest susceptibility than mixed refuges. A widespread consensus on the necessity for such measures, and an appreciation of the importance of multi-tactical approaches, has developed. Monitoring programmes, protocols and studies relevant to detecting the early development of resistance to Bt Cry toxins are described.Field monitoring of non-target entomofauna has not revealed significant differences in the abundance or biodiversity of beneficial insects associated with Bt maize. Indeed, laboratory studies of effects on parasitoids suggest that Bt plants may even have an environmental advantage over broad spectrum pesticides. However, more complex, multi-trophic, long-term experiments are needed to thoroughly assess the compatibility of Bt crops with non-target invertebrates and to define the complex relationship between IRM, target species and their natural enemy assemblages. Studies on the effects of transgenically-expressed Cry toxins on non-target insects, and their persistence in soil and on leaves, is reviewed. It is suggested that there is currently no generally agreed framework, or methodology, within which ad hoc experimental results can be accommodated, and each crop-transgene combination has to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Studies proposing a conceptual approach to evaluating risks associated with Bt crops are highlighted and potential benefits and hazards are reviewed.  相似文献   

20.
Investigations on the efficacy of various methods of managing root-knot nematodes in microplots and under field conditions revealed that soil solarization, Furadan 5G and Tagetes erecta applied separately or in combination with other control methods, were the most effective in reducing the numbers of three root-knot nematodes, and root gall and egg mass indices. These management methods also resulted in significant increases (P0.05) in number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight, and increased seed yield by up to 96.7 percent. Farmyard manure and Crotalaria ochroleuca were the least effective treatments. The use of T. erecta was the most economical root-knot nematode control method.  相似文献   

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