共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
微喷灌条件下不同水氮处理对冬小麦水氮利用和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在关中平原冬小麦生产中,降雨分布不合理和肥料利用效率低制约了农业的发展。为提高该地区小麦产量和水氮利用效率,于2017-2019年在陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学曹新庄试验站进行冬小麦田间试验,供试品种为普冰151,采用施氮和灌水二因素裂区设计,灌水量为主区（W0:0m·hm-2;W1:600 m·hm-2;W2:12 00 m·hm-2）,灌溉方式为微喷灌;施氮量为副区（N0:0 kg·hm-2;N1:75 kg·hm-2;N2:150 kg·hm-2;N3:225 kg·hm-2;N4:300 kg·hm-2）,研究了灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果发现,灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量、经济效益和水氮利用效率有显著影响;灌溉能提高氮肥偏生产力和水分利用效率,灌溉水利用效率随着灌溉量增加而降低,水分利用效率随着灌溉量增加先升高后降低。施氮量超过150 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率和冬小麦产量不会显著增加,氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量升高而降低。因此,施氮量150 kg·hm-2配合越冬灌水600 m·hm-2,能够在保障高产的基础上,提高水、氮利用效率,降低种植投入成本,增加农民收入,实现关中平原小麦高产高效水氮运筹的目标。 相似文献
2.
为揭示大气NH3浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响，通过开顶式气室，以小偃22为试验材料，于2020-2022两年进行田间微区试验，设置3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg·hm-2）和两种大气NH3浓度（空气背景NH3浓度:0.01~0.03 mg·m-3;高NH3浓度:0.30~0.60 mg·m-3）,对不同处理下小麦地上部和根系干物质、氮素积累量及氮素利用效率进行分析。结果表明，大气NH3浓度升高能显著提升小麦地上部生物量、根系生物量、地上部氮素积累量和根系氮素积累量，2年内平均增幅分别为5.77%、6.74%、8.94%和9.98%。在空气背景NH3浓度下，施氮后小麦显著增产， 180和240 kg·hm-2施氮水平下产量较0 kg·hm-2施氮水平分别提高了45.26%和50.67%。在大气NH3浓度升高环境中，随着施氮量的增加，小麦产量出现先升后降趋势， 180 kg·hm-2施氮水平下产量最高， 240 kg·hm-2施氮水平下小麦产量较0 kg·hm-2施氮水平降低17.97%，小麦氮肥农学效率和氮素利用率也随之降低。这说明，大气NH3浓度升高的环境中适当减少氮肥施用量能有效提升冬小麦的氮素利用率，稳定小麦产量。 相似文献
3.
氮肥运筹对江汉平原稻茬小麦产量及氮效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为给江汉平原稻茬小麦高产高效栽培中氮肥的合理运筹提供理论依据，以郑麦9023为材料，在中肥力和高肥力土壤条件下开展氮肥运筹田间试验（设0、135、180和225 kg·hm-2四个施氮量，分别用N0、N1、N2、N3代表；氮肥基追比设10∶0∶0、7∶3∶0、1∶1∶1三个水平，分别用M1、M2、M3代表），研究了不同氮肥运筹对江汉平原稻茬小麦产量、干物质积累量、氮素积累与运转及氮效率的影响。结果表明，开花期到成熟期小麦旗叶SPAD值和LAI均随着施氮量的增加和氮肥基追比的降低而提高。施氮量相同时，干物质积累量在苗期以M1处理最高，拔节期到开花期M2处理最高，成熟期为M3处理最高；氮肥基追比相同时，干物质积累量随施氮量的增加而增加。以上指标在中、高肥力点变化趋势表现一致，高肥力点小麦的SPAD值、LAI和干物质积累量整体上高于中肥力点。在相同施氮量下，小麦产量、有效穗数和穗粒数均表现为M1＜M2＜M3，千粒重与穗粒数呈负相关；当氮肥基追比相同，不同施氮量间产量表现为N1＜N2＜N3，有效穗数和穗粒数随施氮量的增加显著提高，千粒重呈下降趋势。土壤肥力对小麦产量和氮效率的影响大于施氮量。高肥力点小麦的产量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮素生产力均高于中肥力点。在135~225 kg·hm-2施氮量范围内，小麦开花期和成熟期的植株氮积累量、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学利用率均随着施氮量的增加和追肥时期的后移显著提高。在本试验条件下，中肥力点小麦在施氮量为225 kg·hm-2、基追比例为 1∶1∶1处理下获得最高产量和氮利用效率。高肥力点小麦在施氮量为180 kg·hm-2、基追比例为1∶1∶1处理下可获得较高的产量和氮肥农学利用率。这两种氮肥运筹模式可作为江汉平原小麦在中肥力和高肥力土壤条件下兼顾高产和高氮肥利用效率的氮肥运筹模式。 相似文献
4.
为了探究不同缓释肥配比与基本苗互作对冬小麦生产的影响,以中筋小麦扬麦25为材料,于2019-2020年在江苏省仪征市进行田间试验,设置100%普通尿素（S1）、50%缓释肥与50%尿素配施（S2）、100%缓释肥（S3）3种施肥处理及4种氮密模式［施氮（纯N）量225 kg·hm-2、密度225×10株·hm-2（A1）;施氮量191.25 kg·hm-2、密度258.75×10株·hm-2（A2）;施氮量157.5 kg·hm-2、密度292.5×10株·hm-2（A3）;施氮量123.75 kg·hm-2、密度326.25×10株·hm-2（A4）］,研究不同处理对冬小麦产量及其构成因素、品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥类型和氮密模式均对产量有极显著效应;与 A1处理比较,A2处理的穗数和穗粒数较高,千粒重下降,继续增加种植密度、减少施氮量后,穗数与穗粒数显著下降;产量以S2A2与 S3A2组合处理较高。S2与S3处理的氮肥利用率与氮素农学效率均优于S1处理,A4模式的氮素农学效率最高,不同氮密模式处理间的氮肥利用率差异不显著。氮肥类型与氮密模式对出粉率、容重与硬度影响不显著,对湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间与吸水率有极显著影响, A1和 A2处理的品质表现较好,S2与S3处理的小麦二次加工品质优于S1处理;氮肥类型与氮密模式互作对籽粒蛋白质含量与产量有极显著影响。本试验条件下,50%缓释肥与50%尿素配施或100%缓释肥处理下,施氮量191.25 kg·hm-2、密度258.75×10株·hm-2（A2）,施用基肥与返青肥,有利于小麦减氮稳产、改善品质、提高氮肥利用率。 相似文献
5.
为探讨稻茬小麦的氮硫肥施用技术,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下设置0、195和270 kg·hm-2 3个施氮水平和0、30和60 kg·hm-23个施硫水平,研究氮、硫肥配施对小麦氮素吸收利用、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,小麦穗数、穗粒数和产量均显著增加,面团形成时间和稳定时间延长,但施氮量达270 kg·hm-2时氮肥农学效率和表观利用率显著下降,籽粒支链淀粉、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量降低。增施硫肥可使籽粒产量显著增加,延长面团形成时间和稳定时间,并提高籽粒支链淀粉、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量。相比其他氮、硫肥组合处理,施氮195 kg·hm-2配合施硫60 kg·hm-2提高了总氮素积累量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用效率;该组合处理下籽粒产量比仅施氮270 kg·hm-2处理提高了5.7%。此外,195 kg·hm-2施氮量配施硫60 kg·hm-2还提高了面团形成时间、稳定时间和蛋白各组分含量。这说明氮硫合理配施可提升小麦对氮素的吸收利用,起到提高籽粒产量、改善籽粒蛋白品质和粉质质量的作用;减氮条件下通过适量配施硫肥可作为小麦优质高效生产的栽培途径。 相似文献
6.
氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为给安徽省沿淮稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理运筹提供理论依据,通过大田试验,选用当地小麦主栽品种济麦22（半冬性中筋品种）和烟农19（半冬性强筋品种）为材料,设置0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm-2 5个施氮水平,分析施氮量对两种基因型小麦冠层结构、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在0~180 kg·hm-2 施氮范围内,随着施氮量的增加,小麦株高、叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值显著上升,群体截获更多光能,冠层截获光合有效辐射显著增加,群体透光率显著降低,冠层光谱反射率在400～725 nm波段逐渐下降,在725～1 000 nm逐渐上升;随着施氮量的进一步增加,360 kg·hm-2 施氮处理的各冠层指标与270 kg·hm-2 施氮处理之间差异未达到0.05显著水平。籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈先升后降趋势,2个小麦品种产量均以270 kg·hm-2 施氮处理最高。穗数、穗粒数均随施氮量增加而显著提高,都以360 kg·hm-2 施氮处理最大,但180、270和360 kg·hm-2 施氮处理间差异较小或不显著;千粒重则表现为先升后降的趋势,以90 kg·hm-2 施氮处理最高。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值均随施氮量增加而逐渐提高,除2014-2015年270和360 kg·hm-2 两个施氮处理间差异不显著外,两年不同施氮处理间均差异显著。综合高产、优质、低环境风险的选择条件,沿淮稻茬麦区小麦季氮素在180~270 kg·hm-2 范围内偏下限施用较为适宜,强筋品种烟农19可适当提高施氮量。 相似文献
7.
为探明黄淮海地区大豆茬口（S）冬小麦的最佳施氮策略,以玉米茬口（M）为对照,研究了不同施氮水平（0、180、240、300 kg·hm-2）下大豆茬口对冬小麦干物质积累动态、氮素吸收利用特征及产量的影响。结果表明,与玉米茬口相比,大豆茬口可显著提高不施氮处理下的小麦干物质积累速率及积累量,尤其在生育后期（开花至成熟期）;可以提高0和180 kg·hm-2施氮水平下冬小麦植株氮素吸收量,成熟期小麦籽粒氮素积累量分别提高了32.1%和9.5%,但当施氮量达到300 kg·hm-2后,豆茬小麦的生长及氮素积累均受到显著抑制,总体呈现"低氮促进,高氮抑制"的氮肥效应。两种茬口冬小麦产量均在240 kg·hm-2施氮量达到最高;在0和180 kg·hm-2施氮量下,大豆茬口较玉米茬口均显著增产（P<0.05, 25.8%和13.1%）,在240和300 kg·hm-2施氮量下,减产幅度分别为5.13%和13.9%,后者差异显著。豆茬小麦的氮肥利用率、生理效率及产量效应均低于玉米茬口。综上,豆茬冬小麦的施氮量应适当低于玉米茬口,黄淮海地区推荐施氮量不宜超过240 kg·hm-2,采用豆-麦部分替代玉-麦模式种植,可实现该地区减氮增效目标。 相似文献
8.
玉米小麦周年氮肥运筹对砂浆黑土区小麦干物质及氮素积累分配和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确黄淮砂姜黑土区玉米小麦周年氮肥运筹对冬小麦干物质及氮素积累、分配和产量的影响，于2016-2018年玉米小麦生长季进行田间氮肥运筹试验。玉米供试材料为郑单958，小麦供试材料为泰山28，玉米季3个施氮量水平为113 kg·hm-2（E1）、181 kg·hm-2（E2）、249 kg·hm-2（E3），小麦季4个施氮水平为90 kg·hm-2（F1）、135 kg·hm-2（F2）、180 kg·hm-2（F3）、225 kg·hm-2（F4），测定了砂浆黑土区周年不同氮肥运筹条件下小麦不同生长阶段干物质和氮素含量，系统分析了干物质和氮素积累、分配对小麦产量及其构成因素的效应。结果表明，整个生育期小麦干物质积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，在拔节到开花期最高，达到7 720.24 kg·hm-2；E2F3条件下，小麦各个生育阶段的干物质积累量最高。花后同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率高于花前同化物对籽粒产量的贡献，但E2F3运筹明显增加了花前同化物的积累量。随着小麦生育期的推移，氮素积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，且各时期均以E2F3条件下氮素积累量最高，在拔节到开花时最高，为112.50 kg·hm-2，但花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率明显高于花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率。成熟期籽粒干物质及氮素积累量在E2F3条件下最大，分别达到9 047.44 kg·hm-2和184.10 kg·hm-2，且与其他施肥模式差异显著。综合以上结果，对小麦而言，E2F3处理为本试验条件下砂姜黑土区玉米小麦轮作区最佳氮肥运筹。 相似文献
9.
为了探明河北不同品质类型冬小麦的适宜施氮量，在十年定位试验的基础上，研究了不同施氮水平（0、60、120、180、240和360 kg·hm-2）下小麦中筋品种济麦22、中强筋品种石优20、强筋品种藁优2018和超强筋品种师栾02-1的产量和品质以及农田氮素平衡和土壤氮素盈余状况。结果表明，产量和品质在不同类型小麦品种间及氮肥处理间均差异显著。不施氮和施氮60 kg·hm-2处理的产量和品质显著低于其他处理。长期不施氮肥时各小麦品种的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间等品质指标降至弱筋麦水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1实现高产高效的适宜施氮范围依次是120～240、180～240、120～300和120～240 kg·hm-2，济麦22达到品种本身品质水平的适宜施氮量范围为120～300 kg·hm-2，其他品种为180～240 kg·hm-2。不同品质指标对施氮量的反应有差异，强筋品种的蛋白质含量和面团稳定时间在施氮120 kg·hm-2条件下能达到较高水平，而湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和延伸性则需要更高施氮量才能达到较高水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1达到农田氮素表观平衡的适宜施氮量分别为197、166、199和218 kg·hm-2，土壤氮素表观平衡的施氮量均为212 kg·hm-2。过量施氮不能提高小麦产量和品质，降低施肥效益，会造成土壤氮素盈余。可见，施氮180 kg·hm-2为最优施氮处理，能实现小麦高产、高效、优质和生态安全的统一。 相似文献
10.
播量和施肥对甘啤6号产量和品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为筛选出河西地区啤酒大麦高产优质栽培的适宜播量和施肥组合,以当地啤酒大麦主栽品种甘啤6号为材料,采用正交设计,研究了播量、氮肥、磷肥对该品种产量、籽粒品质及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,播量、氮肥、磷肥组合对大麦产量、籽粒品质和麦芽品质影响显著。就产量而言,最佳播量为525 万粒·hm-2,施氮最佳水平为180 kg·hm-2,P2O5最佳水平为90 kg·hm-2;对产量的影响表现为播量>氮肥>磷肥。播量在375万～525万粒·hm-2范围内,籽粒蛋白质含量随播量的增加而下降,但播量达到600万粒·hm-2时蛋白质含量又有所增加。籽粒蛋白质含量随着氮肥施用量的增加呈直线上升趋势,适量施磷可以在保证产量的同时,抑制蛋白质含量的增加;对蛋白含量的影响表现为氮肥>播量>磷肥,对千粒重的影响表现为播量>磷肥>氮肥。综合来看,在播量为525万粒·hm-2、施氮量为120 kg·hm-2、P2O5施用量为210 kg·hm-2条件下,甘啤6号具有较高的籽粒产量和较低的蛋白质含量,且千粒重、整齐度和主要麦芽品质均达国家优级水平,因此该处理可作为河西地区甘啤6号实现高产优质的适宜播量与施肥组合。 相似文献
11.
12.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
14.
15.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
19.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
20.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献