共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Applied soil ecology》1999,11(1):17-28
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of turning and moisture addition during windrow composting on the N fertilizer values of dairy waste composts. Composted-dairy wastes were sampled from windrow piles, which received four treatments in a 2×2 factorial of turning (turning vs. no turning) and moisture addition (watering vs. no watering) at two stages of maturity (mature vs. immature). Composts were characterized for their chemical properties. An 84-day laboratory incubation of soils with addition of the composts at two levels was conducted to evaluate the inorganic N accumulation patterns from the variously treated composts. Chemical analyses of variously treated composts did not differ between compost treatments or maturity. In contrast, the inorganic N accumulation patterns differed between soils that received immature versus mature turned composted-dairy wastes. The results suggested that turning was a more important factor than moisture addition affecting the composting process. There was no significant difference in inorganic N accumulation patterns among soils that received different immature composts, while the N accumulation patterns observed for soils that received different mature composts depended on compost treatments. Soils amended with mature composts treated by frequent turning had higher N mineralization potentials (N0), mineralization rate constants (K), and initial potential rates (N0K) in comparison to soils with composts that had not been turned. Soils with mature composts treated by watering had a higher N0, lower K, and therefore similar N0K when compared to soils with composts that had not been watered. Soils that received mature composts treated by watering and frequent turning had higher N mineralization potentials and N0 to total organic N ratios than soil alone, which suggested that intensive management of composting would ensure positive N fertilizer values of dairy waste composts, if the appropriate composting duration is completed. 相似文献
2.
D.M. Sullivan A.I. Bary T.J. Nartea E.A. Myrhe C.G. Cogger S.C. Fransen 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(3):265-275
Long-term effects of compost application are expected, but rarely measured. A 7-yr growth trial was conducted to determine nitrogen availability following a one-time compost application. Six food waste composts were produced in a pilot-scale project using two composting methods (aerated static pile and aerated, turned windrow), and three bulking agents (yard trimmings, yard trimmings + mixed paper waste, and wood waste + sawdust). For the growth trial, composts were incorporated into the top 8 to 10 cm of a sandy loam soil at application rates of approximately 155 Mg ha?1 (about 7 yd3 1000 ft2). Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘A.U. Triumph’) was seeded after compost incorporation, and was harvested 40 times over a 7-yr period. Grass yield and grass N uptake for the compost treatments was greater than that produced without compost at the same fertilizer N rate. The one-time compost application increased grass N uptake by a total of 294 to 527 kg ha?1 during the 7-yr. field experiment. The greatest grass yield response to compost application occurred during the second and third years after compost application, when annual grass N uptake was increased by 93 to 114 kg ha?1 yr?1. Grass yield response to the one-time compost application continued at about the same level for Years 4 through 7, increasing grass N uptake by 42 to 62 kg ha?1 yr?1. Soil mineralizable N tests done at 3 and 6 yr. after application also demonstrated higher N availability with compost. The increase in grass N uptake accounted for 15 to 20% of compost N applied after 7-yr. for food waste composts produced with any of the bulking agents. After 7-yr, increased soil organic matter (total soil C and N) in the compost-amended soil accounted for approximately 18% of compost-C and 33% of compost-N applied. This study confirmed the long-term value of compost amendment for supplying slow-release N for crop growth. 相似文献
3.
Total phosphorus, water-soluble phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in cocomposted yard trimmings and broiler litter were quantified in a 2 m wide × 1 m deep × 55 m long channel composter using batch mixing. The batch mixing occurred by using a rotor tiller type turner mounted on rails for the length of the composting channel. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of the compost were measured as they varied with treatment and time during a 63 day compost process followed by a 30 day curing time. The treatments contained a single mix of 50% yard trimmings, 50% poultry litter, by volume, using four aeration and turning treatments. The first treatment was a control, which received no turning or aeration unless the moisture content dropped to 40% and additional water was added to bring the mix up to 50-55% moisture, mix consolidation was required, or mixing to obtain accurate samples and moisture contents, as necessary. Both treatments two and three were aerated by negative pressure ventilation. Treatment two was turned only when the moisture content dropped to 40% and additional water was added to bring the mix up to 50-55% moisture while treatment three was turned every two weeks or sooner if the moisture content approached 40% and additional water was added to bring the mix moisture up to 50-55%. Treatment four was not provided aeration but was turned, on a daily basis and additional water added as necessary, when the moisture content dropped to 40%, to bring the mix moisture up to 50-55%. Total phosphorus increased during the compost process while water-soluble phosphorus decreased during the 63-day active composting cycle from a high of slightly more than 1600 mg P/kg to a low of slightly less than 100 mg P/kg. Once the blowers were turned off and the mixes were no longer turned, soluble phosphorus concentrations were similar for all four treatments. However, after the 93 day cycle was complete, treatment one had almost twice the water-soluble phosphorus concentration as found in treatments two, three, and four. Total nitrogen increased during the final 30 days of the process for all four treatments. The increase was between 0.1 and 10 percent. No logical cause and effect has been established and this difference is believed to be random. 相似文献
4.
As interest in food waste composting grows, so does the need for proven composting methods. Stability testing has been proposed as a compost quality assurance tool. We conducted this study to: (i) to evaluate the efficacy of simple outdoor composting methods in producing a compost with a low, stable decomposition rate, and (ii) to determine the reliability of simple, 4-h compost stability evaluation methods. Composting was conducted outdoors in winter and spring in Eugene, Oregon without moisture addition. Mixed food waste was combined with screened dairy solids and ground yard trimmings. Sawdust was used to cover windrows for the first 27 d of composting. Compost windrow temperatures remained above 55°C for 30+ d. Carbon dioxide evolved with several 4-h test methods was strongly correlated (r2 > 0.7) with CO2 evolved using a 48-h test. A limited-turn windrow (LTW) composting system produced compost with slightly greater stability than a passively aerated windrow (PAW) composting system. Food waste compost samples had a low CO2 evolution rate after 71 to 99 d using either composting system. Compost CO2 evolution rate at 25°C decreased with composting time, reaching approximately 1 to 4 mg CO2-C g compost C?1 d?1 for the PAW method and 0.5 to 2 mg CO2-C g compost C?1 d?1 for the LTW method. Putrescible organic matter in food waste was effectively decomposed in outdoor windrows using composting methods that did not employ forced aeration, self-propelled windrow turners, or manufactured composting vessels. Several 4-h stability tests showed promise for implementation as quality assurance tools. 相似文献
5.
Alternate technologies of compost manufactured from poultry litter (manure) were studied as a means of producing a value-added product for the landscape and nursery industry. Static pile and turned windrow technologies were investigated on a commercial scale with the composting of nearly 300 tons of material. The major difference between the technologies is the amount of energy and labor required. Static pile systems require less energy but more time than windrow turned systems. There was no process advantage found for passively aerated static piles over static piles but costs of passive aeration for pipes and labor were higher than for static piles. Machine turned windrows completed active temperature production within 100 days while portions of both the static and passively aerated piles continued to actively compost past 300 days. Process operational costs and compost quality were similar among the compost methods studied. Production operational cost is driven by the cost of compost ingredients and accounted for 60 to 70% of the cost in the pilot study. Ingredients were poultry litter, wood chips and sawdust. Screened compost was produced at an operational cost of $30 while unscreened compost could be produced for $20 per ton of compost. A production scheme where poultry litter is static pile composted on farms for later transport to regional processing centers appears feasible. This two-part composting procedure will eliminate the transport of raw litter and improve poultry biosecurity. Most likely, a private compost business would provide the expertise, on-farm compost procedures and operate the regional facility. 相似文献
6.
Frederick C. Michel Jr. John A. Pecchia Jerome Rigot Harold M. Keener 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):323-334
Composting has become an increasingly popular manure management method for dairy farmers. However, the design of composting systems for farmers has been hindered by the limited amount of information on the quantities and volumes of compost produced relative to farm size and manure generated, and the impact of amendments on water, dry matter, volume and nitrogen losses during the composting process. Amendment type can affect the free air space, decomposition rate, temperature, C:N ratio and oxygen levels during composting. Amendments also initially increase the amount of material that must be handled. A better understanding of amendment effects should help farmers optimize, and potentially reduce costs associated with composting. In this study, freestall dairy manure (83% moisture) was amended with either hardwood sawdust or straw and composted for 110-155 days in turned windrows in four replicated trials that began on different dates. Initial C:N ratios of the windrows ranged from 25:1 to 50:1 due to variations in the source and N-content of the manure. Results showed that starting windrow volume for straw amended composts was 2.1 to 2.6 times greater than for sawdust amendment. Straw amended composts had low initial bulk densities with high free air space values of 75-93%. This led to lower temperatures and near ambient interstitial oxygen concentrations during composting. While all sawdust-amended composts self-heated to temperatures >55°C within 10 days, maintained these levels for more than 60 days and met EPA and USDA pathogen reduction guidelines, only two of the four straw amended windrows reached 55°C and none met the guidelines. In addition, sawdust amendment resulted in much lower windrow oxygen concentrations (< 5%) during the first 60 days. Both types of compost were stable after 100 days as indicated by CO2 evolution rates <0.5 mg CO2-C/g VS/d. Both types of amendments also led to extensive manure volume and weight reductions even after the weight of the added amendments were considered. However, moisture management proved critical in attaining reductions in manure weight during composting. Straw amendment resulted in greater volume decreases than sawdust amendment due to greater changes in bulk density and free air space. Through composting, farmers can reduce the volume and weights of material to be hauled by 50 to 80% based on equivalent nitrogen values of the stabilized compost as compared to unamended, uncomposted dairy manure. The initial total manure nitrogen lost during composting ranged from 7% to 38%. P and K losses were from 14 to 39% and from 1 to 38%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between C:N ratio and nitrogen loss (R2=0.78) and carbon loss (R2=0.86) during composting. An initial C:N ratio of greater than 40 is recommended to minimize nitrogen loss during dairy manure composting with sawdust or straw amendments. 相似文献
7.
Mary F. Fauci David F. Bezdicek Dan Caldwell Rick Finch 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(2):17-29
Washington State University produces a manure-based compost of high pH (>8) and low N content (1 percent) by windrow composting campus wastes. Annual production at the four-acre facility is 18-20,000 cubic yards. In the interest of producing compost of higher N content and lower pH, ten experimental piles were constructed to investigate the effects of different feedstocks on the composting process, end quality and agronomic performance. Biosolids and manure were compared at two rates of bedding both with and without coal ash. Compost temperature and inorganic N content during 96 days of active composting are reported along with end product nutrient analysis and metal concentration. The composts behaved differently based on the N feedstock and level of bedding in the mix. Compost quality was influenced by the characteristics of the feedstocks. Applying the composts to an eroded hilltop (50 Mg/ha) increased winter wheat yield, but there were no differences among the ten composts. 相似文献
8.
The changes in population size of different microbial groups (total aerobic heterotrophs, actinomycetes, fungi, fecal coliforms, ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria) and the activities of 19 different enzymes (three phosphatases, three esterases, two proteases, three amino-peptidases, and eight glycosyl-hydrolases) were examined during cocomposting of poultry litter (a mixture of poultry manure, waste feed, feathers, and wood shavings) and yard trimmings (a mixture of grass clippings, leaves, and wood barks). Three piles with forced aeration were established by mixing 2:1 (v/v) ratio of poultry litter and yard trimmings. During composting, samples were taken at three different locations (top, middle, and bottom) of the forced aeration piles for microbial and enzyme analyses. Results demonstrated that population size of different microbial groups was not a limiting factor in this composting process as the microorganisms in the poultry litter + yard trimmings compost are in great abundance. Although the numbers of these microbial groups were reduced by high temperature, their populations multiplied rapidly as composting progressed. Fecal coliforms were eliminated by day 49, suggesting that the poultry litter + yard trimmings compost showed an overall increase in diversity and relative abundance of extracellular enzymes present as composting progressed. The population of fungi and actinomycetes (microorganisms active in degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) were positively correlated with esterase, valine amino-peptidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, and lipase. Of all 19 enzymes examined, ß-galactosidase (enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of lactose) had the most significant positive correlation with microbial populations, such as total aerobic heterotrophs, ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and fecal coliforms. Cystine amino peptidase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin showed no evidence of activity during the entire period of composting. This composting process represented a combined activity of a wide succession of environments in the compost pile as one microbial group/enzyme overlapped the other and each emerged gradually as a result of the continual change in temperature as well as moisture content, O2 and CO2 level, and progressive breakdown of complex compounds to simpler ones. 相似文献
9.
The effects of seven manufactured commercially available activators were evaluated for their efficiency in the composting of yard trimmings (grass clippings/wood chip mixture). Two naturally available additives, and a control (absence of activator) were also evaluated. Four measures of composting efficiency were used to compare the overall decomposition response for each activator: weight loss, volume reduction, volatile solids decrease, and oxygen uptake rate. Four experimental blocks were set up in the field, and two experimental blocks were set up in the laboratory. The physical/chemical characteristics of the compost material were monitored as a function of time for each additive. Interrelationships between measures of composting efficiency were also evaluated. Results showed that grass clippings can be composted as efficiently with naturally available materials such as topsoil or mature compost, as with commercially available compost activators, or an unactivated control. The cost of commercially available activators was $1.37 to $9.36 per cubic yard of compostable grass clippings. Naturally available materials such as topsoil and mature compost are available in needed quantities at no cost to backyard composters. 相似文献
10.
K. Stanford V. Nelson B. Sexton T.A. McAllister X. Hao F.J. Larney 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):257-266
After imposition of fees for disposal of cattle carcasses by the rendering industry, on-farm methods of mortality disposal are being investigated. Three open-air mortality compost windrows were constructed in January (JAN) and February (FEB) of 2004 in the cold, semiarid climate of southern Alberta, Canada. Windrow A included a base of barley straw a minimum of 46 cm thick, a layer of cattle mortalities (n=12) and a layer of stockpiled manure (minimum of 46 cm) covering the mortalities. Windrows B and C also had a bottom layer of barley straw, with windrow B containing 9 mortalities in 2 layers and windrow C containing 12 mortalities in 3 layers. Due to ambient temperatures > 0°C, carcasses (range 236 to 673 kg) were frozen at the time of windrow construction. Type ‘T’ thermocouples were embedded at the base of B and C windrows and temperatures within 120 cm of the surface were measured using a stainless steel dial probe. Windrows were turned 3 times at 3 mo intervals. Samples were collected from initial compost amendments and prior to each turning for determination of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), N, C and coliform bacteria. Ambient temperature was 13°C higher (P < 0.05) for the initial heating of FEB as compared to JAN compost, although the rate of compost temperature decline did not differ between replicates in this period. Days at maximum temperature did not differ between replicates and maximum temperatures in all windrows exceeded 55°C. After 3 heating periods and 9 mo, flesh was not evident and only fragments of bones (max wt. 740 g) were found. Results of this study demonstrate that ambient temperatures < 0°C and frozen mortalities provide no barrier to the use of open-air windrows for disposal of cattle mortalities. As well, stacking up to 3 layers of full-sized cattle mortalities in a windrow did not affect temperature profiles, residual flesh or bone, or analyses of the finished compost. Under the climatic conditions of southern Alberta, layering mortalities would reduce space requirements for large-animal mortality composting in a feedlot setting. 相似文献
11.
Composting of yard waste and sludge/yard waste mixtures was investigated during laboratory and field testing. A strong correlation between moisture content and windrow peak temperatures was observed. Odors were detected at cocomposting windrows when temperatures exceeded 54°C. The sludge to yard waste mixture ratio was found to affect resulting compost particle size and, consequently, oxygen transport. Compost quality was excellent, with pesticides below detection level and low concentrations of heavy metals. 相似文献
12.
? The costs of building and operating open windrow municipal yard trimmings composting facilities of different sizes and levels of technical sophistication are analyzed. Per ton costs of composting are found to be competitive with the costs of operating a lined sanitary landfill. Unpaved, minimal tech facilities are considerably cheaper to build and operate than more sophisticated facilities; however, the low quality of the material produced by such facilities may significantly limit the amount of that product that can be marketed (or even given away). Economies of scale clearly favor more sophisticated systems at larger annual volumes. At lower annual volumes, composting systems featuring specialized equipment like compost turners and shredders are not likely to be cost effective. 相似文献
13.
In comparison to traditional windrow composting, in-vessel composting techniques often represent more effective waste management options due to the reduced production of bioaerosols and leachate and the potential for better process control. Chemical processes occurring during the cocomposting of three common wastes (green waste, biosolids and paper processing waste) were studied using the forced aeration, static pile, in-vessel EcoPOD® composting system. Since no turning of the compost occurs within the static piles, spatial differences in the vessel were also monitored. These measurements revealed significant spatial gradients in temperature; however, this did not result in spatial differences in nutrients within the composting vessel. Significant differences in soluble N production were observed during the composting process following the series: green plus paper waste < green waste < green waste plus biosolids. After the active compost phase was over, and the compost was removed from the vessel and matured outside, we demonstrated that covering the compost was essential to preserve compost quality. Our study clearly shows that cocomposting of common waste feedstocks can be used to successfully manipulate the chemistry of the final compost making it suitable for multiple end uses. In addition, our study demonstrated that careful management of the compost maturing phase is also required to maximise quality and minimize pollution. 相似文献
14.
The objective of this research was to evaluate a variety of stability and maturity indices for yard trimmings compost produced in the Puget Sound region of western Washington State. Compost samples were collected periodically during a 133-d composting cycle at a commercial composting facility, showing that indices of compost respiration rate were sensitive indicators of compost quality. All respiration rate indices identified a period of high respiration rates during active composting (first 27 d), and a period of relatively stable respiration rates during the latter part of curing (70 to 133 d). Chemical tests of compost solids showed less promise as maturity indicators, but provided valuable information on final compost quality. Mature yard trimmings compost had a C:N of 12, an NH4-N to NO3-N ratio of less than 4, a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 400 cmol per kg of compost-C, and a pH between 6.5 and Seed germination tests and sensory tests (color and odor) were of limited value in assessing compost maturity. Fully-cured compost produced with forced aeration had a Solvita CO2 test value of 6 to 7 and a respiration rate via the alkaline trap method of 2 mg CO2-C g compost-C?1 d?1. It reheated less than 2°C in an insulated Dewar flask in a 7 d incubation. Further evaluation and calibration of respiration test protocols for compost quality assurance testing programs are recommended. 相似文献
15.
Field trials demonstrated that agricultural wastes could be successfully composted in the winter with the passively aerated windrow system. Three small windrows were constructed. One pile contained a sheep manure-straw mixture, while the other two piles contained varied amounts of horse manure, cow manure, and bedding materials (straw, wood chips). The piles were constructed on a porous base of wood chips. Standard four-inch (10 cm) perforated pipes were placed approximately three feet apart in the porous base, perpendicular to the length of the windrow. Piles were covered with 15 to 20 centimeters of finished compost. A commercial compost covering fabric permeable to gases and water vapor but impermeable to liquid water was used for additional insulation and protection against high winds. Ambient temperatures ranged from ?27°C to 15°C during the trials. Initially, all three piles froze. Then the ends of the piles began to heat up, with the southern ends which received the most sunlight heating up first. Plugging the pipes seemed to help the piles heat up faster, but did not appear to be necessary. Thermophilic temperatures were attained and the composting cycle took 50 to 80 days after the piles heated up. Oxygen levels were highest at the bottom of the pile, and decreased as one moved to the top of the pile. The biggest practical problem encountered was the snow drifts that periodically formed at the windrow base, covering the pipe openings. 相似文献
16.
In-house composting involves treating manure where it accumulates on the floor of high-rise, caged layer facilities. This process produces a partially composted material and can aid in house fly (Musca domestica L.) control by generating temperatures in the thermophilic range (≥43°C). Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of material volume and the use of previously composted material (starter) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw as bulking agents on compost temperatures and material properties. In Trial 1, starter combined with wheat straw or wheat straw alone were added to separate quadrants in a layer building, formed into windrows, and turned biweekly. Temperatures were consistently higher with the starter treatment, but both treatments followed a distinct pattern where temperatures peaked on the day of turning and declined rapidly thereafter. The starter treatment had higher initial volume (0.19 m3 m?1 row) than straw alone (0.13 m3 m?1 row), and maintained proportionately higher volumes throughout the trial. Volume in both treatments increased linearly with time and was correlated with peak compost temperature on the day of turning. Regression analysis indicated that a critical volume of 0.18 m3 m?1 row was required to consistently achieve compost temperatures ≥43°C. In a second trial, starter alone was compared to wheat straw at two rates. Volumes for all treatments initially ranged from 0.20 to 0.28 m3 m?1 row and increased linearly throughout the trial. Temperatures consistently exceeded 43°C on the day of turning. Analysis of the materials from both trials indicated that starter or straw had little effect on %moisture, %carbon, %nitrogen, or carbon:nitrogen ratio of composting materials beyond the first week after windrow establishment. These results indicate that material volume is more important than the use of starter or straw materials as bulking agents to achieve in-house composting temperatures ≥ 43°C. 相似文献
17.
This paper discusses compost production yields as a percent of raw product mix using poultry litter, poultry processing plant dissolved air flotation skimmings, sawdust, wood chips and ground yard debris. Three different mixes were used and identified as Mixes 1, 2 and 3. Mixes 1 and 2 were produced using windrows and a windrow turner and Mix 3 was made using a covered in-channel compost turner. Mixes 1 and 2 were poultry litter compost with a screened mass yield of 80 and 77 percent, respectively. Mix 3 was a dissolved air flotation compost with a screened mass yield of 40 percent. Results from plant experiments show poultry litter compost can be used successfully in potting mixes for poinsettia and chrysanthemum production. A compost produced from dissolved air flotation skimmings, a poultry processing waste, can be used in field corn production but had little influence in the production of soybeans. 相似文献
18.
Concepción Paredes Maria Dolores Pérez-Murcia Aurelia Pérez-Espinosa M. Ángeles Bustamante Joaquín Moreno-Caselles 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):238-247
The use of poultry manure or goat/sheep manure in the co-composting of the two-phase olive-mill cake “alperujo” (ALP) with olive leaf (OL) is compared by studying organic-matter mineralization and humification processes during composting and the characteristics of the end products. For this, two different piles (P1 and P2) were prepared using ALP with OL mixed with poultry manure (PM) and goat/sheep manure (GSM), respectively, and composted by the turned windrow composting system. Throughout the composting process, a number of parameters were monitored, such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), OM losses, total organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Nt), Corg/Nt ratio, and the germination index (GI). In both piles, the temperature exceeded 55 °C for more than 2 weeks, which ensured maximum pathogen reduction. Organic-matter losses followed a first-order kinetic equation in both piles. The final composts presented a stabilized OM and absence of phytotoxins, as observed in the evolution and final values of the Corg/Nt ratio (Corg/Nt < 20) and the germination index (GI > 50 percent). Therefore, composting can be considered as an efficient treatment to recycle this type of waste, obtaining composts with suitable properties that can be safely used in agriculture. 相似文献
19.
20.
Two composts were obtained by cocomposting a concentrated depotassified beet vinasse and grape marc using an aerated static pile and a windrow system. The composting mixtures comprised grape marc (83%) and vinasse (17%) for the aerated static pile system and grape marc (77%), vinasse (20%) and phosphate rock (3%) for the windrow. Changes in temperature followed a similar path for both mixtures, however the thermophilic phase was longer in the aerated static pile (25 days) than in the windrow (10 days). This fact caused differences in both organic matter degradation, weight losses (21% for static pile and 10% for windrow) and gas losses during the process. Nevertheless, the composts obtained by the two systems had a high fertilizer nutrient value (18.2 g kg?1 N; 3.1 g kg?1 P; 13.6 g kg?1 K, C/N 16.1 for compost obtained in static pile and 20.6 g kg?1 N; 13.7 g kg?1 P; 13.1 g kg?1 K; C/N 18 for compost obtained in windrow). A high degree of stability was reached in both composting systems (124 cmolc kg?1 CEC for static pile and 153 cmolc kg?1 CEC for windrow at 80 days of composting). The chemical and physical properties of both vinasse composts suggest their possible use as soil conditioner. 相似文献