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K. Stanford V. Nelson B. Sexton T.A. McAllister X. Hao F.J. Larney 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):257-266
After imposition of fees for disposal of cattle carcasses by the rendering industry, on-farm methods of mortality disposal are being investigated. Three open-air mortality compost windrows were constructed in January (JAN) and February (FEB) of 2004 in the cold, semiarid climate of southern Alberta, Canada. Windrow A included a base of barley straw a minimum of 46 cm thick, a layer of cattle mortalities (n=12) and a layer of stockpiled manure (minimum of 46 cm) covering the mortalities. Windrows B and C also had a bottom layer of barley straw, with windrow B containing 9 mortalities in 2 layers and windrow C containing 12 mortalities in 3 layers. Due to ambient temperatures > 0°C, carcasses (range 236 to 673 kg) were frozen at the time of windrow construction. Type ‘T’ thermocouples were embedded at the base of B and C windrows and temperatures within 120 cm of the surface were measured using a stainless steel dial probe. Windrows were turned 3 times at 3 mo intervals. Samples were collected from initial compost amendments and prior to each turning for determination of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), N, C and coliform bacteria. Ambient temperature was 13°C higher (P < 0.05) for the initial heating of FEB as compared to JAN compost, although the rate of compost temperature decline did not differ between replicates in this period. Days at maximum temperature did not differ between replicates and maximum temperatures in all windrows exceeded 55°C. After 3 heating periods and 9 mo, flesh was not evident and only fragments of bones (max wt. 740 g) were found. Results of this study demonstrate that ambient temperatures < 0°C and frozen mortalities provide no barrier to the use of open-air windrows for disposal of cattle mortalities. As well, stacking up to 3 layers of full-sized cattle mortalities in a windrow did not affect temperature profiles, residual flesh or bone, or analyses of the finished compost. Under the climatic conditions of southern Alberta, layering mortalities would reduce space requirements for large-animal mortality composting in a feedlot setting. 相似文献
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麦秆和羊粪混合高温堆肥腐熟进程研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
试验研究了添加不同比例的麦秆对羊粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响。结果表明, 羊粪高温堆肥时添加麦秆可缩短进入高温发酵阶段的时间, 减少氮素损失, 加快C/N降低速率。在堆肥过程中, 高温发酵层从中间向上下扩散; 有机质的下降速度在堆肥初期与麦秆比例呈正比, 在堆肥后期呈反比。堆肥结束时, 各处理堆肥全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较堆肥初期提高2.29%~8.41%、12.51%~24.88%、1.77%~31.34%和5.03%~25.45%, 其中羊粪与秸秆6︰4处理的增幅均为最高; 速效氮含量较堆肥初期下降34.62%~14.10%, 其中6︰4处理降幅最小。在实际应用中, 羊粪与麦秆按体积比6︰4进行堆肥较为适宜, 腐熟速度最快, 若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标, 则其腐熟速度比纯羊粪提高1倍, 28 d即可腐熟。 相似文献
3.
K. Stanford T.A. McAllister T. Reuter W. Xu J.R. Moyer F.J. Larney 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(3):158-165
During disease outbreaks, composting has been used to safely dispose of carcasses and infectious solid manure. However, optimized methods have not been established to use liquid manure (> 80% water content, WC) from dairies as the substrate for mortality composting. In April of 2007, a 3×2 factorial study was conducted in wooden compost bins (240 × 240 × 140 cm) lined with 0.5 mm plastic to a height of 50 cm. Three levels (LO, 95 kg; MED, 236 kg; HI, 606 kg wet wt.) of liquid manure (91% WC) were applied to barley straw containing a single calf mortality (avg. wt 130 kg). Compost temperature and carcass degradation were evaluated in each bin over 52 d. As an indication of compost efficiency, viability of 4 types of weed seeds (wild buckwheat, Polygonium convolvulus L, BW; dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, DL; stinkweed, Thlaspi arvense L., SW; and wild oat, Avena fatua, WO) was determined from seeds retained at the laboratory (Control) or from those placed in sealed nylon bags (50 μm pore size) embedded at 3 locations in each bin. Initial C: N ratios ranged from 58:1 (HI) to 68:1 (LO), while initial WC was 64, 52 and 42% for the HI, MED and LO treatments, respectively. Rate of compost heating and peak temperature (58.6 vs. 46.5°C) was increased (P < 0.05) for HI as compared to LO. Rate of temperature decline was lower (P < 0.05) and calf decomposition was visibly superior for HI as compared to LO. Viability of WO was eliminated by all compost treatments, but that of BW increased (P < 0.05) in MED and LO as compared to Control. Although HI did not eliminate BW viability, this treatment showed the the most promise for incorporating liquid manure as a substrate in contained mortality compost. 相似文献
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秸秆对猪粪静态兼性堆肥无害化和腐熟度的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为促进猪粪静态兼性堆肥产品无害化和腐熟,通过添加玉米秸秆调控堆体物理结构特性和碳氮比,采用传统自然发酵方式进行为期90d的静态兼性堆肥试验,分别设置纯猪粪处理(P)和秸秆调控处理(PC)研究静态兼性堆肥过程腐熟度指标、粪大肠菌群以及微生物群落结构演变特征。结果表明,秸秆调控增加了堆体孔隙率(提高19.41%),促进氧气向堆体内部扩散,增强了好氧微生物对有机质的降解,降低NH4+-N,可溶性有机氮(dissolved total nitrogen, DTN)等植物毒性物质含量,提升了堆肥腐熟度,两组处理堆肥产品种子发芽指数分别为40.84%(P)和114.60%(PC)。静态兼性堆肥经过30～40 d自然发酵后,粪大肠菌群数量达到卫生安全标准,堆体温度、NH4+-N和有机酸含量均会影响粪大肠杆菌的活性。堆体中微生物以厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门等与木质纤维素降解相关的菌门为优势菌门,堆体自上而下由好氧菌属演替为厌氧菌属,并形成好氧、兼性、厌氧的微生物分层。秸秆调控增加了堆体的好氧区域,促进和提高了猪粪... 相似文献
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Frederick C. Michel Jr. John A. Pecchia Jerome Rigot Harold M. Keener 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):323-334
Composting has become an increasingly popular manure management method for dairy farmers. However, the design of composting systems for farmers has been hindered by the limited amount of information on the quantities and volumes of compost produced relative to farm size and manure generated, and the impact of amendments on water, dry matter, volume and nitrogen losses during the composting process. Amendment type can affect the free air space, decomposition rate, temperature, C:N ratio and oxygen levels during composting. Amendments also initially increase the amount of material that must be handled. A better understanding of amendment effects should help farmers optimize, and potentially reduce costs associated with composting. In this study, freestall dairy manure (83% moisture) was amended with either hardwood sawdust or straw and composted for 110-155 days in turned windrows in four replicated trials that began on different dates. Initial C:N ratios of the windrows ranged from 25:1 to 50:1 due to variations in the source and N-content of the manure. Results showed that starting windrow volume for straw amended composts was 2.1 to 2.6 times greater than for sawdust amendment. Straw amended composts had low initial bulk densities with high free air space values of 75-93%. This led to lower temperatures and near ambient interstitial oxygen concentrations during composting. While all sawdust-amended composts self-heated to temperatures >55°C within 10 days, maintained these levels for more than 60 days and met EPA and USDA pathogen reduction guidelines, only two of the four straw amended windrows reached 55°C and none met the guidelines. In addition, sawdust amendment resulted in much lower windrow oxygen concentrations (< 5%) during the first 60 days. Both types of compost were stable after 100 days as indicated by CO2 evolution rates <0.5 mg CO2-C/g VS/d. Both types of amendments also led to extensive manure volume and weight reductions even after the weight of the added amendments were considered. However, moisture management proved critical in attaining reductions in manure weight during composting. Straw amendment resulted in greater volume decreases than sawdust amendment due to greater changes in bulk density and free air space. Through composting, farmers can reduce the volume and weights of material to be hauled by 50 to 80% based on equivalent nitrogen values of the stabilized compost as compared to unamended, uncomposted dairy manure. The initial total manure nitrogen lost during composting ranged from 7% to 38%. P and K losses were from 14 to 39% and from 1 to 38%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between C:N ratio and nitrogen loss (R2=0.78) and carbon loss (R2=0.86) during composting. An initial C:N ratio of greater than 40 is recommended to minimize nitrogen loss during dairy manure composting with sawdust or straw amendments. 相似文献
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有机辅料对猪粪堆肥中氨气挥发的抑制效应及其影响因素分析 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
选取稻草、油菜秸秆和食用菌渣作为猪粪堆肥的有机辅料,研究三种堆肥体系中氨气挥发释放规律及其影响因素。结果表明,经过65 d的堆腐,稻草－猪粪、油菜秸秆－猪粪和菌渣－猪粪堆肥氨气挥发量分别为5.084、6.483和3.013 g/kg,是对照（纯猪粪）处理（7.836g/kg）的64.88%、82.74%和38.45%。从氨气的释放量和释放速率看,菌渣是一种较好的有机辅料。从氨气释放的时间变化特征看,稻草对猪粪堆肥氨气排放高峰期影响最为明显,主要表现为氨气前期猛烈释放且持续时间短,是猪粪快速腐熟技术优选的高效有机辅料。堆腐完成后,三种有机辅料均能减少水溶性NH4+-N的累积,增加水溶性NO3--N的含量,引起pH和EC值下降,提高堆肥全氮含量,促进堆肥有机物和粗纤维的降解,且以稻草和菌渣处理效果最为显著。 相似文献
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[目的]明确秸秆预处理加快堆肥效率的同时,考察其是否能对堆体中磷的转化产生影响。[方法]通过添加秸秆腐熟剂(B)和氢氧化钙(C)分别对水稻秸秆进行10 d(B1、C1)和20 d(B2、C2)的预处理静态堆置,以无预处理的秸秆为对照(CK),与猪粪按比例混合后进行好氧堆肥。用红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了水稻秸秆的改变程度,并用传统方法分级测定了堆肥过程中连续浸提的磷形态。[结果]秸秆腐熟剂预处理对秸秆结构破坏性更强,且预处理时间越长效果越好。秸秆腐熟剂预处理可缩短堆肥高温期,促进水稻秸秆与猪粪混合堆肥的进程,而氢氧化钙预处理则并无明显效果。堆肥结束后,C1和C2的总磷含量分别为26.47和23.68 g/kg,CK为22.51 g/kg;而B1和B2处理分别高达29.84和32.88g/kg。不同处理堆体中各形态磷含量差异较大,但整体来看各形态总磷含量高低依次为HCl-P>NaHCO3-P>H2O-P>NaOH-P。从植物有效磷(H2O-P+NaHCO3-P)含量上来看,秸秆腐熟剂预处理效果要优于氢氧化钙预处理(B1和B2分别为14.44和13.74 g/kg,C1和C2分别为12.27和12.02 g/kg)。不同的秸秆预处理时间对堆肥过程中磷素形态的转变影响不大,但与氢氧化钙预处理组相比,秸秆腐熟剂预处理更有利于NaOH-Po向NaOH-Pi的转化。[结论]秸秆腐熟剂对水稻秸秆进行预处理破坏性强于氢氧化钙预处理,且预处理时间越长效果越好。预处理有利于促进秸秆、猪粪混合堆肥过程中磷植物有效性的提高,且秸秆腐熟剂预处理效果要优于氢氧化钙预处理。 相似文献
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不同覆盖措施对鸡粪堆肥氨挥发的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
采用箱式抽气法对不同鸡粪堆肥体系中氨气挥发释放速率及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,鸡粪堆肥的氨挥发强度在堆置后20d内最大.氨挥发速率最高达到0.28 g/(kg·h),覆盖粘土能有效抑制堆体的氨挥发.覆盖处理中铵态氮有累积的现象,铵态氮浓度最高达到6.68 g/kg,导致其pH值和电导率显著高于不覆盖处理.从全氮含量的变化来看,覆盖秸秆和篷布处理的氮素损失率分别为21-79%和19.78%,是对照处理的73.71%和66.91%,表现出良好的保氮效果. 相似文献
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A field experiment was carried out in northern Vietnam to investigate the effects of adding different additives [rice (Oriza sativa L.) straw only, or rice straw with added lime, superphosphate (SSP), urea or a mixture of selected microorganism species] on nitrogen (N) losses and nutrient concentrations in manure composts. The composts and fresh manure were applied to a three-crop per year sequence (maize–rice–rice) on a degraded soil (Plinthic Acrisol/Plinthaquult) to investigate the effects of manure type on crop yield, N uptake and fertilizer value. Total N losses during composting with SSP were 20% of initial total N, while with other additives they were 30–35%. With SSP as a compost additive, 65–85% of the initial ammonium-N (NH4-N) in the manure remained in the compost compared with 25% for microorganisms and 30% for lime. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) of fresh manure was lower than that of composted manure when applied to maize (Zea mays L.), but higher when applied to rice (Oriza sativa L.). The NUE of compost with SSP was generally higher than that of compost with straw only and lime. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of manure types for maize decreased in the order: manure composted with SSP?>?manure composted with straw only and fresh manure?>?manure composted with lime. For rice, the corresponding order was: fresh manure?>?manure composted with SSP/microorganisms/urea?>?manure composted with lime/with straw alone. The MFE was higher when 5 tons manure ha?1 were applied than when 10 tons manure ha?1 were applied throughout the crop sequence. The residual effect of composted manures (determined in a fourth crop, with no manure applied) was generally 50% higher than that of fresh manure after one year of manure and compost application. Thus, addition of SSP during composting improved the field fertilizer value of composted pig manure the most. 相似文献
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用鸡粪与小麦秸秆为堆肥原料进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究添加鸡粪对小麦秸秆高温好氧堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、碳氮比和养分等理化指标的影响,寻求鸡粪与小麦秸秆高温堆肥的最佳配比,为农作物秸秆快速资源化利用提供科学依据和技术指导。结果表明,鸡粪与小麦秸秆在C/N=25时堆体达到的温度最高,为62℃,达到最高温度所需的时间最短,为2 d。堆肥过程中各处理pH值变化基本一致,都是先上升后下降的过程。堆肥结束时A2处理C/N=14.4,NH4＋-N含量比最高时降低了76.2%,腐殖质比初始增加了50.2%,胡敏酸相对于最低点升高了160%,富里酸与堆肥前相比降低57.1%。堆肥结束时,全氮含量除A1处理有所降低外,其余处理均有所增加。各处理堆肥全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量在堆肥结束时比堆肥初始均有所增加。综合判断,鸡粪与小麦秸秆C/N=25进行堆肥较为适宜。 相似文献
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The experimental trials on dead animal composting have been carried out on a poultry farm, using cereal straw and solid hen manure. Other farm wastes such as cardboard and nonmarketable eggs were also included in the last three trials. Eight trials have been conducted on a real-life scale, in the open air and at different times of year using a simple pile system. The pile was moistened with water or with liquid hen manure from a nearby manure lagoon, as necessary. The ratios straw/hen manure and (straw + hen manure)/dead poultry used in the different piles ranged between 4/1 and 5/1 for the first one and 8/1 and 2/1 for the second one. In all trials two clearly different stages were observed. A primary stage where high temperatures (53-66 °C) within the curing pile were reached and the poultry mortalities were completely degraded while straw was only partially degraded. No turnings were made in this stage. The secondary stage used a standard dynamic pile system with turnings and watering. A device was fitted in order to collect ammonia emission and it was observed that this emission is higher when both moisture and the ratio (straw + hen manure)/poultry mortalities are lower and when temperatures are higher. The end by-product has an excellent appearance and can be marketed as organic fertilizer or organo-mineral (C:N between 7.94 and 14.09). 相似文献
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Bulking agents and bedding materials used on farms for composting manures affect the time required for composts to mature. The effects of these materials on guidelines for the use of composted manures in potting mixes are not fully known. Several chemical and biological compost characteristics were mentioned and a cucumber plant growth greenhouse bioassay was performed on samples removed from windrows during composting of: (i) dairy manure amended with wheat straw; (ii) dairy manure amended with sawdust (mostly Quercus spp.); and (iii) pig manure amended with sawdust and shredded wood (mostly Quercus spp.). Dry weights of cucumber seedlings grown in fertilized and unfertilized potting mixes amended with composts (30%, v/v) having stability values of <1 mg CO2-C g-1 dw d−1, did not differ significantly from those in a control peat mix. Only the most mature dairy manure-wheat straw compost samples consistently established sufficient N concentrations in cucumber shoots in unfertilized treatments. For the dairy manure-wheat straw compost, all possible subset regression analyses of compost characteristics versus cucumber plant dry weight revealed that any of several compost characteristics (electrical conductivity-EC, compost age, total N, organic C, C-to-N ratio, ash content, CO2 respirometry, Solvita CO2 index and the Solvita® Compost Maturity Index) predicted growth of cucumber in the unfertilized treatments, and thus maturity. In contrast, at least two characteristics of the dairy manure-sawdust compost were required to predict growth of cucumber in the unfertilized treatments. Effective combinations were EC with compost age and the Solvita® maturity index with total N. Even five compost characteristics did not satisfactorily predict growth of cucumber in the non-fertilized pig manure-wood compost. Nutrient analysis of cucumber shoots indicated N availability was the principal factor limiting growth in potting mixes amended with the dairy manure-sawdust compost, and even more so in the pig manure-wood compost even though the compost had been stabilized to a high degree (<1 mg CO2-C g−1 dw d−1). Maturity of the composted manures, which implies a positive initial plant growth response of plants grown without fertilization, could not be predicted by compost characteristics alone unless the bulking agent or bedding type used for the production of the composts was also considered. 相似文献
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Straw-rich manure from organic pig farming systems can be composted in passively aerated systems as the high application of straw results in a compost bed with good structure and porosity. The passively aerated composting process was simulated in one-dimensional reactors of 2 m3 for straw-rich manure with compost bed densities of 1100, 700 and 560 kg m?3. Temperature profiles over the reactor height were monitored online and ammonia emissions were measured periodically. The composition of the compost bed over the reactor height was determined at the end of the composting process. The composting process strongly depends on the density of the compost bed. At a density of 1100 kg.m?3, the porosity of the bed is too low to initiate natural convection, and aerobic degradation fails and anaerobic conditions may lead to emissions of methane and odorous compounds. At a density of 560 kg.m?3, the porosity of the bed is high and the high rate of natural convection will keep the temperature low thereby preventing the removal of pathogens and weeds. Best results were observed at a density of 700 kg.m?3 for which aerobic degradation and drying were adequate and temperatures were high enough to kill pathogens and weeds. On basis of the Ergun equation, which describes the airflow in porous media with internal heat generation, this corresponds to a compost bed permeability of 7×10?8 m2. It was also shown that it is possible to compost animal manures with a low C/N ratio without significant emissions of ammonia. This can be established by trapping the initial ammonia emissions in a straw filter, which is placed on top of the compost bed. Ammonia absorbed in the straw filter and in the compost bed were removed by nitrification and denitrification. The passively aerated composting system results in a compost bed which is highly heterogeneous with respect to temperature, oxygen level and its composition. It is proposed that in this way a highly diverse microbial community in the compost bed is established which can perform various microbial conversions. The extensive composting system is most promising for on-farm production of an organic fertilizer from straw-rich manure, since the costs of the process and the level of ammonia emissions were low. 相似文献
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F.H. Van Herk T.A. McAllister C.L. Cockwill N. Guselle F.J. Larney J.J. Miller 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(3):235-241
Effects of composting manure on viability of Giardia cysts (GC) and Cryptosporidium cysts (CO) were determined in a two-year study with manure from feedlot cattle bedded on barley straw or woodchips. Each year, manure was deposited in 8 m × 2.5 m × 2 m windrows (one per bedding type) on a sheltered concrete pad. On day 0, porous bags containing 100 g of feces from confirmed Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-positive cattle (9 bags per retrieval day in Year 1; 3 per day in Year 2) were implanted in the windrows. Replicate bags were placed on the concrete pads as uncomposted controls. Windrow temperature and water content were measured and compost was turned mechanically twice each week. Fecal bags were retrieved and subsampled for enumerations of total and viable cysts and cysts after 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days in 1998 and after 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 16, 23, 30, 42, 56, 70 and 98 days in 1999. Windrow temperatures (TEMP) exceeded 55°C during the fourth week of composting, and remained above 50°C for 4 wk thereafter in 1999. Bedding material did not affect overall mean temperature in either year, but TEMP was higher with straw than with woodchip from day 10 to day 17 in 1998 (P < 0.05) and on day 16 and day 42 in 1999 (P < 0.10). In 1998, moisture content decreased from 62.2 to 43.2% during composting of woodchip manure and from 67.3 to 39.3% during composting of straw manure. In 1999, moisture content decreased from 61.0 to 31.8% for woodchip and from 64.5 to 28.6% for straw compost. Percentage of viable CO declined gradually over the 31 days in 1998. The following year revealed a rapid decline in viability of GC and CO once compost temperature exceeded 55°C and viabilities of GC and CO were reduced to zero after 42 days (straw compost) and after 56 days (woodchip compost). Exposure of CO and GC to temperatures > 55°C for a period of 15 days appears to be an effective method of inactivating Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium cysts in feedlot manure. 相似文献
17.
针对奶牛养殖场粪便含水率高,堆肥处理成本高的特点,采用以干燥玉米秸秆为调理剂,在较高初始含水率条件下（70%～80%）,进行了强制通风堆肥槽和翻转式堆肥仓的对比试验,并且探讨了晾晒脱水作为预处理对堆肥效果的影响。结果表明,各处理堆体升温迅速,且均在50℃以上维持8～12d,满足堆肥无害化的卫生标准（GB7959—1987）要求。至堆肥结束时,各处理含水率均降至40%以下,C/N均降至20以下,WSOC均低于16g·kg-1,NH4＋-N含量均低于0.4g·kg-1;除采用堆肥槽在初始含水率为65%下堆肥NH4＋-N/NO3--N〉3尚未腐熟完全外,其他处理NH4＋-N/NO3--N均小于0.5,腐熟情况较好;所有处理的GI均大于50%,其中采用堆肥槽在较高初始含水率堆肥和晾晒预处理后堆肥GI已达80%,基本消除了植物毒性。采用较为开放的堆肥槽时,以玉米秸秆作调理剂,在较高的初始含水率条件下堆肥效果更好;以晾晒脱水作为预处理后堆肥,可减少所需调理剂的用量,节约了堆肥的成本。 相似文献
18.
不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温堆腐的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用好氧堆肥的方式,研究添加三种不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温腐熟效果的影响,探索有益微生物菌剂在畜禽废弃物高温堆肥中的作用。分析了堆肥不同时期各处理的堆温、pH值、种子发芽指数、水溶性铵态氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮、有机碳的变化。结果表明,在添加玉米秸秆调节物料碳氮比(25/1)的情况下,添加本研究中所采用的微生物菌剂可以迅速降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,使发芽指数在21 d内达到80%以上,较对照提高45.52%;对水溶性铵态氮的转化和水溶性有机氮的形成都有明显的促进作用,腐熟堆肥的氮素保持提高25.46%;明显提高堆肥初期发酵温度,使堆体在第2 d达到高温阶段,并持续7 d以上,最高温度比对照高4.8℃,满足堆肥无害化卫生要求,大大缩短堆腐周期。综合多项指标分析,接种菌剂M2对促进有机碳的分解、有机氮的形成和提高腐熟效率更为有利。 相似文献
19.
促腐剂在鸡粪堆肥发酵中的应用研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
选用鸡粪和小麦秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,研究促腐剂在鸡粪堆肥发酵中的应用。结果表明,接种促腐剂可迅速提高堆肥初期的发酵温度,最高温度超过70℃,但发酵后期降温快,高温加快了堆肥的发酵。发酵20d种子发芽指数达到80%以上;发酵30d含氮量比对照高4.3%,含水量降低3个百分点。综合堆温、C/N、种子发芽指数各项腐熟度指标,接种促腐剂可使鸡粪堆肥腐熟时间比对照提前5d以上。接种促腐剂可降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,显著缩短发酵时间,加快堆肥物料的水分挥发,使堆肥中的无机营养成分含量相对增加,从而提高鸡粪堆肥的质量。 相似文献
20.
Quantity and quality of readily degradable carbon influences the composting process especially for compost mixture high in lignocellulotic material. Effects of carbon source on stability and maturity of compost from in-vessel systems are poorly understood. Research was conducted to investigate the effects of carbon composition of feedstock on the evolution of stability indices and reliability of maturity tests for accelerated vessel composting systems. Rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and coffee hulls were composted in a modified rotary in-vessel composter amended with either cattle or sheep manure. Distinct evolution patterns were observed across carbon sources for temperature, with the sugarcane compost never attaining thermophilic temperatures. Time to peak temperature and return to ambient were significantly different between the rice and coffee compost. Comparatively, organic matter degradation followed a similar pattern for all carbon sources, although rice straw showed the faster degradative rate and coffee hulls the greatest overall loss. Both pH and electrical conductivity were inappropriate stability indices across carbon sources, while the NH4+/NO3? ratio was lower than the threshold from week 1. The Solvita® maturity test was the best suited quality indicator and was related to compost respiration. The rice compost at week 12 was the only mature compost with an index value of 7. However, the coffee compost was in the curing stage with a value of 6. In vitro phytotoxicity assays on hot pepper contrasted the Sovita® interpretation for rice compost, which showed the lowest germination index. All compost had a stimulatory effect on cucumber seeds. In vivo seeding assays corroborated in vitro results with rice compost showing the greatest negative effect, augmented at 100% compost inclusion. Carbon source significantly influenced compost stability and maturity indices, which suggests that greater attention should be directed to quality indices in relation to feedstock composition. 相似文献