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北方农牧交错带缓坡耕地土壤风蚀特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
研究采用野外观测手段对不同坡向和坡位的土壤风蚀特征进行测定和分析。结果表明:①缓坡耕地不同地形部位,风速随地形升高而增大,主要由于微地形作用,使南坡风速略高于北坡。②土壤风蚀量随风速变化呈现出指数函数变化趋势,风速增大则风蚀量也增大。③以坡顶为对称轴,北坡和南坡的风蚀量基本呈对称分布,北坡风蚀量占南坡风蚀量的88.6%;5个地形部位的风蚀量相比,最大值并非出现在坡顶部位。④坡中和坡底在0～6cm高度范围内,坡顶在0～8cm高度范围内,随高度和风速增加,风蚀量呈线性增大;在8～60cm高度范围内,风蚀量随高度增加呈现出负指数函数递减的规律,6cm<高度<20cm递减率较大,高度>20cm递减率较小。 相似文献
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农牧交错带缓坡丘陵土壤水分空间分布特征--以内蒙古后山为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对内蒙古农牧交错带缓坡丘陵区不同部位和深度处土壤水分的观测和分析 ,发现 :农牧交错带缓坡丘陵的土壤水分分布受坡度、坡向、坡位、植被类型等因素的影响 ,表现出一定的空间变异特性。在坡度为 3°～4°的缓坡丘陵上 ,土壤水分以阳坡 (南坡 )为最高 ,阴坡 (北坡 )次之 ,顶部最低。不同部位因贮水量不同造成植物生物量存在差异 ,顶部的生物量小于南北坡的生物量。同时发现 ,不同部位土壤中有干土层出现 ,不同季节干层深浅不同。 相似文献
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黄土丘陵草地土壤营养元素含量迁移及分布 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
系统研究黄土丘陵草地土壤理化性质、草地和农地营养元素迁移与富集,以及土壤养分剖面分布特征的基础上,试验结果表明:黄绵土、灰钙土及黑垆土为黄土丘陵区主要土壤类型;（2）黑垆土与黄绵土土壤颗粒组成含量差异较大,黑垆土成壤过程有隐粘化现象;（3）黑垆土表层及深层养分含量普遍高于黄绵土;（4）土壤养分在坡面与土壤剖面呈指数分布,土壤有效N、P、K含量北坡>西南>南坡;（5）提高草地生产力,防治土壤肥力退化的根本途径是增加草地养分输入,（6）提高豆科牧草对土壤深层养分的利用,可实现“生物聚肥”效应,培肥土壤。 相似文献
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秦岭山地生态系统服务功能价值初步研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
运用环境经济学的方法,借助GIS技术,根据秦岭山地自然地理特点,对秦岭山地生态系统分南、北坡对其植被有机物生产、保持土壤、涵养水源、固定二氧化碳、释放氧气及净化环境6种生态服务功能价值进行研究。结果表明:①秦岭山地6种生态服务功能总价值为1014 45亿元/a,其中,北坡为228 63亿元/a,南坡为785 82亿元/a。②南、北坡生态系统单位面积生态服务功能价值存在一定的差异,北坡生态系统单位面积生态服务功能价值高于南坡,但因南坡面积远大于北坡,故南坡生态系统对整体生态系统的服务功能价值贡献较北坡大。③南、北两坡植被在保持土壤、固定二氧化碳、涵养水源等方面都起着重要的作用。提出了生态服务功能价值空间分级方案和保护生态系统的建议。 相似文献
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对面积约0.15 km2的古尔班通古特沙漠南缘土壤风蚀强度与其抑制因子进行取样检测,应用地统计学方法对取得数据进行了半方差函数分析.结果表明:该研究区土壤风蚀强度与其抑制因子(植被盖度、土壤含水量)的实测数据均服从正态分布,其中植被盖度变异函数曲线的理论模型符合指数模型,而土壤含水量和土壤风蚀强度指数变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型.通过对2009年5月监测资料的分析,得出试验区植被盖度、土壤含水量、土壤风蚀强度指数在空间上存在显著的变异性,土壤风蚀强度与其抑制因子之间存在着较强的负相关性.即土壤风蚀强度指数随着植被盖度和土壤含水量的增大(或减小)有减小(或增大)的趋势,因此土壤风蚀强度对植被盖度和土壤含水量具有较强的空间依赖性.在风力空间差异不大的小尺度范围内,干旱区土壤风蚀强度的大小主要取决于植被盖度和土壤含水量的大小.植被盖度与土壤湿度则是抑制土壤风蚀的主要因子,也是保持古尔班通古特沙漠南缘沙面稳定的主导因子. 相似文献
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根据调查研究,分析了黄土丘陵第一副区山坡地土壤肥力与生产力状况及其影响因素,表明由于长期土壤侵蚀的影响,该区山坡地土壤的有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量低,虽然全磷和全钾含量相对较丰富,但其有效性不高,土壤水分条件差且多变,土壤肥力贫瘠.严重的水土流失、干旱和土壤肥力低下是导致该区山坡地生产力低下的主要因素,因此,采取水土保持耕作技术,控制水土流失和合理增加肥料投入是提高山坡地土壤肥力和生产力的重要途径. 相似文献
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黄土丘陵区典型峁坡土壤侵蚀空间分异特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选择黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型峁坡,采用137 Cs示踪技术,通过对不同坡向和坡位土样137 Cs含量的测定,分析了峁坡137 Cs空间分布特征及土壤侵蚀的空间分异。结果表明,不同坡向峁坡侵蚀差异明显,各坡向平均侵蚀速率大小依次为:北坡西南坡东北坡西坡西北坡南坡东南坡东坡,各坡向侵蚀强度均表现为强度侵蚀;峁坡各坡向不同坡位的侵蚀差异也非常明显,坡下部侵蚀量最大,坡面中上部次之。侵蚀速率顺坡呈波动变化趋势,且侵蚀强度表现为中度、强度以及极强度侵蚀,以强度侵蚀为主。 相似文献
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陕西省子长县沟道土地的土壤肥力评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过野外实地考察和对土壤垂直剖面样品的采集和测试,分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道内的台地、滩地、坝地、草地等几种主要土地利用类型的土壤肥力状况,并与沟道内新造耕地进行了对比研究。同时,在分析土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷及速效钾等7个土壤肥力指标测定数据的基础上,对不同土地利用类型的土壤肥力进行了综合评价。结果表明,斑块状分布于沟道内的5种不同土地利用类型条件下,其土壤肥力指标存在一定差异。对比陕西省土壤肥力划分标准,黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道内各种土地类型土壤有机质含量均处于低水平,其中新造耕地的土壤有机质含量处于最低的第8级;各地块的土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷含量也处于较低水平,其中草地、滩地和台地的速效磷含量相对较高,可达到4或5级肥力水平;各地块全钾和速效钾含量等级相对其他肥力元素较高,速效钾含量以新造耕地和低龄坝地较低。由于有机质、氮、磷等肥力元素含量水平低,从而导致新造耕地和低龄坝地的综合土壤肥力质量也较低。因此,对沟道新造耕地不仅要做好复垦、平整、侧蚀水毁防治等工程,同时还应重视后期土壤肥力培育工作,采取科学措施,提高土地的生产力。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献