共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
Widespread anticoagulant resistance was discovered in populations of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) in an area of roughly 8000 km2 in north-west Germany. Resistance testing was performed by feeding tests and/or by measuring blood clotting response after intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal testing solution. A hierarchical resistance system was found with warfarin resistance at the base followed by bromadiolone/coumatetralyl resistance to difenacoum resistance at the top. Warfarin resistance was spread over the whole area with reduced incidence towards the edges. Difenacoum resistance represented the highest level found so far and was restricted to the inner zone of the resistance area where it occurred with a frequency of 6% of all individuals tested. Breeding experiments with bromadiolone-resistant rats showed that expression of the bromadiolone resistance gene differed in the two sexes, suggesting additional sex-linked modifying effects to the resistance gene. Control strategy within the resistance area with respect to prevention of further selection for resistance is discussed. 相似文献
2.
植物寄生线虫是严重危害农业生产的一类重要病原生物,对全球作物产量造成重大损失.抗线虫基因在植物抗线虫反应中发挥重要作用,发掘抗线虫基因并培育抗线虫品种是防治线虫病害的一条有效途径.抗线虫基因的定位与克隆对解析植物抗线虫性的分子机理做出了巨大贡献,明确线虫与寄主植物之间的互作关系及抗线虫机制,可以为制定和采取更加有效的防控策略提供借鉴. 相似文献
3.
水化学和同位素示踪卫宁平原地下水沿河排泄 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
定量评价地表水地下水转化关系是管理和利用流域水资源的基础。通过在卫宁平原沿河采集36组地表水、地下水样品,基于水化学和氢氧稳定同位素特征分析了地下水和黄河的转化关系。建立了一维溶质对流运移方程并运用有限差分法求解,以Cl-和EC为拟合指标计算了地下水沿河排泄强度。结果表明:枯水期地下水以向黄河泄流为主,总排泄量为7.48m3/s,占黄河流量的2.13%。地下水排泄具空间变异,存在两段地下水强排泄区。水化学示踪模拟方法可以有效评价地下水沿河排泄及其空间变异,地下水样品的代表性、水量均衡要素的完备性和取样密度是影响评价精度的主要因素。 相似文献
4.
Pirimiphos-methyloxon (2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethyl phosphate) the phosphate analogue of pirimiphos-methyl, and paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) the phosphate analogue of parathion were used as substrates to determine the esterase activity in plasma. Aryl groups released were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography or with a recording spectrophotometer. In a survey of 14 species of birds representing six different avian orders, the plasma esterase activities (expressed as nmol min?1 ml?1 of plasma) were always low, ranging from 0-71 for pirimiphos-methyloxon and from 0-0.63 for paraoxon. By contrast, mammalian activities were very much higher than these, and in no case was a sample of mammalian plasma less than 13 times more active than any sample of avian plasma using the same assay procedure. It is concluded that birds are deficient in A-esterase activity towards pirimiphos-methyloxon and paraoxon. The importance of this deficiency in determining the relatively high susceptibility of birds to these and other organophosphorus insecticides is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Fusarium solani , the causal fungus of root and crown rot of citrus, produces naphthazarin toxins that were shown to be toxic to citrus plants. It was found that citrus trees in South Africa had varying levels of naphthazarins in their xylem. Significantly higher concentrations of these toxins were detected in trees with blight symptoms than in symptomless trees. Citrus seedlings grown in hydroponic culture containing isomarticin showed inhibition of growth, shortening of roots and accumulation of zinc in the trunk wood. Zinc deficiency symptoms were also observed on certain rootstocks. A procedural ranking of rootstocks indicated that trees with observed tolerance to blight in the field generally had higher tolerance to isomarticin in hydroponic culture, whereas trees susceptible to blight were more sensitive to the toxin. These findings indicate that Fusarium -produced isomarticin is involved in the induction of some of the symptoms associated with citrus blight syndrome. 相似文献
6.
双唑草腈的除草活性及对水稻的安全性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文采用室内整株生测法测定了1.8%双唑草腈颗粒剂的除草活性及对不同水稻品种的安全性。在杂草出苗前、1叶期和2叶期以有效成分145.8g/hm2的剂量撒施1.8%双唑草腈颗粒剂对水稻田常见杂草稗草、鸭舌草、耳叶水苋和异型莎草的鲜重抑制率均在92%以上,药后3d杂草表现叶片干枯、黄化、僵苗等中毒症状,其见效速度明显快于对照药剂25g/L五氟磺草胺油悬浮剂。在水稻播后苗前或1叶期施用,其在‘南粳9108’(粳稻)、‘K两优10’(杂交稻)和稗草间的选择性指数均大于4,对水稻安全。 相似文献
7.
A method is presented for using botanical survey and soil survey data to generate maps of the probability of occurrence of weeds in Britain across all habitats. For each species, data from a national, designed botanical survey were smoothed spatially, and the association between species distribution and soils was calculated using the botanical survey and 1 km square data on dominant and subdominant soils using national data. A logistic regression was fitted using the botanical survey data, and was interpolated across the whole country to generate the maps. The resulting maps show the probability of occurrence of species and species groups at the 2-km scale. They map the potential, rather than realized, risk of particular types of weed infestation, as they do not account for local management factors. 相似文献
8.
ABSTRACT To elucidate the specificity of prehaustorial resistance to inappropriate rust fungi, we studied two populations of recombinant inbred lines of barley that segregated for partial resistance (PR) to Puccinia hordei and for the resistance to the inappropriate rust species P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini. PR to P. hordei is prehaustorial and nonhypersensitive, and its level can be assessed accurately by measuring the latent period of the fungus. The resistance to the inappropriate rust species is a combination of prehaustorial (nonhypersensitive) and posthaustorial (hypersensitive) mechanisms. The amount of nonhypersensitive, early abortion of P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini sporelings reflects the degree of prehaustorial defense to the two inappropriate rust species. All lines showing a long latent period of P. hordei also had a relatively high level of early abortion of the growth of P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini. This indicates that genes for PR to P. hordei are also effective against these two inappropriate rust species. The reverse was not necessarily true; some lines showing a high level of early abortion of P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini had a low level of PR to P. hordei. Moreover, lines with a similar level of prehaustorial resistance to P. recondita f. sp. tritici could differ considerably in their prehaustorial resistance to P. hordei-murini. This indicates that genes for prehaustorial resistance may exhibit rust species specificity. 相似文献
9.
The effect of northern leaf blight (NLB) or leaf defoliation on the yield of nine sweet corn cultivars was studied in field experiments. Plants were defoliated or infected in the bottom, middle or top third of the leaf canopy. The effect of defoliation or infection on yield was significantly higher for plants treated 55 days after planting than for those treated 70 days after planting. Cultivar response differed significantly for both treatments, the most sensitive cultivar being ‘Jubilee’ and the least sensitive being Ssupersweet 7900. In all cases, the highest yield loss was recorded when the middle third of the leaf canopy was treated. The relative importance of the top third of the leaf canopy increased if the treatment was done 3 weeks before harvesting. This study emphasized the importance of leaf position, cultivar, and plant growth stage for evaluating losses caused by NLB, and may explain the failure of various models to describe yield loss due to NLB. 相似文献
10.
The fate of fertilizer N applied to cotton in relation to irrigation methods and N dosage in arid area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Quantitative information on the fate and efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to coarse textured calcareous soils in arid farming systems is scarce but, as systems intensify, is essential to support sustainable agronomic management decisions. A mesh house study was undertaken to trace the fate of N fertilizer applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv., Huiyuan701) growing on a reconstructed profile (0-100 cm) of a calcareous (>15% CaCO 3 ) sandy loam soil. Two irrigation methods (drip irrigation, DI; and furrow irrigation, FI) and four N application rates (0, 240, 360 and 480 kg/hm 2 , abbreviated as N 0 , N 240 , N 360 , and N 480 , respectively) were applied. 15 N-labelled urea fertilizer was applied in a split application. DI enhanced the biomass of whole plant and all parts of the plant, except for root; more fertilizer N was taken up and mostly stored in vegetative parts; N utilization efficiency (NUE) was significantly greater than in FI. N utilization efficiency (NUE) decreased from 52.59% in N 240 to 36.44% in N 480 . N residue in soil and plant N uptake increased with increased N dosage, but recovery rate decreased consistently both in DI and FI. Plant N uptake and soil N residue were greater in DI than in FI. N residue mainly stayed within 0-40 cm depth in DI but within 40-80 cm depth in FI. FI showed 17.89% of N leached out, but no N leaching occurred in DI. N recovery rate in the soil-plant system was 75.82% in DI, which was markedly greater than the 55.97% in FI. DI exhibited greater NUE, greater residual N in the soil profile and therefore greater N recovery rate than in FI; also, N distribution in soil profile shallowed in DI, resulting in a reduced risk of N leaching compared to FI; and enhanced shoot growth and reduced root growth in DI is beneficial for more economic yield formation. Compared to furrow irrigation, drip irrigation is an irrigation method where N movement favors the prevention of N from being lost in the plant-soil system and benefits a more efficient use of N. 相似文献
11.
我国北方农业旱灾的危害特点与减灾对策 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
总结了建国后50 a我国北方15省区的农业旱灾危害特点,并分析了旱灾对农、林、牧业的主要危害,提出我国北方通过提高灌溉工程效益,有计划扩大灌溉面积、发展灌溉节水农业、合理调整农业生产结构和布局、强化旱作农业新技术的研究与应用、建立抗旱服务体系、重视旱灾监测预警系统建设等的减灾对策与措施。 相似文献
12.
13.
Two substrains of Aedes aegypti, already resistant to DDT and pyrethroids, were further selected using either DDT or permethrin by mass exposure of the females only. DDT selection over 14 generations raised the resistance to DDT so far that no accurate LC50 values could be determined. Selection with permethrin raised the tolerance to an irregular plateau 7–10 times the original. DDT selection in the adults raised the DDT resistance of the larvae, but this could be partly overcome using a dehydrochlorinase inhibitor. The resistance to pyrethroids was increased but tolerance of dieldrin, malathion and propoxur compounds was little changed. Permethrin selection of the adults raised resistance to pyrethroids more than DDT selection but also increased DDT resistance. Similar patterns were found for the larval insects. A strain from Demerara in Guyana showed both DDT and pyrethroid resistance, including strong resistance to pyrethrins together with dieldrin and propoxur. It was concluded that two major independent resistance mechanisms existed in the selected strains, a dehydrochlorinase affecting DDT alone, and an unknown mechanism, probably nerve insensitivity (kdr) affecting both DDT and pyrethroids. 相似文献
14.
15.
Stimulatory and non-stimulatory species of Allium and four other members of the Liliaceae were susceptible to infection by germinating sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum in unsterile soil. Plants belonging to other families were not infected in soil even when germinating sclerotia were in contact with their roots. Under aseptic conditions S. cepivorum infected plant species not closely related to Allium , particularly when large amounts of inoculum were used. Infection was slight in the presence of germinating sclerotia. It is suggested that within the genus Allium and a few related genera resistance results from the lack of ability to stimulate germination of sclerotia. Non- Allium plants also lack this ability but in addition possess tissue resistance to S. cepivorum. 相似文献
16.
17.
为明确稻稗对噁唑酰草胺的非靶标抗药性和对氰氟草酯的交互抗药性水平,通过剂量反应试验测定辽宁新民(R_1)、黑龙江虎林(R_2)和黑龙江哈尔滨(R_3)3个稻稗种群对噁唑酰草胺的非靶标抗药性和对氰氟草酯的交互抗药性水平。结果显示,R_1、R_2、R_3在喷施细胞色素P450抑制剂杀草强后对噁唑酰草胺的抗性指数比分别为1.14、1.71、2.38,表明R_1对噁唑酰草胺的抗药性与非靶标P450的活性无关,R_2和R_3对噁唑酰草胺的抗药性可能是靶标与非靶标的共同作用。3个稻稗种群对氰氟草酯的抗性指数分别为25.73、12.79、10.29,表明3个稻稗种群都对氰氟草酯产生了交互抗药性。 相似文献
18.
Clive J. Brealey Peter L. Crampton Peter R. Chadwick Frank E. Rickett 《Pest management science》1984,15(2):121-132
Penetration, metabolism and excretion of [14C]DDT and [3H]transpermethrin were studied in three strains of Aedes aegypti L. after topical application of 10 nl of a solution of the insecticide in 2-ethoxyethanol. The standard susceptible strain was compared with a DDT-selected strain (BKS) and a permethrin-selected strain (BKPM). No significant penetration resistance was observed in either resistant strain, but both showed high DDT-dehydrochlorinase activity which contributed to the DDT resistance. A non-metabolic factor was also involved. Rates of transpermethrin metabolism were very similar in all three strains and substantially higher internal concentrations of transpermethrin were required to produce toxic effects in both BKS and BKPM mosquitoes. By analogy with other insect species, it is concluded that transpermethrin resistance in these strains is of the kdr type, while the DDT resistance is a mixture of kdr and DDT-dehydrochlorinase. 相似文献
19.
Sorada Tapsuwan Tim Capon Mia Tam John Kandulu Penny Measham Stuart Whitten 《国际虫害防治杂志》2020,66(4):351-367
AbstractFruit flies are a biosecurity threat to international trade of horticultural produce around the world. Area-wide management (AWM) of fruit flies offers a promising solution to coordinate farmers’ activities to fight against the spread of this pest. The incorporation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) may increase the effectiveness of AWM and lead to greater suppression and possible eradication of the fruit fly pest. This article presents findings from a choice experiment survey to ascertain the willingness to pay (WTP) for the benefits of a suite of AWM features and SIT. These features include the benefits from (1) coordinated fruit fly monitoring, (2) coordinated on-farm male annihilation of fruit flies, (3) management of fruit fly in residential areas, and (4) coordinated release of sterile flies. This is the first study of its kind to assess the WTP for AWM and SIT in a developed country. Results suggest that growers are willing to pay for SIT and coordinated fruit fly management in residential areas but are not willing to pay for other coordinated services that they are already practicing on their farms. 相似文献
20.
Lemma W Mengistu George W Mueller‐Warrant Aaron Liston Reed E Barker 《Pest management science》2000,56(3):209-217
The herbicide‐binding region of the chloroplast psbA gene from a total of 20 biotypes of Poa annua L resistant and susceptible to metribuzin and diuron was selectively amplified using PCR. Sequence analysis of the fragment from six herbicide‐resistant biotypes of P annua exhibited a substitution from valine to isoleucine at position 219 of the D1 protein encoded by the psbA gene. This is the same mutation as reported for Chlamydomonas and Synechococcus through site‐directed mutagenesis and in cell cultures of Chenopodium rubrum L. To our knowledge this is the first report of a higher plant exhibiting resistance in the field to photosystem II inhibitors due to a psbA mutation other than at position 264. The existence of additional biotypes of P annua resistant to diuron or metribuzin but lacking mutation in the herbicide‐binding region indicates that resistance to these herbicides can also be attained by other mechanisms. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献