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1.
D. Levy 《Potato Research》1983,26(4):315-321
Summary The effect of repeated short periods of water stress during the hot season on six potato cultivars was investigated. The number
of tubers per plant tended to decrease in response to water stress in cultivars which had more than 9.8 tubers per control
plant (Désirée, Alpha, Elvira). In the other cultivars, no consistent effect of water stress on tuber number per plant was
observed. Except for Spunta, the percentage of large tubers (>60 g/tuber) was reduced in the water-stressed plants. Consequently,
the average weight of these tubers was greater than that of tubers harvested from the unstressed plants, indicating that the
sink force of the individual tuber was not impaired by drought. However, tuber yield per plant was reduced due to drought
in all cultivars tested.
The smallest decrease in dry matter accumulation as well as the greatest lowering of the osmotic potential in the tuber tissue
was found in Alpha. No consistent effect of water stress on the percentage of misshapen and sprouting tubers was observed,
indicating the marked effect of the high temperature on these traits.
Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No 310-E, 1981 series. This
investigation was sponsored by a grant from the Ministry for Development Cooperation of the Netherlands. 相似文献
2.
W. M. Iritani 《American Journal of Potato Research》1981,58(1):71-80
The quality factors influenced by stress conditions are: total dry matter or starch content and distribution of starch, sugar content, types of sugars and distribution, texture, mealiness, flesh color, tuber size and shape, and tuber defects such as growth cracks, and hollow heart. Early stress during growth can cause tubers to become pointed on the stem-end with low starch content and high reducing sugars. Uneven growth due to stress results in growth cracks, or hollow heart and malformed tubers. Varieties differ considerably as to susceptibility. Stress generally causes lower starch content in tubers which results in greater sugar accumulation in storage. Relative maturity is also influenced by stress during growth. Immature and over-mature tubers (from prematurely dead plants) accumulate greater amounts of sugar in storage than tubers properly matured. Stress can also cause poor texture of processed products, such as tough texture of French fries as well as lack of mealiness. Flavor and color of processed products can also be detrimentally influenced by stress. 相似文献
3.
Summary Plants of early potato cultivars were sampled at successive harvests during tuber development and individual tubers were analysed
for α-solanine and α-chaconine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean tuber total glycoalkaloid concentration
(α-solanine plus α-chaconine) per plant decreased with time and statistically significant differences between cultivars were
observed in the patterns of decline during tuber growth. The mean tuber ratio of α-chaconine to α-solanine increased during
tuber development and was also affected by genotype. Total glycoalkaloid concentration for individual tubers of marketable
sizes (up to 50 g fresh weight) exceeded the safety limit of 20 mg per 100 g fresh weight for cultivars Home Guard and British
Queen but not for Rocket. These differences were attributable to differences in both rates and patterns of glycoalkaloid accumulation
during tuber development, although in all cultivars results were consistent with glycoalkaloid accumulation occurring in the
expanding peripheral cell layers of tubers for a considerable period after tuber initiation. 相似文献
4.
种植密度是影响马铃薯块茎生长发育的主要因素之一。主栽品种 Mira 和783-1各3种密度的试验结果表明,随着单位面积播种密度的增加,单位面积上的主茎数及块茎数目均增加,而块茎的平均重量及大中薯率则减少。单位面积上的光能截获量与植株干重、块茎干重和块茎的平均重量均呈极显著的直线相关。Mira 和783-1的光能转化系数分别为1.444克干重/兆焦和1.106克干重/兆焦。分配到块茎的干物质比率随着块茎的生长而增加,最终两品种的干物质转化率均为85%左右。而密度对各品种的光能转化率及块茎干重分配率均无显著影响。因此,种植密度主要是通过对单位面积上块茎数量的控制来影响块茎所获得的屯合产物的数量及块茎的生长发育。 相似文献
5.
Effects of temperature and photoperiod on early growth and final number of tubers in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary A phytotron experiment with all combinations of two photoperiod (12 or 18 h) and four temperature (18/12, 22/16, 26/20 or
30/24 °C; 12h/12h) treatments was carried out to analyse quantitative effects on early tuber growth, dry-matter partitioning
and number of tubers of two cultivars.
Higher temperatures and longer photoperiod delayed the onset of expolinear tuber growth and the onset of linear tuber bulking.
Higher temperatures also gave lower absolute tuber growth rates. Photoperiod did not affect absolute tuber growth rate at
lower temperatures. Higher temperature and longer photoperiod gave lower relative rates of partitioning of dry matter to the
tubers. Differences between treatments in numbers of tubers initiated were inconsistent. This quantitative analysis of the
effects of temperature and photoperiod on characteristics of tuber growth should prove useful in potato modelling. 相似文献
6.
Jadwiga W. Płodowska Peter H. J. Jongebloed Pieter A. C. M. Van De Sanden Paul C. Struik 《Potato Research》1989,32(3):245-253
Summary Single-stemmed potato plants, cv. Bintje, were grown on a nutrient solution under controlled conditions. They were exposed
to a short drought stress, or remained untreated. Long-term measurements of tuber volume were carried out with a non-destructive
volume-meter. Specific leaf weight was monitored with a β-gauge.
Tubers from the same plant varied in rate and duration of growth. The relative growth of stressed tubers was 43–54% less than
that of the control tubers. The hierarchy of tubers from one stem changed over time in plants that were exposed to the stress.
Specific leaf weight declined during the stress period but there was a prompt recovery after the relief from drought. This
response was similar to the response of the average rate of volume increase of the tuber. 相似文献
7.
8.
Helena Gawronska Michael K. Thornton Robert B. Dwelle 《American Journal of Potato Research》1992,69(10):653-665
Partitioning patterns of14C labeled assimilates were studied to determine their relationship to dry matter accumulation and distribution in four potato clones (Desiree, DTO-28, LT-1 and Russet Burbank). Plants placed in growth chambers at 35/25 C day/night temperature and 12-hour photo-period two weeks after tuber initiation were compared with plants grown continuously at 25/12 C. Two weeks after temperature treatments were begun, the most recently expanded leaf was labeled with14CO2 for 30 minutes, and plants were harvested 20 hours or 15 days later. High temperature reduced total dry matter production and altered dry matter distribution in favor of vines at the expense of tubers. Partitioning of14C assimilates generally followed the pattern of dry matter distribution. Potato clones exhibited variation in14C assimilate export from labeled leaves and in partitioning to vines and tubers. Assimilate partitioning to tubers was not consistently higher in clones considered heat tolerant. 相似文献
9.
Studies were made over a 4-year period of some factors affecting the dry matter content of the apical and basal portions of growing Russet Burbank potatoes. The greatest difference between portions was obtained from tubers of the normally irrigated plots of 1969. The amounts in the two portions in 1970 were nearly equal throughout the growing season. The major differences between the 2 years was a slightly cooler June and warmer maximum temperatures in July of the 1970 growing season. Moisture stress, particularly, early in the stage of tuber development (1972 season) caused a switch in amount of dry matter in the apical and; basal portions. Stress later in the development stage (1969 season) did not cause a switch. Fertility level was not as influential as moisture stress in affecting the ratio of dry matter in the two ends, whether under stress or normal moisture conditions. 相似文献
10.
A. L. Demagante P. M. Harris P. Vander Zaag 《American Journal of Potato Research》1995,72(10):577-588
Ten diverse potato genotypes from apical cuttings were screened for drought tolerance in raised beds of 3:1 v/v volcanic soil:burnt rice hull medium. The object was to test whether this method could replace field evaluation. Growth analyses were done periodically on potatoes from apical cuttings grown in beds. Correlations were made with those from seed tubers concurrently grown in the field. Total and tuber dry matter yield of plants grown from apical cuttings in beds and from seed tubers in the field were significantly correlated (r=.80*). Drought stress sensitivity based on % reduction in tuber and total dry matter at maturity in beds was similar to the results found in the field at maturity. Consistency of the method necessitates the standardization of the age, quality and source of apical cuttings and the growing conditions particularly drought stress imposition. 相似文献
11.
Tuber initiation and development are processes basic to potato production and are particularly critical in areas with short growing seasons. It is important to know how and to what extent management decisions affect these processes in order to maximize the yield of marketable tubers. A two-year field study, conducted in southcentral Alaska, examined top growth, tuber initiation, and tuber development in eight potato cultivars grown with and without irrigation. Plants of the cultivars Allagash Russet, Bake-King, Green Mountain, Kennebec, Lemhi Russet, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Superior were harvested weekly throughout the growing season, and top dry weight, numbers of tubers, and individual tuber fresh weights were recorded. Top dry weight was reduced by moisture stress shortly after emergence in 1993, and about one month following emergence in 1994, when early-season soil moisture was greater. The weight of tubers was similarly affected within approximately 5 wk of emergence in 1993 and 6 weeks in 1994. Tuber weight at harvest was increased two-to three-fold by irrigation in all cultivars. The number of tubers each plant set was affected by irrigation in most, but not all, cultivars. Some varieties (Lemhi Russet in 1994, Allagash Russet both years) set more tubers than were maintained through the growing season. Tuber remnants found during sample collection indicated that tuber reabsorption had occurred. Irrigated Green Mountain had more than one tuber initiation period during the season, whereas other varieties such as Shepody maintained a relatively constant number of tubers following initial tuber set. Tuber size distribution at the end of the growing season showed that larger tubers were favored by irrigation. 相似文献
12.
土壤干旱对小麦生理性状和产量的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为探讨土壤干旱对小麦产量的影响及其生理基础,以高产小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13为材料进行盆栽,自分蘖末期至成熟设置正常供水(WW)、土壤轻度干旱(MD)和土壤重度干旱(SD)3种处理,研究其对小麦根系和地上部分生理性状的影响。结果表明,与WW相比,MD处理显著提高了各生育期的根系氧化力、根系及籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)的含量、花后干物质积累量及茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的运转量;根冠比、叶片光合速率及叶片中Z+ZR的含量在WW和MD处理间无显著差异;SD处理则降低了产量和植株生理活性。MD处理显著提高了穗粒数、粒重和产量,SD处理的结果则相反;穗数随土壤干旱程度的加重而降低。两个品种的结果趋势相同。相关分析表明,根系氧化力、根系和籽粒中Z+ZR含量、花后干物质积累量及NSC运转量与籽粒灌浆速率、千粒重和产量呈极显著正相关。表明土壤轻度干旱可提高小麦根系生理活性并促进光合同化物向籽粒的转运,进而增加产量。 相似文献
13.
J. P. D. Wanasundera G. Ravindran 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1994,46(1):33-39
The nutrient and antinutrient components of tubers from seven cultivars ofDioscorea alata were determined. The average crude protein content ofD. alata tubers was 7.4%. Starch (75.6–84.3%) was the predominant fraction of the tuber dry matter. Significant differences in crude protein and starch contents were observed among cultivars. Vitamin C content of the yam tubers ranged from 13.0 to 24.7 mg/100 g fresh weight. The results showed yams to be reasonably good sources of minerals. Phytic acid contents of the yams were low, with values ranging from 58.6 to 198.0 mg/100 g dry matter. Total oxalate levels in yam tubers were found to be in the range of 486–781 mg/100 g dry matter, but may not constitute a nutritional concern since 50–75% of the oxalates were in the water-soluble form. The overall results are suggestive of the nutritional superiority of yams compared to other tropical root crops. 相似文献
14.
Summary The effect of the moisture level of potting compost at harvest on the susceptibility of tubers of three cultivars to late
blight was investigated in the glasshouse in three successive years. Three moisture regimes (dry, moist, wet) were imposed
at flowering time, the tubers harvested 3 weeks later and immediately dipped in a zoospore suspension ofPhytophthora infestans. Tubers from dry compost were significantly more susceptible than those from wet or moist compost, which showed similar levels
of susceptibility. 相似文献
15.
Summary The cultivars Bintje and Désirée were growth with their shoots, roots and stolons at different temperatures, to study the
effects on tuber development.
More tuber sites were initiated in ‘Bintje’ when the air, root or stolon temperature was increased but a combined increase
of air and root temperature greatly reduced the number of sites. In contrast, each temperature increase reduced the number
of tuber sites in ‘Désirée’ but an increase in temperature in one compartment usually increased the number of tubers set.
The relative tuber set was enhanced by a combination of high stolon temperature and low root temperature.
Especially an increase in air temperature reduced tuber yield and tuber dry-matter content, but increasing stolon temperature
had the largest effects on the induction of second growth.
Stolon and tuber development, dry-matter partitioning and initiation of second growth responded differently to variation in
temperature around different plant parts suggesting that these processes are affected by different regulation mechanisms. 相似文献
16.
为研究木薯和花生间作模式下2种作物光合与干物质积累特性,以木薯和花生间作行数比为2∶4模式为对象,木薯单作（SC）、花生单作（SP）为对照,在大田条件下测定了该间作系统中2种作物（木薯用IC表示,花生用IP表示）不同时期干物质积累特点和光合特性。结果表明：（1）花生实际产量和预期产量均表现出先增后降的趋势,且在定植后92 d之前的实际产量大于预期产量,之后的实际产量和预期产量均开始下降;木薯实际产量从定植后75 d到收获均大于预期产量,且实际产量的增加速度大于预期产量的增加速度。（2）块根形成期和块根膨大期,IC植株叶片的最大净光合速度（Pnmax）和光饱和点（LSP）均显著高于SC;苗期和块根膨大期,IC植株叶片的暗呼吸速度（Rd）小于SC。荚果膨大期,IP植株叶片的光补偿点（LCP）、LSP和Rd均显著低于SP,表观量子效率（α）显著高于SP。（3）IC通过最大干物质积累速率出现时间提前、延长快增期持续天数和提高最大干物质积累速率来达到增加干物质理论最大积累量;IP通过提早快增期开始时间和快增期结束时间来缩短快增期持续天数,并使其最大干物质积累速率出现时间提前,最终使IP的干物质理论最大积累量下降。综上表明,木薯通过提高光能截获和利用效率,同时降低自身消耗来增加干物质积累量,花生后期由于高位作物的遮荫影响其生长发育,但在荚果膨大期IP通过降低LCP和LSP来提高对弱光的利用效率,降低Rd来增加花生体内营养物质的有效积累。 相似文献
17.
为了探究盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育的影响,以抗旱不耐盐花生品种花育22和抗旱耐盐花生品种花育25为试验材料,通过防雨棚盆栽试验研究了干旱、盐、盐+干旱、干旱后复水+盐等4种胁迫对花生产量、农艺性状、生物量、叶绿素SPAD值、丙二醛含量、活性氧清除能力及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示：各胁迫处理均显著抑制了两个花生品种植株的生长和荚果产量,其中,盐胁迫对花育22生长的影响大于干旱胁迫;盐+旱胁迫下,两个花生品种受伤害程度最大,产量最低。与单一盐胁迫相比,干旱预处理提高了盐胁迫后期花生超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,增强了植株活性氧清除能力,降低了叶片丙二醛含量,从而缓解盐胁迫对膜系统的过氧化伤害,提高了叶绿素含量,促进了植株生长,增加了干物质积累,最终提高盐胁迫下花生产量。另外,与单一盐或干旱胁迫相比,盐+旱胁迫对花育22和花育25的伤害均加重,而干旱预处理有利于2个品种在盐胁迫下活性氧代谢和光合色素的提高,促进植株的生长,提高植株对盐胁迫的交叉适应能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对花生植株的抑制作用。 相似文献
18.
A study was conducted to obtain more information on the effects of soil moisture and nitrogen on yield and quality of the Russet Burbank potato. Total yield of tubers increased with nitrogen rates as a result of more tubers per plant and larger tubers but the percent of malformed tubers also increased. Increased nitrogen rates decreased of dry matter of tubers and increased the total amino-nitrogen content of the tubers. Placing all of the nitrogen in bands on each side of the row produced more tubers having growth cracks, culls and reduced yield of No. 1’s when compared with broadcasting. Applying a moisture stress to potato plants during the early tuber set period increased the percentage of malformed tubers having pointed stem ends, bottlenecks and dumbbell shapes; although total yield and grade of tubers were not significantly affected. Irrigating when available soil moisture was 75 or 85 percent instead of 65 percent during the growing season did not affect total yield, grade or tuber quality at the five percent probability level. 相似文献
19.
Ahmet Arslan Paul M. Bessey Kaoru Matsuda Norman F. Oebker 《American Journal of Potato Research》1985,62(1):9-22
Feeding by psyllid nymphs causes “Psyllid yellows,” a characteristic yellowing of shoots which results in a dramatic loss of tuber yield. If psyllid infestation is not controlled, the onset of shoot yellowing and growth reductions can occur within two weeks. When insecticides are applied after yellowing, recovery of plants often is not complete. In this study comparisons were made of the physiology and growth of tops and tubers of recovered and permanently injured potatoes of the cultivars ‘Denali,’ ‘Kennebec,’ and ‘Norgold Russet.’ Permanently injured plants senesced rapidly, developed less shoot growth, aerial tubers and shortened and thickened internodes. They had lower tuber yields than plants that recovered. Permanently injured ‘Denali’ developed shoots on old flowering stems. In permanently injured plants of all cultivars, the tubers were small and badly misshapen but numbers increased. In recovered ‘Kennebec’ plants tubers were also misshapen, but were of average size. Tubers of recovered ‘Denali’ and ‘Norgold Russet’ were of acceptable shape. In samplings made during tuber growth, dry weight percentages of total soluble sugars, sucrose and glucose of tubers from permanently injured plants were found to be the same as those of recovered plants. In all cultivars, starch percentages of tubers from permanently injured plants were higher than that of the recovered, but the pattern of carbohydrate content changes was similar for permanently injured and recovered cultivars. 相似文献
20.
Yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen uptake in potato: influence of drought stress 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Luisa Dalla Costa G. Delle Vedove G. Gianquinto R. Giovanardi A. Peressotti 《Potato Research》1997,40(1):19-34
Summary A lysimeter experiment was performed to study the optimal allocation of limited water supply in potatoes.
Irrigation regimes equal to 40, 60 and 80% of maximum evapotranspiration (ET) were evenly applied over the crop cycle. Other
treatments involved withholding 80 mm of irrigation, based on ET, beginning at each of three designated growth stages (tuber
initiation, early and late tuber growth). An irrigated control treatment, restoring the entire ET, was included for comparison.
Continuous drought stress reduced photosynthesis as irrigation volumes were reduced. Plant biomass and tuber yield decreased
almost proportionally to water consumption, so that WUE was roughly constant. N uptake was highest in the control and in 80%
ET treatment.
Withholding water during tuberisation severely hindered plant physiological processes and penalized tuber yield. Reductions
in photosynthesis, total biomass and yield were the greatest when drought was imposed during tuber initiation. The earliest
stress resulted in the lowest WUE and N uptake.
A new crop water stress index (SI) was proposed, which combines atmospheric demand for water and canopy temperature. 相似文献