共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
张俊斌 《中国水土保持科学》2007,5(1):97-104
对目前台湾地区所使用生态工程施作地点及应用材料等进行调查汇整、研究及分析,并就符合多样性生物栖息环境之生态工程材料进行开发研究,包括现地调查,岛内外资料搜集与资料分类整理,将已汇整的材料表格化。材料组件分为生物材料与非生物材料,而工法组合材料则分为木材工法类、地工材料类、土石材料类、植生工程类和再生材料类。工法所用材料之评估,分别就其功能性、生态栖地特性、经济性和材料再生特性进行综合指数评估。将材料整合评析,如种类、适用范围、使用条件、生命周期及各阶段对环境之兼容性等,进而归纳出生态工程应用材料的规划设计原则。 相似文献
2.
3.
多孔性护岸工程之植物根力研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在多孔性砌石护岸中,对其植生根系发育之不同及根系力学特性之差异进行试验研究与评估,探讨其根系实质上的力学贡献与植物群落之变迁,以作为生态工程之护岸植生植物材料之选取与配置以及评估生态效益之依据.为了解及探讨其植生根力特性与机制,而对优势植物进行植株引拔抗力与其生长特性及立地环境等相关影响因子之统计回归分析,建立破坏及非破坏性根力推估模式,并期能了解植物根系特性及固土能力.因此,选取砌石护岸之整治工程中,优势木本植物水麻及山黄麻为试验植物,由植株引拔抗力等试验,进行植物引拔抗力与地际直径-基径、基径上10 cm、树高、树冠幅宽、地上部重、地下部重、地上部干重、地下部干重、土壤含水量、坡度、土壤硬度等相关影响因子之统计逐步回归(stepwise regression)分析与主要机制探讨,建立推估模式. 相似文献
4.
5.
研究针对台湾地区水利生态工程地区之适用植物，进行调查研究。研究范围主要包括后龙溪、筏子溪、大里溪、清水溪及高屏溪等台湾之主要河川。调查结果．后龙溪河川植物有44科109种，筏子溪植物25科54种植物，大里溪植物12科31种植物。清水溪55科138种，高屏溪植物39科82种植物。并将筏子溪、大里溪、清水溪、后龙溪及高屏溪等调查地区优势植物之种类及其相对丰多度．植物群落之群团分析。归纳台湾地区不同河川之植物群落对生态复育工程之效益，并初步建立河川植物信息化之架构。 相似文献
6.
利用鸟类评估生态工法成效之可行性探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来，国际上风行所谓的“生态工法”（Ecological Engineering Methods)，而台湾自1997年起亦大力倡导，虽然有许多学者提出相关论述，但仍仅停留于技术发展阶段，致于如何共评估生态成效，则仍未触及，由于生态成效所涉猎的范围甚为广泛，如何评估实为一大课题。鸟类是一种对于环境相当敏感的族群，而且比较容易观测，因此许多研究常常以鸟类与环境的关系进行探讨，鸟类在生态上为较高级的消费者，因此当植物发生改变时，鸟类的数量与种类也随之改变，探讨鸟类做为评估生态工法成效可行性，并应用穿越线法（Line transects)探讨中兴大学校园内不同植群对于鸟类栖息的影响，结果发现鸟类于不同植群时，其数量与类别有显著的差异，由观测的结果发现，鸟类的栖息与植群环境的关系密切，且许多文献均指出不同的鸟类其栖息环境均有差异，因此选择适当的指针鸟类，可做为评估生态工法成效之参考。 相似文献
7.
环境伦理与生态工法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
环境伦理是探讨如何适当关怀、重视,并履行我们保护自然环境之责的理论与实务做法,亦可称为环境道德（environment almorals）。早在几千年前的中国,道家与儒家基本思想已有明确的启示,强调天地自然和谐对人类存的重要,强调人类做为万物之灵必须尊重生命的永恒意义。20世纪初,欧洲地区拜工业发展之赐,社会经济骤然起飞,但在提升物质生活的丰富度之余,却也因各项需求接踵而至,必须大量开发自然资源以因应社会发展的步调,但是随着森林野地的过度开发利用,大规模的灾害因而接二连三发生,包括雪崩、山崩、洪泛等。1938年德国Seifert首先提出近自然河溪整治的概念,将自然景观生态的精神及手法,融入河溪治理工法之中,因而激活了尔后生态工程学门开端。而事实证明,唯有不违反大自然的运行规则,以生态系为环境管理之基本单元的原则,方是根本解决之道,因此人类展开各种利用或遵循生态特质之技术的研究与研讨。“生态工法”是以生态学为基础的应用概念,是将生物学及地域生态学的知识活用于构造物的建设或保全上的技术。生态工法主要是利用水、土石、植物等自然性素材为基础,建造能达成自然保全或改善景观机能的构造物,其功能有助于复原被破坏的自然环境,同时对地域景观的改善也有帮助。生态工法的推展开启了工程界和保育界之间的对话机制,已从过去的概念或理想,走向实务的运用,政府并将之列入重大研究与议题之中,相信未来定对台湾环境品质的提升,定有更正向的助益。 相似文献
8.
本研究以台湾中部崩塌地植生工法之植生地为研究区，分为A、B、C、D、E及F六区，并应用景观生态理论探讨研究区植物景观生态系统之差异。景观结构为分析生态系统间之空间关系，此关系即是能量、物质与物种分布的大小、形状、数量及种类与元素间之相互作用，结果显示就景观异质性而言，区内植生景观初期皆呈现小异质性特性；在植生多样性与异质性方面，F区之植生优势度（1．36）最高，多样性低，但C区之植生优势度最低，多样性高（2．48），发现研究区之植生景观生态系统受单一性优势植物之影响较大。 相似文献
9.
研究针对华梵前山气象站2002年5月至2006年12月之小时风速资料进行统计分析,探讨华梵前山风速资料之分布是否合乎韦伯分布(Weibull distribution)及莱利分布(Rayleigh distribution).研究中韦伯分布使用动差法(Method of moment)及最大概似法(Method of maximum likelihood)求取参数;莱利分布使用动差法求取参数.进一步以K-S检定,判断各理论累积机率分布与观测值之累积机率是否相符;再以误差绝对值之总和判断何种分布较为适合.分析结果显示:韦伯分布与莱利分布均可适用于描述全部数据之机率分布.将资料分为夏半年(4-9月)与冬半年(10月至翌年3月)时,韦伯分布为最适用之机率分布函数;且夏半年之参数以最大概似法求得最佳,而冬半年则以动差法较佳.此结果可作为校区风蚀、防灾、生态、环境风场特性及评估风能潜势研究之参考. 相似文献
10.
李锦育 《中国水土保持科学》2005,3(3):98-102
成功的生态工法,需要与生态原理相调合的设计方法论;近年来,台湾溪流整治工法逐渐尝试不同方式,亦考虑当地生态环境及水中栖息生物。在诸多案例中,有些堆石护岸工法虽已达生态保育目的,但一经台风或豪雨,常造成严重之冲蚀或破坏;所以在溪流整治时,必须充分了解溪流特性,并经审慎评估后,以最佳施工方法及生态观念相结合,建立适合台湾溪流之生态工法。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献