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对几种天气现象仪自动探测到的能见度和天气现象试验结果进行了分析,并与人工记录和自动站资料进行了对比。结果表明:①几种仪器能见度的变化趋势大致相同。能见度<10.0 km时,各仪器所测能见度数值变化均较平稳,能见度>10.0 km时,各仪器所测数值波动性较大。能见度越大,仪器测量数值与人工观测能见度误差越大。②PWS100实际判断出的天气现象种类最多,对降水天气现象的把握能力较强,小时累计降雨量与人工记录和自动站数据最为接近。凯迈天气现象仪对视程障碍现象把握能力较强,与人工记录一致性较好,并且对视程障碍强度的区分能力也较强。OWI-430仅能判断降水现象,且小时累计降雨量数值误差较大。 相似文献
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An array of 14 biaxial shallow-borehole tiltmeters (at 1O(-7) radian sensitivity) has been installed along 85 kilometers of the San Andreas fault during the past year. Earthquake-related changes in tilt have been simultaneously observed on up to four independent instruments. At earthquake distances greater than 10 earthquake source dimensions, there are few clear indications of tilt change. For the four instruments with the longest records (> 10 months), 26 earthquakes have occurred since July 1973 with at least one instrument closer than 10 source dimensions and 8 earthquakes with more than one instrument within that distance. Precursors in tilt direction have been observed before more than 10 earthquakes or groups of earthquakes, and no similar effect has yet been seen without the occurrence of an earthquake. 相似文献
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对正在运行的自动气象站分别出现雨量传感器失灵,气温相对湿度异常,过程降水量与人工站雨量计测量值差值大的情况,经分析判断,总结出自动气象站的日常维护,以有效提高观测员日常维护及排除故障能力,确保观测数据的连续性、完整性. 相似文献
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Stress triggering of the 1994 m = 6.7 northridge, california, earthquake by its predecessors 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A model of stress transfer implies that earthquakes in 1933 and 1952 increased the Coulomb stress toward failure at the site of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The 1971 earthquake in turn raised stress and produced aftershocks at the site of the 1987 Whittier Narrows and 1994 Northridge ruptures. The Northridge main shock raised stress in areas where its aftershocks and surface faulting occurred. Together, the earthquakes with moment magnitude M >/= 6 near Los Angeles since 1933 have stressed parts of the Oak Ridge, Sierra Madre, Santa Monica Mountains, Elysian Park, and Newport-lnglewood faults by more than 1 bar. Although too small to cause earthquakes, these stress changes can trigger events if the crust is already near failure or advance future earthquake occurrence if it is not. 相似文献
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Deep fault slip information from characteristically repeating microearthquakes reveals previously unrecognized patterns of extensive, large-amplitude, long-duration, quasiperiodic repetition of aseismic events along much of a 175-kilometer segment of the central San Andreas fault. Pulsing occurs both in conjunction with and independent of transient slip from larger earthquakes. It extends to depths of approximately 10 to 11 kilometers but may be deeper, and it may be related to similar phenomena occurring in subduction zones. Over much of the study area, pulse onset periods also show a higher probability of larger earthquakes, which may provide useful information for earthquake forecasting. 相似文献
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大同新一代多普勒天气雷达安装已运行7年,期间,运用多普勒雷达天气资料指导人工增雨作业方面取得了很大进步。通过研究两次大范围稳定性降水的速度场演变情况,得出系统加强、维持、消散的图像特征。这两次降水过程是大尺度天气系统造成的大范围降水回波长时间维持与人工增雨作业共同影响的结果。其速度场具有混合性降水回波特征,并且在增雨催化阶段表现显著,可以作为该地区增雨作业识别增雨催化的时机和潜力区域的辅助指标。 相似文献
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Clark BR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,211(4477):51-53
An unusual stress transient was recorded 15 kilometers from the epicenter of the Lytle Creek earthquake in southern California. It was observed at the recording site as an increased shear stress parallel to the fault surface and with the proper sense of shear to have triggered the earthquake. The anomaly began 2 to 4 weeks before the earthquake and lasted for 3 months. 相似文献
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Singh SK Havskov J McNally K Ponce L Hearn T Vassiliou M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,207(4436):1211-1213
Aftershocks of the 29 November 1978 Oaxaca, Mexico, earthquake (surface-wave magnitude Ms = 7.8) define a rupture area of about 6000 square kilometers along the boundary of the Cocos sea-plate subduction. This area had not ruptured in a large (Ms >/= 7), shallow earthquake since the years 1928 and 1931 and had been designated a seismic "gap." The region has also been seismically quiet for small to moderate (M >/= 4), shallow (depth 相似文献
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区域自动气象站测站利于对地震等灾害性的天气进行监控和测试。我们国家在各区域遍布站点,形成区域气象观测站网。以山西省寿阳县气象局的观测站为例,对区域站日常维护、故障原因方面进行探讨,提出常见故障及其修理注意的事项以及日常维护的方法,进而保证区域站运行高效的工作。 相似文献
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降雨侵蚀力空间插值的不确定性直接关系到土壤侵蚀的模拟结果和预测精度。利用浙江省金华市51个自动气象站近5年的逐日降雨资料,探讨了降雨侵蚀力空间插值过程中由插值方法、格网大小以及站网密度等因素所造成的降雨侵蚀力（R因子）不确定性,在此基础上,分析了R因子不确定性对土壤侵蚀量模拟结果的影响。研究表明:1）对于站网密度较高的自动站而言,插值方法和格网大小对R因子不确定性的影响不大,对R插值精度起决定作用的是站网密度;2）标准小区条件下,R因子不确定性可导致土壤侵蚀模拟结果的绝对误差在200 t/(hm2•a)以上,因而很难在红黄壤区根据通用土壤流失方程的模拟结果准确区分无明显侵蚀区和轻度侵蚀区;3）土壤侵蚀模拟中需要考虑各因子误差的叠加和累积效应,在其他因子相对误差为10%条件下,使用研究区36个站点进行插值,侵蚀量模拟结果的最大相对误差可超过40%。 相似文献
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Thatcher W 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1976,194(4266):691-695
Reexamination of horizontal geodetic data in the region of recently discovered aseismic uplift has demonstrated that equally unusual horizontal crustal deformation accompanied the development of the uplift. During this time interval compressive strains were oriented roughly normal to the San Andreas fault, suggesting that the uplift produced little shear strain accumulation across this fault. On the other hand, the orientation of the anomalous shear straining is consistent with strain accumulation across northdipping range-front thrusts like the San Fernando fault. Accordingly, the horizontal and vertical crustal deformation disclosed by geodetic observation is interpreted as a short epoch of rapid strain accumulation on these frontal faults. If this interpretation is correct, thrust-type earthquakes will eventually release the accumulated strains, but the geodetic data examined here cannot be used to estimate when these events might occur. However, observation of an unusual sequence of tilts prior to 1971 on a level line lying to the north of the magnitude 6.4 San Fernando earthquake offers some promise for precursor monitoring. The data are adequately explained by a simple model of up-dip aseismic slip propagation toward the 1971 epicentral region. These observations and the simple model that accounts for them suggest a conceptually straightforward monitoring scheme to search for similar uplift and tilt precursors within the uplifted region. Such premonitory effects could be detected by a combination of frequenlty repeated short (30 to 70 km in length) level line measurements, precise gravity traverses, and continuously recording gravimeters sited to the north of the active frontal thrust faults. Once identified, such precursors could be closely followed in space and time, and might then provide effective warnings of impending potentially destructive earth-quakes. 相似文献
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Hillier J Helfenstein P Verbiscer A Veverka J Brown RH Goguen J Johnson TV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,250(4979):419-421
Hapke's photometric model has been combined with a plane-parallel thin atmospheric haze model to describe Voyager whole-disk observations of Triton, in the violet (0.41 microm), blue (0.48 microm), and green (0.56 microm) wavelength bands, in order to obtain estimates of Triton's geometric albedo, phase integral, and Bond albedo. Phase angle coverage in these filters ranging from approximately 12 degrees to 159 degrees was obtained by combining narrow- and wide-angle camera images. An upturn in the data at the highest phase angles observed can be explained by including scattering in a thin atmospheric haze layer with optical depths systematically decreasing with wavelength from approximately 0.06 in the violet to 0.03 for the green filter data. The geometric albedo, phase integral, and spherical albedo of Triton in each filter corresponding to our best fit Hapke parameters yield an estimated Bond albedo of 0.82 +/- 0.05. If the 14-microbar N(2) atmosphere detected by Voyager is in vapor equilibrium with the surface (therefore implying a surface temperature of 37.5 K), our Bond albedo implies a surface emissivity of 0.59 +/- 0.16. 相似文献
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Johnston AC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,199(4331):882-885
A delay in the arrival times of compressional or P waves of 0.15 to 0.2 second from deep distant earthquakes has been detected at the closest seismograph station to the 20 November 1975 earthquake at Kalapana, Hawaii (surface-wave magnitude MS = 7.2). This delay appeared approximately 3.5 years prior to the quake, and travel times returned to normal several months before it. The P-wave arrival times at other nearby stations remained constant during this period, an indication that the decreased velocity implied by the delay in travel time was associated with this normal-faulting earthquake and was confined to distances less than 20 kilometers from the epicenter. 相似文献
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The Nankai Trough is a vigorous subduction zone where large earthquakes have been recorded since the seventh century, with a recurrence time of 100 to 200 years. The 1946 Nankaido earthquake was unusual, with a rupture zone estimated from long-period geodetic data that was more than twice as large as that derived from shorter period seismic data. In the center of this earthquake rupture zone, we used densely deployed ocean bottom seismographs to detect a subducted seamount 13 kilometers thick by 50 kilometers wide at a depth of 10 kilometers. We propose that this seamount might work as a barrier inhibiting brittle seismogenic rupture. 相似文献
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针对南通地区1963—2002年所发生的气象旱涝天气气候事件,利用同期该地区8个站地面气象观测资料,计算降水量距平百分率,按国家标准气象干旱等级的划分其等级,用8:00(北京时间)500 hPa历史天气图资料,以天气学原理为基础,分析旱涝事件的特征及其成因,划分天气类型,探明其引发的主要因子。结果表明,南通地区的气象旱涝天气气候事件与降水量异常欠亏和丰沛紧密相连。引发旱涝的主要天气系统是:西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊、大陆暖高(指云贵高压和南海高压),南支西风槽和台风。干旱发生在副热带高压西伸脊内的下沉绝热增温的辐散区和西风槽后,洪涝产生在南支西风槽前锋际的连阴雨区、强降水区和台风的暴雨区。厄尔尼诺现象和拉尼娜事件与南通地区的旱涝气候事件间有一定的相关。南通地区上年12月至当年3月的月尺度气温距平百分率与6—8月的旱涝气候事件分别有150 d和180 d的韵律对应。 相似文献
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为了减轻干旱、洪涝等自然灾害对农业产生的不利影响和为农业产业结构调整提供气候依据,需要对广西近年来的降水时空变化特征做进一步研究;本文以广西91个气象站1961～2004年降雨资料为基础,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,系统分析了近44年来广西降水变化的特征;结果表明：1961-2004年广西年平均降雨量总体呈上升趋势,但上升趋势不显著。广西年降雨量有3个时间突变点,分别是1967、1984和1994年。全区大部分站点年降水日数呈明显下降趋势。夏季和冬季的极端强降水事件呈上升趋势变化。在空间变化方面,年降雨量呈明显上升趋势的有6个站点.年降雨日数全区大部分站点呈显著下降的趋势。 相似文献