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Clutton-Brock T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5858):1882-1885
Research on sexual selection shows that the evolution of secondary sexual characters in males and the distribution of sex differences are more complex than was initially suggested but does not undermine our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms involved. However, the operation of sexual selection in females has still received relatively little attention. Recent studies show that both intrasexual competition between females and male choice of mating partners are common, leading to strong sexual selection in females and, in extreme cases, to reversals in the usual pattern of sex differences in behavior and morphology. 相似文献
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Theories about sexual selection can be traced back to Darwin in 1871. He proposed that males fertilize as many females as possible with inexpensive sperm, whereas females, with a limited supply of large eggs, select the genetically highest quality males to endow their offspring with superior capabilities. Since its proposal, problems with this narrative have continued to accumulate, and it is our view that sexual selection theory needs to be replaced. We suggest an approach that relies on the exchange of direct ecological benefits among cooperating animals without reference to genetic benefits. This approach can be expressed mathematically in a branch of game theory that pertains to bargaining and side payments. 相似文献
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Current explanations for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice. In this study, we report developmental plasticity in mating behavior as induced by temperature during development in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Males and females reciprocally change their sexual roles depending on their larval rearing temperatures. This switch is correlated with a change in mating benefits to females and costs to males. The discrete seasonal environments, wet season and dry season, are known to produce the two developmental forms and as a consequence impose alternating, symmetrical patterns of sexual selection, one season on male ornaments, the following season on female ornaments. Thus, reciprocal selection through time may result in mutual sexual ornamentation. 相似文献
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Is sperm cheap? Limited male fertility and female choice in the lemon tetra (pisces, characidae) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the laboratory, fertilization rates achieved by male lemon tetras decline with spawning frequency. Even when the number of females is not limited, males can produce only four times as many offspring as females. Females show a preference for males that have not recently spawned as opposed to those that have. The cost of producing sufficient sperm to maximize fertilization rates may therefore reduce the intensity of sexual selection in this polygamous fish species. 相似文献
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One hypothesis for why females in many animal species frequently prefer to mate with the most elaborately ornamented males predicts that availability of carotenoid pigments is a potentially limiting factor for both ornament expression and immune function. An implicit assumption of this hypothesis is that males that can afford to produce more elaborate carotenoid-dependent displays must be healthier individuals with superior immunocompetence. However, whether variation in circulating carotenoid levels causes variation in both immune function and sexual attractiveness has not been determined in any species. In this study, we show that manipulation of dietary carotenoid supply invokes parallel changes in cell-mediated immune function and sexual attractiveness in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). 相似文献
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Unambiguous examples of ecological causes of animal sexual dimorphism are rare. Here we present evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism in the bill morphology of a hummingbird, the purple-throated carib. This hummingbird is the sole pollinator of two Heliconia species whose flowers correspond to the bills of either males or females. Each sex feeds most quickly at the flower species approximating its bill dimensions, which supports the hypothesis that floral specialization has driven the evolution of bill dimorphism. Further evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism was provided by a geographic replacement of one Heliconia species by the other and the subsequent development of a floral dimorphism, with one floral morph matching the bills of males and the other of females. 相似文献
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本研究测量了兴凯刺鳑鲏成体的体长、体高、头高、头长、头宽、吻长、眼径、眼间距、眼后头长、尾柄长、尾柄高、尾鳍长、背鳍基前距、背鳍基长、腹鳍基前距、腹鳍臀鳍间距和体重等17个形态学指标以及雌体的怀卵数量。结果显示,兴凯刺鳑鲏雌性个体和雄性个体体长差异不显著,特定体长的雌性个体的头长、眼后头长、眼径、尾鳍长和背鳍基长显著小于雄性个体,而体高、尾柄长、腹鳍基前距、腹鳍臀鳍间距和体重显著大于雄性个体。两性间其它局部特征不存在显著的差异。多元回归分析表明,兴凯刺鳑鲏的怀卵数量与体重和体高呈显著的正相关。雌性主要通过个体体重的增长以及腹腔体积(体高)的增加来提高个体生育力,增加繁殖输出。性选择、生育力选择、生态环境和食物营养状况影响兴凯刺鳑鲏两性异形的进化。 相似文献
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瓯江彩鲤形态特征的两性异形和雌性个体生育力 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究了瓯江彩鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.color)体重和形态特征等19个参数的两性异形及雌性个体生育力.结果表明:除特定体长1龄雌性个体的体高和体重显著小于雄性个体外,其它17个性状不存在显著的雌雄两性异型.在2龄鱼中,雌性个体的头长、头宽、头高、眼后头长、眼间距、尾鳍长、体重和躯干重显著大于雄性个体,而体高却显著小于雄性个体,其它性状也不存在显著的雌雄两性异型;对这9个差异显著的形态特征变量进行主成分分析发现,第一和第二主成分共解释67.6%的变异,体高、体重和躯干重在第一主成分有较高的正负载系数(解释42.9%变异),头宽和眼间距在第二主成分有较高的正负载系数(解释24.7%变异).以年龄、性别为固定效应的两因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)显示,1龄鱼第一主成分的分值显著小于2龄鱼,雌性第二主成分的分值显著大于雄性,其它主成分的年龄、性别间无显著差异,两因素交互作片{对第一、第二主成分的分值亦无显著影响.雌性个体的生育力结果表明,瓯江彩鲤的怀卵数量与体长和体重回归关系显著.偏相关分析表明,雌性怀卵数量与体重呈显著的正相关(P<0.004),而与体长的相关不显著(P=0.502).生育力选择是瓯江彩鲤个体大小和局部特征两性异形的主要原因之一. 相似文献
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Infantile experience with suckling odors determines adult sexual behavior in male rats 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Because infant rats learn about odors that elicit suckling, and because certain chemosensory cues that help elicit mating behavior in adults are similar to those that elicit suckling, an experiment was undertaken to assess the influence of suckling-associated odors experienced during infancy on adult sexual behavior. Rat pups lived with and suckled dams whose nipple and vaginal odors were altered with citral, a lemon scent. The rats were weaned and never exposed again, until testing, to citral or females. At about 100 days of age, the males were paired in mating tests with a normal sexually receptive female or with a sexually receptive female that had been treated perivaginally with citral immediately before testing. The males ejaculated readily when paired with citral-treated females but were slow to achieve ejaculation when paired with normal females. These findings implicate an infantile experience as a determinant of adult sexual behavior in a mammal. 相似文献
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该文通过实验研究探讨了便携式林业机械作业时 ,静态负重和作业姿势对人体平衡功能的影响 .研究结果表明作业姿势和负重对人体动摇的主要指标都具有显著影响 .作业姿势下比直立姿势下的人体动摇值显著增大 ,作业姿势的正确与否对人体动摇程度的大小有很大影响 ,从而影响作业安全 ;在不同作业姿势下 ,随着手持负重的增加人体动摇的各项指标也随着增加 ,但是直立姿势在 9.0kg、油锯作业姿势在 11kg附近时 ,人体平衡功能各项指标出现谷值 .通过多元统计分析 ,得到了人体动摇总轨迹长、动摇速度与作业手持负重以及作业姿势的定量化回归方程 . 相似文献
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针对采摘机器人视觉系统在复杂自然环境中无法准确提供柑橘果实生长姿态,进而导致采摘成功率下降的问题,基于柑橘采摘机器人咬合型末端执行器提出了一种最佳采摘姿态确定方法。该方法依据末端执行器构型参数,建立其采摘姿态对果实中心位置影响的性能评价函数,并使用该函数计算得到执行器最佳采摘姿态。通过搭建采摘实验平台和设计采摘实验,对计算出的最佳采摘姿态进行验证。实验结果表明,与一般的水平采摘姿态相比,采用最佳采摘姿态评价方法优化后的采摘姿态,在进行柑橘采摘时采摘成功率提高26.32%。 相似文献
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Theory on the evolution of ornamental male traits by sexual selection assumes consistency in selection over time. Temporal variation in female choice could dampen sexual selection, but scant information exists on the degree to which individual female preferences are flexible. Here we show that in lark buntings sexual selection on male traits varied dramatically across years and, in some cases, exhibited reversals in the direction of selection for a single trait. We show that these shifts are probably because of flexibility in mate choice by individual females and that they parallel shifts in the male traits that predict female reproductive success in a given year. Plasticity in choice and concomitant reversals in mating patterns across time may weaken the strength of sexual selection and could maintain genetic variation underlying multiple sexual ornaments. 相似文献
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Saccharin preference and performance in a Lashley III maze were found to be altered in adult male and female rats that had been exposed to alcohol during gestation. Specifically, the sexual dimorphism normally observed in both behaviors was absent in fetal alcohol-exposed animals. The lack of sexual dimorphism appeared to result from a masculinization of the exposed females and a feminization of the exposed males. 相似文献
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When females can reproduce without males, do males become an evolutionarily weaker sex whose genes experience mutational decay? We addressed this hypothesis in aphids, whose reproduction alternates between parthenogenetic and sexual forms: Over the course of a year, there can be 10 to 20 generations of asexual females but only a single, if any, generation with males. We used microarray analyses to identify male-biased, asexual female-biased, and neutral genes. Interspecific comparisons reveal accelerated evolution of male-biased genes, and intraspecific polymorphisms exhibit a significant excess of nonsynonymous coding variation in male-biased genes. We conclude that the ability of females to reproduce asexually without males reduces selection constraints on male-based genes, resulting in their mutational decay. 相似文献
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A study of geomagnetic disturbances during 1967 and 1968, for which in situ solar wind observations are available, reveals that the magnetosphere acts as a half-wave rectifier of the interplanetary electric field. The rate of injection of energy into the magnetosphere, as inferred from the strength of the disturbance, is approximately linearly proportional to the component of the electric field from dawn to dusk but is effectively zero if the electricfield has a component from dusk to dawn. 相似文献
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In a normal bisexual laboratory strain of Drosophila mercatorum, females housed with either fertile or sterile males lay more eggs than do females housed in pairs or as isolates. Females of a derived parthenogenetic strain have suffered genetic loss of this behavioral facilitation of egg production, a loss comparable to the loss of sexual receptivity. Despite these losses there has been a large increase in fecundity in the parthenogenetic strain. These findings are compared with those in a parthenogenetic lizard. 相似文献
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Extreme sexual dimorphism in the Bivalvia is rare. The occurrence of dwarf males in Zachsia appears to be the first case in the Teredinidae and the first outside the Leptonacea. Female Zachsia release straight-hinge larvae that develop in the plankton and settle on living rhizomes of Phyllospadix. Larvae entering mantle pouches of females become males. Evolution of this life history pattern is tied to problems of living in a fragile, patchy habitat-that is, the rhizomes of Phyllospadix. 相似文献