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1.
This study aimed to characterise current practice relating to equine castration in the UK. A questionnaire was posted to all 655 veterinary practices specified to provide veterinary care for horses, or classified as specialist equine practices. Respondents were asked to cite the number of equine castrations performed annually by the practice, describe techniques used for castration, outline anaesthetic/sedative/analgesic drug protocols used and provide details of post-operative medication. There was a 43% response rate to the questionnaire. Considerable variation in techniques and analgesia provision was identified, with the majority of respondents using a number of sedation/anaesthetic protocols rather than a single technique. This characterisation of current practice provides a useful platform from which subsequent investigations into welfare implications of current equine castration techniques can be directed.  相似文献   

2.
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and flash visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded from juvenile (5-7 weeks of age) and adult Vietnamese miniature pot-bellied pigs to provide normative data for clinical applications. BAEP responses were collected in response to stimulus intensities of 85, 95, and 105 dB nHL. VEP responses were collected in response to flashes of white light in a darkened room. Left-right ear and left-right eye responses did not differ significantly, and were combined for analysis, with each animal providing two data points for each response. BAEP responses in juvenile subjects were mature, and in all subjects showed the typical pattern of decreasing peak latencies and increasing peak amplitudes with increasing stimulus intensity. VEP responses in juvenile subjects were near to mature values, but the latencies still exceeded those of adults. Differences in response maturation between precocial and altricial species are discussed.  相似文献   

3.
The aim of this study was to investigate the use of magnetic motor evoked potentials as an ancillary diagnostic test in horses with cervical cord lesions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed in 12 ataxic horses and the results of the evoked responses were compared to those found in normal horses. The latency and peak-to-peak amplitude of the potentials in the 12 ataxic horses were significantly different from those measured in normal horses. The configuration of the abnormal potentials was also polyphasic. Normalisation of the evoked potentials occurred in none of the horses, presented after a period of clinical improvement. These findings demonstrate that the technique is also able to detect lesions in horses with subtle clinical signs of incoordination. Magnetic transcranial stimulation is a valuable ancillary test to assess the integrity of the motor tracts. The technique is painless and safe and shows good sensitivity to detect lesions along the descending motor pathways.  相似文献   

4.
The establishment of characteristic wave pattern of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in the cat was attempted in order to be aid for clinical veterinary practitioners with the evaluation of visual dysfunction. 1) The position where the largest response of the VEPs was detected was close to the midline of the occipital area in normal cats. 2) The VEPs consisted of three components with latencies within 100 msec after flash stimulus. 3) Flash stimuli of higher illumination produced VEPs of shorter latencies and increased amplitude. Intensity of more than 0.6 J was necessary to obtain stable VEP patterns. 4) The latencies of VEPs hardly changed with time course under pentobarbital anesthesia, although they showed a fluctuant variation.  相似文献   

5.
Recordings of the middle latency of the auditory evoked potential (MLAEP) were made in eight conscious ponies. These traces were compared to those made under halothane anaesthesia with and without paralysis of the skeletal muscles. Recordings were also made from percutaneous electrodes placed along the neck with the same stimulus used for the auditory evoked potentials. The results of these experiments were used to deduce the origin of latencies in the auditory evoked potential occurring between 10 and 25 ms after the stimulus. The MLAEP was found to contain two positive peaks between the latencies of 10 and 25 ms. The first of these two peaks was not abolished by halothane anaesthesia or muscle paralysis. The second of these two peaks was abolished by halothane anaesthesia in all but one animal. In this animal the second peak was abolished by muscle paralysis. No peaks of corresponding latency were recorded from the percutaneous electrodes except from one electrode position at the caudal neck in one pony. The first peak of the middle latency auditory evoked potential seen in conscious ponies appeared to be of central nervous orign. The second peak appeared to be of muscular origin, possibly from the external auditory muscles. The second peak may be analogous to the post-auricular waveform described in man.  相似文献   

6.
Averaged evoked potentials were recorded from the scalp of 22 dogs after repetitive stimulation of the pudendal nerve. Four experimental procedures were used: (1) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs tranquilized with xylazine; (2) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs tranquilized with acepromazine; (3) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose; and (4) Sherrington type stimulating electrodes applied directly to nerves with dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. The average evoked potentials were similar with all treatments. Three peaks (N1, P1, and N2) with consistent latency and amplitude were generally present, followed by additional peaks with variable latencies and amplitudes. The mean latency for N1 after direct stimulation was significantly longer than the mean latency for N1 in the 3 other groups (95% confidence intervals). There were no other significant differences in mean latencies among groups for any of the peaks.  相似文献   

7.
In order to investigate usefulness of electrodiagnostic methods in Cauda Equina-Compression, 26 dogs with this disease were subjected to electromyography and spinal evoked potentials. 16 normal dogs served as controls. It was found that--after stimulation of the Nn.tibialis, peronaeus, pudendus and coccygeales and recording at the lumbosacral junction--latencies and nerve-conduction velocities were largely normal. However the amplitudes were decreased and--depending on the severity of the compression--the morphology of the potentials was altered although considerable standard deviations were obtained. Electromyographically, increased spontaneous activity with fibrillations and positive sharp waves were found in the myotomes of the lumbosacral nerves. Their number increased according to the severity of the cauda equina compression and they had a centrifugal distribution pattern. Based on these results it appears indicated to perform an electromyographic exam before applying myelography. The technique of spinal evoked potentials will need more refinement and standardisation before being useful in a clinical situation.  相似文献   

8.
Normal values for motor conduction in the tibial, ulnar and fibular nerves of dogs have been determined using a new method for recording and analysing evoked motor potentials. The use of an alligator clip as a roving surface electrode for recording, and a personal computer to analyse the evoked potentials has facilitated faster and more reproducible motor conduction studies. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor nerve conduction velocity data are in good agreement with previous studies. Normal values for CMAP area, residual latency and proximal to distal ratios for CMAP area and amplitude are presented for the first time.  相似文献   

9.
Reasons for performing study: There is a need for objective evaluation and quantification of the efficacy of analgesic drugs and analgesic techniques in horses. Objectives: To determine whether lumbosacral spinal cord somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) can be a useful and reliable tool to assess nociception in equines. Methods: SSEPs and electromyograms (EMG) from the epaxial muscles were recorded simultaneously, following electrical stimulation applied to the distal hindlimb in lightly anaesthetised Shetland ponies (n = 7). In order to validate the model, the effect of increasing stimulus intensity was documented and the conduction velocities (CV) of the stimulated nerves were calculated. The effect of epidurally applied methadone (0.4 mg/kg bwt) in a randomised, crossover design was investigated. Results: Two distinct complexes (N1P1 and N2P2) were identified in the SSEP waveform. Based on their latency and conduction velocity and the depressant effect of epidurally applied methadone, the SSEP N2P2 was ascribed to nociceptive Aδ‐afferent stimulation. The SSEP N1P1 originated from non‐nociceptive Aβ‐afferent stimulation and was not influenced by epidurally applied methadone. Conclusions and potential relevance: The nociceptive Aδ component of the SSEP, the N2P2 complex, is presented as a valid and quantitative parameter of spinal nociceptive processing in the horse. Validation of the equine SSEP model enables the analgesic effects of new analgesics/analgesic techniques to be quantified and analgesia protocols for caudal epidural analgesia in equidae improved.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this study was to develop a technique for recording electrical activity of the equine cerebral cortex following application of a noxious electrical stimulus to the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve in order to investigate trigeminal nerve neurophysiology in control and headshaking horses. Triphasic somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded using subcutaneous needle electrodes in four control and four headshaking horses under general anaesthesia. Dural electroencephalography electrodes were used to record SEPs in one further control and one further headshaking horse. Headshaking horses appeared to have decreased middle latency and inter-peak intervals following stimulation of the trigeminal nerve compared with control horses, supporting abnormal trigeminal nerve physiology in equine headshaking.  相似文献   

11.
The quality of radiographic images, radiographic equipment and radiation safety were assessed objectively in 44 veterinary clinics in Great Britain, and a questionnaire was used to survey opinion on the general standard of radiography and aspects of the radiographic techniques used. Good or tolerable films were produced by 56 per cent of the clinics but there was a tendency to produce films that were too dark. Poor exposure factors were chosen in 49 per cent of the films. A significant number of films (27 per cent) were underdeveloped whereas only 11 per cent were overdeveloped. Many of the errors were due to operator error or inadequate technique, whereas, in the questionnaire, many clinics suggested that their problems were due mainly to faulty or inadequate equipment.  相似文献   

12.
In order to understand how the teaching of parasitology in veterinary schools and faculties in the world is carried out, a questionnaire was sent to all centres listed in the W.H.O. World Directory. A total of 91 replies were received. Additional information was obtained from the report of a symposium held in Hannover, Germany in 1978 and from the Education Committee of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists in 1981. The academic level, the place of parasitology in the veterinary curriculum, textbooks and practical instruction, evaluation techniques, teaching staff, institute organization and publications are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
This study investigated whether Dalmatian puppies with normal hearing bilaterally had the same click-evoked brainstem auditory potential characteristics as age-matched dogs of another breed. Short-latency brainstem auditory potentials evoked by condensation and rarefaction clicks were recorded in 23 1.5- to 2-month-old Dalmatian puppies with normal hearing bilaterally by a qualitative brainstem auditory evoked potential test and in 16 Beagle dogs of the same age. For each stimulus intensity, from 90 dB normal hearing level down to the wave V threshold, the sum of the potentials evoked by the 2 kinds of stimuli were added, giving an equivalent to the alternate click polarity stimulation. The slope of the L segment of the wave V latency-intensity curve was steeper in Dalmatian (-40 +/- 10 micros/dB) than in Beagles (-28 +/- 5 micros/dB, P < .001) puppies. The hearing threshold was lower in the Beagle puppies (P < .05). These results suggest that interbreed differences may exist at the level of cochlear function in this age class. The wave V latency and wave V-wave I latencies differences at high stimulus intensity were different between the groups of puppies (4.3 +/- 0.2 and 2.5 +/- 0.2 milliseconds, respectively, for Beagles; and 4.1 +/- 0.2 and 2.3 +/- 0.2 milliseconds for Dalmatians, P < .05). A different maturation speed of the neural pathways is one possible explanation of this observation.  相似文献   

14.
A method was developed to record cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) from thoracic and pelvic limb stimulation in cows. Recordings were similar in latency and amplitude to those reported for horses. Correction for conduction pathway length did not alter the average latency values because the cows of the study were uniform in size; however, the data provided will enable use of this normative data with smaller or larger individual animals. Although latency variability for the SEP peaks was low, variability of the amplitude measurements was high. This observed variability was similar to that seen in other species. Validity of the recorded responses was indicated by lack of a tibial nerve SEP in 1 cow that had been given a tibial nerve conduction block, using lidocaine, and by repeatability of the response in 2 recordings taken 1 year apart in the same cow.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of nasopharyngeal and tracheal recordings of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in anesthetized dogs. ANIMALS: 10 healthy mixed-breed dogs (5 males and 5 females). PROCEDURE: Square-ware electrical stimuli (50 microseconds duration, 4Hz) were delivered through bipolar surface electrodes to the median nerve of the right forelimb with 7 to 12 mA constant current. The SSEP were recorded with soft electrodes placed on the epipharynx and dorsal wall of the trachea, respectively. Traditional scalp and neck recordings of SSEP were also performed, using SC-inserted needle electrodes. The potentials recorded dorsally and ventrally from the neuraxis were compared to assess the application of these signals for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. RESULTS: Electrical stimulation of the median nerve resulted in multiphasic potentials recorded from all 4 recording sites. Latency and phase shifts were observed between the far-field potentials placed ventrally and dorsally from the neuraxis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Potentials recorded with nasopharyngeal and tracheal electrodes are regarded suitable for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in anesthized dogs.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of electrode configuration and click polarity on brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in dogs were investigated to clarify the inconsistent nomenclature for each peak. Four positive peaks (waves 1, 2, 3 and 4) before a deep negative trough and a fifth positive peak (wave 5) following the trough were the basic components of BAEP in dogs, which were easily identified regardless of recording conditions such as electrode configuration and click polarity. Additional peaks tended to be present when a noncephalic reference electrode and/or single-polarity (rarefaction or condensation) click stimuli were used. The Roman nomenclature for the individual positive peaks of BAEP in dogs is confused owing to variations in the observed waveforms among researchers, but click polarity and/or reference electrode position can explain all the previously reported variations in BAEP waveforms in dogs. When the criteria concerning wave V in the guidelines of BAEP in human beings are applied to avoid further confusion of Roman nomenclature in dogs, it is recommended that the basic five positive peaks (waves 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 as identified easily with Ai-Vertex configuration and alternating clicks) are designated as waves I, II, III, V and VI, respectively. Wave IV (wave 3b) occurs occasionally before wave V in dogs.Abbreviations BAEP brainstem auditory evoked potentials - dBHL dB hearing level - IPL interpeak latency - Ai the caudodorsal end of the zygomatic arch ipsilateral to the stimulated ear - Nape the neck over the spinous process of the fourth cervical vertebra  相似文献   

17.
Using a signal-averaging system, potentials evoked by stimulation of nerves in the limbs or tail of dogs were recorded through needle electrodes placed adjacent to the vertebral column. Cord dorsum potentials (consisting of a small triphasic wave followed by a large negative peak and a subsequent slow positive phase) were recorded at the level of the lumbar enlargement after stimulating nerves in the pelvic limb or tail, and at the cervical enlargement after forelimb nerve stimulation. Ascending volleys were recorded from appropriate levels of the spinal cord or from regions of the cauda equina. After forelimb nerve stimulation, a large slow potential, reflecting activation of an unidentified neuronal pool, was recorded at the level of the first cervical vertebra. Percutaneously recorded potentials were closely similar to those recorded directly from the dura mater, suggesting that the method accurately recorded spinal cord electrical events and, therefore, might be of use in studying clinical or experimental spinal cord disease.  相似文献   

18.
A questionnaire, in which 7 cases of udder disease were described, was distributed to 890 veterinarians in Norway. They were requested to classify the cases according to the diagnostic alternatives listed in the Norwegian Health Card System for Cattle (NHCSC). The NHCSC recordings are used for progeny testing of bulls, for disease monitoring, and for research purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the recordings for udder diseases. The questionnaire was answered by 633 veterinary surgeons. Four cases of clinical mastitis (CM) with abnormal secretion as well as other clinical signs of inflammation were correctly classified as CM by almost 100% of the veterinary surgeons. A cow in the final stage of lactation, showing no clinical signs except for clots in the milk, was considered not to be a clinical case by more than 25% of the veterinary surgeons. A typical case of subclinical mastitis (SM) was reported as SM by 83% of the veterinary surgeons, and as CM by 16%. A subclinical case with a recent history of clots in the secretion was classified as SM by 66% of the veterinary surgeons, but almost 40% either reported CM as their sole diagnosis or considered the case to be CM in combination with SM. Of the clinical cases, those exhibiting marked local signs of inflammation and a systemic reaction were correctly classified as acute clinical mastitis (ACM) by 96%-98% of the veterinary surgeons. In the NHCSC, the diagnostic alternatives for cases of CM are ACM and chronic clinical mastitis (CCM). One case, for which the diagnosis subacute clinical mastitis was appropriate according to standard definitions, was classified as CCM by 66%, and as ACM by 6%. Based on the information given in the questionnaire, the diagnosis for 2 of the clinical cases could have been either ACM or CCM, and for both cases each of these 2 alternatives was reported by more than 43% of the veterinary surgeons. A teat lesion, which was present together with ACM in one cow, was reported by 91% of the veterinary surgeons.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to investigate veterinary surgeons' perceptions, knowledge and use of animal physiotherapy in the Republic of Ireland. A questionnaire was developed and sent to 200 veterinary surgeons, of which 97 were returned. Results indicated that 77 (79%) of respondents were aware of animal physiotherapists. Common sources of information included veterinary colleagues, owners and professional journals, with physiotherapists themselves and undergraduate training being less commonly cited. Awareness of animal physiotherapy was greatest amongst those working in equine practice (χ2 = 5.7, df 1, p = 0.017); they were more knowledgeable about its techniques (t = 2.806, df 75, p = 0.006) and more likely to refer (χ2 = 48.36, df 1, p = 0.0001). Seventy-four respondents (96%) thought that more research was necessary to increase the evidence base for animal physiotherapy. If this branch of physiotherapy is to develop, there needs to be increased interaction and co-operation between veterinary surgeons and chartered animal physiotherapists.  相似文献   

20.
The spontaneous EEG and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were examined in chickens before and after electrical stunning using a waterbath stunner. Fifty-four per cent of the birds became epileptic and lost their SEPs, and 17% were non-epileptic and appeared to retain their SEPs. It was concluded that there was a reasonably close association between the presence of epileptiform activity in the EEG and the absence of SEPs following electrical stunning, but that the absence of SEPs could be preferred as an indicator of an effective stun on conceptual grounds.  相似文献   

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