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1.
Guo Xin-yi Xu Guo-hua ZHANG Yang Hu Wei-min FAN Long-jiang 《水稻科学》2005,12(3):173-178
Genes are continually being created by the processes of genome duplication （ohnolog） and gene duplication （paralog）. Whole-genome duplications have been found to be widespread in plant species and play an important role in plant evolution. Clearly un-overlapping duplicated blocks of whole-genome duplications can be detected in the genome of sequenced rice （Oryza sativa）. Syntenic ohnolog pairs （ohnologues） of the whole-genome duplications in rice were identified based on their syntenic duplicate lines. The paralogs of ohnologues were further scanned using multi-round reciprocal BLAST best-hit searching （E〈e^-14）. The results indicated that an average of 0.55 sister paralogs could be found for every ohnologue in rice. These results suggest that small-scale duplications, as well as whole-genome duplications, play a significant role in the two duplicated rice genomes. 相似文献
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远缘杂交及异源多倍化导致许多重要作物的起源与进化，而芸薹属栽培异源四倍种是研究作物异源多倍化的模式系统之一。异源多倍体是如何调控及协调来自不同二倍体祖先的不同基因组的遗传行为及基因表达，是过去二十年间的研究热点和重要的生物学问题。利用不断发展的分子生物学技术，一方面揭示出芸薹属及其他多倍体物种基因组表现出动态性质，即在形成初期及长期进化过程中持续发生遗传及表观遗传的变化；另一方面发现异源多倍化过程中伴随着大量的基因表达模式改变，包括非加性表达、超亲表达、表达水平显性、部分同源偏向表达、基因剂量平衡效应等现象。上述基因组结构、表观遗传改变以及基因表达模式的调控，使新产生的多倍体得以成功进化为新物种。 相似文献
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Andrea Zuccolo Jetty S. S. Ammiraju HyeRan Kim Abhijit Sanyal Scott Jackson Rod A. Wing 《Rice》2008,1(1):85-99
Here, we present the results of a comprehensive study of the distribution, evolution, heterogeneity, and phylogenetic relationships of the Ty3-Gypsy Atlantys long terminal repeat retrotransposable element family in Oryza. Atlantys element-related sequences make up a significant fraction of the genomes of species from the Officinalis complex as well as the Oryza ridleyi and O. granulata genomes. The proliferation of Atlantys elements, in many cases, took place after respective speciation events occurred. Most of the retrotranspositional events occurred within the last three million years. Atlantys is an ancient and ubiquitous component of the genus Oryza and has made significant contributions to genome size variation across the genus. Its structure is unusual when compared to other Ty3-Gypsy elements and its proliferation in the different Oryza species has been rapid and differential. 相似文献
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本文综合分析了细胞遗传学及比较基因组学在芸薹属栽培种基因组结构及进化方面的研究进展。测序物种的DNA序列比较分析显示，芸薹族特有的六倍体祖先基因组的进化途径为，先由芸薹科x=8的祖先核型衍生出染色体数减少的x=7的核型，然后该核型经过三倍化事件产生古老的六倍体基因组，最后才分化产生3个芸薹属栽培二倍体种。根据3个二倍体种测序基因组的比较分析，构建了具有9条染色体的芸薹属祖先基因组及所形成的二倍体的染色体组成。传统及分子细胞遗传学研究为二倍体种基因组的多倍体性质及部分同源性关系提供了直观的证据，特别是二倍体间的异源染色体附加系的减数分裂配对行为揭示了单条染色体间的同源性程度。最后，对依据近缘物种的基因组结构进行芸薹属作物种质资源的创建与利用提出建议。 相似文献
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《中国油料作物学报(英文)》2020,5(3):129-135
Plant organelle (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes contain substantial information for plant evolution and adaptation. Therefore, it’s important to reveal plant whole-genome sequences including plastid and mitochondrial genomes. To decode these sequences, it is required to efficiently separate organelle genomic DNA from nucleus genome, which is difficult and laborious. In this study, an efficient procedure was established to obtain plant organelle genomes without extraction of plastid and mitochondria. Organelle DNA was extracted from three materials including Sinapis arvensis var. ‘Yeyou 18’, a cytoplasmic male sterile line (Nsa CMS) and its corresponding maintainer line ‘Zhongshuang 4’. DNA was sequenced by Roche 454 FLX+ and Illumina Miseq platforms. Organelle genomes were assembled using the generated reads and public organelle genome sequences. This research presented a procedure that efficiently assembled organelle genomes and subsequent fill gaps by extending the consensus contig terminals. This method enabled us to assemble plant plastid and mitochondrial genomes simultaneously. The obtained organelle genomes could accelerate understanding of mitochondrial rearrangements and laid a foundation for further study of Sinapis arvensis evolution and sterility gene of Nsa CMS. 相似文献
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为了从叶绿体角度解析小麦属植物的起源进化关系,以14个小麦属植物叶绿体基因组为对象,利用比较基因组分析方法,比较了小麦属植物的叶绿体基因组基因含量、序列变异、结构特性、进化关系和RNA编辑的异同。结果发现,14个小麦属植物叶绿体基因组大小相近,结构特征比较保守,但基因数量存在一定的差异,主要是由于tRNA的数目不一致引起的;IR区的伸缩分析发现硬粒小麦和乌拉尔图小麦在IRb-SSC边界基因存在明显的差异,其他麦类作物间差异很小;基于叶绿体全基因组的系统进化分析发现,有AABB基因型的物种聚在一起,而AAGG型的单独为一支,基本反映了其系统进化关系;对这14个叶绿体基因组的RNA编辑位点进行了预测和比较分析,发现有35个编辑位点在所有小麦属物种中均发生,同时还鉴定到多个物种特异的编辑位点,为从RNA编辑角度解析小麦属植物的系统进化关系提供了重要数据。 相似文献
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稻属(Oryza L.)植物染色体组命名的历史回顾 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
稻属约25种，分别属于AA、BB、CC、BBCC、CCDD、EE、FF、GG、HHJJ和HHKK等10类染色体组。早在20世纪30年代，日本学者Morinaga及其同事开创性地开展了稻属染色体组的鉴定和命名工作。他们采用的常规方法是，根据两物种之间的形态和生理差异，尤其是人工杂交产生的种间杂种F1的染色体配对行为来鉴定新的染色体组。其后，不少学者对此进行了补充和完善。然而，对于一些靠人工杂交难以产生种间杂种的稻种来说，就无法利用上述常规方法鉴定其染色体组。最近，人们利用分子标记和荧光原位杂交等分子生物学技术，对这些难以与稻属其他种之间实现有性杂交的个别野生种的染色体组进行了鉴定和命名。由于稻属染色体组的鉴定主要是在20世纪40~60年代间开展的工作，为使人们在今后使用时更加明确其本质含义，对稻属各个种的染色体组定名过程进行了概述和总结。 相似文献
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RNA编辑是一种特殊的转录后加工过程,是陆生植物叶绿体基因组在转录后水平上调控基因表达的一种重要方式。为了给研究叶绿体基因RNA编辑功能及其发生机制提供依据,以栽培大麦为研究对象,采用生物信息学方法对其叶绿体的83个蛋白编码基因的RNA编辑位点进行预测和分析。结果在16个基因中发现了37个RNA编辑位点,且均为C到U的转换,其中5个发生在密码子的第一位,32个发生在密码子的第二位,未发现发生在密码子第三位的RNA编辑;采用blast工具,与NCBI数据库中的大麦EST序列进行了对比,确定其中的34个编辑位点是真实存在的,其中ndhB基因最多,为8个编辑位点;进一步利用生物信息学工具分析了ndhB中RNA编辑对其编码蛋白质的跨膜结构域和二级结构的影响,结果表明,ndhB 467的编辑会引起蛋白质跨膜结构的增加,ndhB 149的编辑会引起蛋白质二级结构的改变。最后还将预测的大麦编辑位点与其他4种禾本科叶绿体的编辑位点进行了比较。 相似文献
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Philippe Vain 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011,54(1):1-7
The combination of a tractable experimental system, molecular tools, facile genetics and comprehensive genomics resources places Brachypodium distachyon in a unique position to promote and accelerate biological investigations in cereal and grass crops. Brachypodium has a proven track-record as a bridge into Triticeae cereal crops by helping to navigate and assemble their large and complex genomes. Brachypodium’s compact genome already provides a useful reference for map-based cloning and comparative genomics. In this review, I argue that Brachypodium will also fulfill a more generic role as a functional genomics model. In this context, Brachypodium will play a pivotal role in multi-system approaches to underpin tomorrow’s grass research landscape. 相似文献
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由于异源多倍体物种的进化时间久远,难以知晓确切的二倍体亲本,现在推测的自然界现存二倍体种又经历过独立的演化,因此,通过特定的实验方法从天然的异源多倍体物种中剥离出特定染色体组并重建异源多倍体的基本种,将为研究异源多倍化过程中祖先基因组的遗传与互作提供独特的材料。现已通过不同的杂交策略,从异源六倍体普通小麦和异源四倍体种甘蓝型油菜中成功重建它们的一个基本种。例如以人工合成的芸薹属异源六倍体（如埃塞俄比亚芥与白菜杂交的AA.BBCC)为桥梁,其中的C染色体组被选择性的丢失后产生的芥菜型油菜（AA.BB）与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交形成的杂种（BBAC）自交后便可重建黑芥(BB)祖先种;将四倍体与二倍体种之一杂交后形成的同源异源六倍体（如AAAACC）连续自交,使处于同源四倍体状态的染色体组（A）快速丢失而重建另一个二倍体基本种（CC）。 相似文献
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The normal development of the endosperm appears to depend on a ratio of two female genomes to one male genome in most angiosperms. However, successful crosses between some tuber-bearingSolarium species do not conform to this ratio. An endosperm balance number (EBN) hypothesis has been proposed to reconcile the two female genomes: one male genome ratio proposal and the anomalous crossing behavior of some species. Crosses performed to test the EBN hypothesis are reported in this paper. The results support the hypothesis and demonstrate its usefulness in predicting the success or failure of a cross and the ploidy of the offspring. A format for conducting and reporting crossing experiments is proposed that facilitates the comparison of results of different experiments. 相似文献
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Masahiro Sotowa Kenta Ootsuka Yuu Kobayashi Yin Hao Katsunori Tanaka Katsuyuki Ichitani Jonathan M Flowers Michael D Purugganan Ikuo Nakamura Yo-Ichiro Sato Tadashi Sato Darren Crayn Bryan Simon Daniel LE Waters Robert J Henry Ryuji Ishikawa 《Rice》2013,6(1):26
Background
The perennial, Oryza rufipogon distributed from Asia to Australia and the annual O. meridionalis indigenous to Australia are AA genome species in the Oryza. However, recent research has demonstrated that the Australian AA genome perennial populations have maternal genomes more closely related to those of O. meridionalis than to those found in Asian populations of O. rufipogon suggesting that the Australian perennials may represent a new distinct gene pool for rice.Results
Analysis of an Oryza core collection covering AA genome species from Asia to Oceania revealed that some Oceania perennials had organellar genomes closely related to that of O meridionalis (meridionalis-type). O. rufipogon accessions from New Guinea carried either the meridionalis-type or rufirpogon-type (like O. rufipogon) organellar genomes. Australian perennials carried only the meridionalis-type organellar genomes when accompanied by the rufipogon-type nuclear genome. New accessions were collected to better characterize the Australian perennials, and their life histories (annual or perennial) were confirmed by field observations. All of the material collected carried only meridionalis-type organellar genomes. However, there were two distinct perennial groups. One of them carried an rufipogon-type nuclear genome similar to the Australian O. rufipogon in the core collection and the other carried an meridionalis-type nuclear genome not represented in the existing collection. Morphologically the rufipogon-type shared similarity with Asian O. rufipogon. The meridionalis-type showed some similarities to O. meridionalis such as the short anthers usually characteristic of annual populations. However, the meridionalis-type perennial was readily distinguished from O. meridionalis by the presence of a larger lemma and higher number of spikelets.Conclusion
Analysis of current accessions clearly indicated that there are two distinct types of Australian perennials. Both of them differed genetically from Asian O. rufipogon. One lineage is closely related to O. meridionalis and another to Asian O. rufipogon. The first was presumed to have evolved by divergence from O. meridionalis becoming differentiated as a perennial species in Australia indicating that it represents a new gene pool. The second, apparently derived from Asian O. rufipogon, possibly arrived in Australia later. 相似文献14.
Ingrid Garbus Alicia D. Carrera Jorge Dubcovsky Viviana Echenique 《Journal of Cereal Science》2009,50(1):67-73
A bright yellow color is an important quality criterion for pasta making. Yellow color depends on the amount of carotenoid pigments in grain, which is the result of the balance between pigment synthesis and degradation by lipoxygenases (LPX). The organization of genes coding for lipoxygenases in the tetraploid wheat genome is not completely understood. Here, we report the screening of a durum wheat BAC library with barley probes to characterize the physical distribution of Lpx genes. PCR characterization and BAC fingerprinting of the positive clones suggests that Lpx-B1.1 and Lpx-B3 are less than 103-kb apart, whereas Lpx-B1.2 is further apart from them. In the A genome a partially deleted copy of Lpx-1 (Lpx-A1_like) was found, colocalizing within a 42 kbp region with Lpx-A3, confirming that in both genomes these two genes are close to each other. The knowledge of the physical location of these two genes is important to understand the evolution of this family but also has practical implications since closely linked genes are difficult to separate by recombination. This may limit the number of Lpx allele combinations that can be obtained and affect the selection of optimal Lpx allele combinations for pasta quality improvement. 相似文献
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Ca2+是植物中重要的第二信使,几乎介导了植物生长发育的全部反应。钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPKs)是植物中重要的钙传感蛋白,在植物生命活动中扮演着重要角色。目前2个二倍体野生种花生全基因组序列已经公布,而由2个野生种杂交后形成的异源四倍体栽培种花生的全基因组序列还没有公布,野生种花生CDPKs的生物信息学分析结果可以为栽培种花生CDPKs的研究提供参考。本研究采用生物信息学方法和工具对2个野生种花生CDPKs基因家族的全基因组分布、基因结构、进化和理化性质等进行分析。结果表明:2个野生种花生全基因组均比对到35个CDPKs基因序列,野生种花生与拟南芥CDPKs基因结构类似,蛋白质结构具有典型的蛋白质激酶和EF手型结构域,2个野生种花生与其它物种在进化过程中CDPKs变异较小,可能作为钙传感蛋白在细胞内各个部位和细胞器中行使功能。本研究结果可为栽培种花生的CDPKs结构和功能研究提供参考。 相似文献
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茶树中存在2个亚细胞定位不同的NUDX1基因（CsNUDX1-cyto和CsNUDX1-chlo）,其中定位于细胞质的CsNUDX1-cyto基因与香叶醇生物合成密切相关。为探究NUDX1基因在不同茶树品种中的序列、功能差异及其在物种间的进化,通过序列比对、基因克隆、进化树构建、代谢物分析、功能验证等分析了该基因在茶树与非茶树植物中的进化以及香叶醇积累差异。结果表明,不同茶树基因库中组装的CsNUDX1s核苷酸序列存在差异;RT-PCR克隆显示4个阿萨姆变种和4个中国变种茶树中均有CsNUDX1-cyto和CsNUDX1-chlo的阳性克隆,且核苷酸序列存在差异。利用Phytozome网站数据进行序列比对及进化树构建,结果显示共有58个植物中存在CsNUDX1同源基因;该基因在植物物种间较为保守,在低等植物藻类基因组中也存在;在单子叶禾本科植物中,除短柄草（Brachypodium distachyon）泛基因组中存在蛋白序列匹配率大于58%的目的基因,其余均较低,尤其是在部分禾本科植物中该基因存在缺失。代谢物分析表明15个禾本科植物水稻、小麦和玉米品种鲜叶中均未检测到香叶醇的合成,而4个茶树品种嫩梢中香叶醇含量为0.87~4.12 μg·g-1。此外,茶树CsNUDX1s基因在幼嫩叶片中有高表达;阿萨姆变种茶树佛香3号的CsNUDX1-cyto同样具有合成香叶醇的功能。本研究表明,NUDX1基因广泛存在植物基因组中,在茶树基因组中存在2个CsNUDX1s基因,并与茶树叶片中香叶醇的合成相关。 相似文献
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信阳10号是适制信阳毛尖的国家级良种,然而其起源以及与其他茶树品种之间的进化关系尚不清晰。利用MGI2000平台对信阳10号进行测序,组装获得了信阳10号的完整叶绿体基因组并对其结构进行分析,同时,为探究信阳10号与其他茶树的进化关系,构建了46个物种的叶绿体基因组系统发育树。结果表明：（1）信阳10号叶绿体基因组大小为157 041 bp,包括2个反向重复区（IR,26 078 bp）,1个大单拷贝区（LSC,86 594 bp）和1个小单拷贝区（SSC,18 291 bp）;共注释得到叶绿体基因113个,包括79个蛋白质编码基因,30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因。（2）在信阳10号的叶绿体基因组中共检测到了74个SSR位点,大部分SSR由A/T组成。（3）贝叶斯法构建的系统进化关系树显示,信阳10号与福建铁罗汉关系最近,并且两者的叶绿体基因组完全相同,推测可能来源于相同母本;信阳10号与韩国茶Chamnok和Sangmok、福建白鸡冠、云南德宏茶也有较近的亲缘关系。研究结果为进一步探究茶树起源与演化以及分子育种提供了基础。 相似文献
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Meiotic disturbances in F1 hybrids and their progenies are still major problems in wide hybridization.To investigate the genome affinity reflected in chromosome pairing and segregation,we studied chromosome behaviors during meiosis in two interspecific F1 hybrids[O.minuta×O.australiensis(Om×Oa,BCE genome)and Oa×O.ridleyi(Or,EHJ genome)]by using both traditional staining methods and genomic in situ hybridization(GISH).GISH analysis has been successfully performed on mitotic chromosomes to distinguish different Oryza genomes,but relatively fewer systematic analyses of meiotic chromosomes of interspecific hybrids have been reported.In the hybrids,highly irregular chromosome behaviors through meiosis resulted in producing microspores with unbalanced genome.At diakinesis of these two hybrids,most chromosomes present as univalent,with low frequency as bivalents and occasionally as trivalents.In a pollen mother cell,2 to 8 bivalents and 0 to 4 trivalents were observed in the hybrid Oa×Or,and 1 to 8 bivalents and 0 to 5 trivalents were observed in the hybrid Om×Oa.GISH results indicated that 51.52%bivalents in Oa×Or and 79.65%bivalents in Om×Oa involved allosyndetic association,which indicates that recombination and introgression should be possible if viable backcrosses can be recovered even from triploid hybrids.In this study,we revealed that the meiotic disturbance due to low affinities between parental genomes is the major reason for the sterility of these two triploid interspecific hybrids.The two hybrids showing vigor in reproductive growth are potential genetic resources in future breeding programs.A better understanding of genomic affinities between these distant Oryza species can facilitate planning an effective breeding program by using wide hybridization,and efficient and routine GISH analysis is helpful to monitor alien introgression in the process. 相似文献