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1.
为了探究褪黑激素受体(melatonin receptor, Mtnr1)基因在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)中的表达模式和功能,采用RACE技术从草鱼组织中克隆获得Mtnr1基因的6个亚型(Mtnr1Aa、Mtnr1Ab、Mtnr1Alike、Mtnr1Ba、Mtnr1Bb和Mtnr1C)的cDNA序列,采用ProtParam、TMpred、NetPhos、NetNGlyc、Singal4.1及Phyre2等在线软件对Mtnr1基因的6种亚型进行生物信息学分析。同时,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测6种亚型在不同组织中的表达。结果显示,Mtnr1基因6个亚型cDNA全长分别为2045、2036、2031、2799、2535和2477 bp,分别编码350、351、344、356、347和361个氨基酸。6种亚型均由7个跨膜结构域、NRY结构域、CYICHS结构域和NAXXY结构域及G蛋白偶联受体结合位点组成,同时含有多个磷酸化位点和糖基化位点。Mtnr1基因6个亚型蛋白均由20种氨基酸组成,均属于稳定的亲水性蛋白。氨基酸序列比较分析发现,6种亚型与其他鱼对应的亚型同源性很高,分别为93.1%~99.4%、84.8%~95.2%、82.8%~96.8%、90.1%~97.5%、79.7%~98.3%和90.6%~95.6%。邻接法构建系统进化树显示,6种亚型均与鲤科(Cyprinidae)鱼类聚为一支,与鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)亲缘关系最近。此外,6种亚型mRNA在草鱼肝脏、心脏、鳃、脑、肌肉、前肠、中肠、后肠和肾脏9个组织中均有表达,其中,Mtnr1Aa和Mtnr1Ba基因分别在脑和肾脏中表达量最高,表明Mtnr1Aa和Mtnr1Ba可能在草鱼的神经调节和免疫反应中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
2.
草鱼天然抗性相关巨噬蛋白基因全长cDNA的克隆与表达分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
天然抗性相关巨噬蛋白(Nramp)家族是一类抑制胞内寄生菌侵染的天然免疫相关蛋白.本研究克隆了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)Nramp基因并进行了表达分析.该基因cDNA序列全长为3158 bp,编码1个含544个氨基酸的蛋白.该蛋白含有Nramp家族的特征序列:包含12个跨膜区(TM)、1个由20个氨基酸残基组成的胞质内转运结构域(CTM).草鱼Nramp同其他16个物种的Nramp氨基酸序列同源性在62.5%～90.2%之间.草鱼Nramp基因cDNA的独特结构是其3味端非翻译区(UTR)和5'UTR各有1个脊椎动物Nramp2中的铁反应控制蛋白结合位点(IRE).系统进化分析表明,草鱼Nramp和所有鱼类Nramp聚为一簇,与哺乳类Nramp2的亲缘关系较近.Nramp基因在单鱼头肾和脾脏中的表达量最高,在肌肉和皮肤中的表达量最低,在草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)感染的草鱼肾脏细胞系(CIK)中的表达量明显升高. 相似文献
3.
髓样分化因子(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)是TLR(toll-like receptor)信号通路的关键接头蛋白,在先天性免疫中发挥重要作用。实验首次克隆了欧洲鳗鲡My D88基因c DNA全长序列,命名为Aa My D88,其全长为1 539 bp,开放阅读框为846 bp,编码282个氨基酸。该蛋白三维丝带空间结构图与人类的My D88十分相似,具有My D88家族典型的死亡结构域和TIR(toll-like/IL-1 receptor)结构域,其中TIR结构域中含有3个序列高度保守的box1、box2和box3。同源性分析显示,欧洲鳗鲡My D88氨基酸序列与斑点叉尾相似性最高,为76.3%,与其他鱼类相似性为67.5%~73.2%,与哺乳动物相似性较低,为61.6%~62.6%。欧洲鳗鲡My D88在系统进化树中与其他鱼类My D88聚为一支,哺乳类以及两栖类My D88分别聚为一支。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,Aa My D88基因在欧洲鳗鲡各组织器官中均有表达,其中在肝脏中的表达量最高,心脏、肠、脾脏以及肾脏中也有较高的表达,而肌肉和鳃中的表达水平较低;欧洲鳗鲡经山羊Ig G肌肉注射后,肾脏Aa My D88基因在第7天表达量有显著性提高,14 d后恢复至正常水平,而脾脏Aa My D88基因表达水平从第7~21天持续显著上调,于第7天达到峰值,其表达量为肾脏的1.7倍;欧洲鳗鲡鳍细胞系经poly I:C处理后,Aa My D88基因表达水平在3 h显著降低,6~48 h均有显著升高,于12 h达到峰值。LPS处理后的欧洲鳗鲡鳍细胞系Aa My D88基因表达水平在3 h显著降低,6和12 h显著升高,于12 h达到峰值,24 h后恢复至正常水平。poly I:C处理组My D88基因表达水平在12~48 h均显著高于LPS处理组。研究表明,My D88在欧洲鳗鲡抵御外源微生物的免疫应答反应中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
4.
草鱼SREBP-1基因的克隆及糖对其在肝脏中表达的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBPs)是调控糖脂代谢相关基因表达的关键核转录因子。为获知草鱼SREBP-1基因的序列及其在肝脏中的表达规律,本实验采用同源克隆和RACE方法获得了草鱼SREBP-1基因的部分cDNA序列,并通过生物信息学方法对该基因及所编码蛋白的结构特征进行了分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对SREBP-1基因在8种不同组织的表达规律及低糖(糖含量24%)和高糖(糖含量42%)投喂条件下肝脏中的表达水平进行了研究。结果显示,所克隆到的草鱼SREBP-1基因cDNA长4 760 bp,其中包括开放读码框3 426bp,编码1 141个氨基酸;草鱼SREBP-1具有一个典型的碱性螺旋-环-螺旋亮氨酸拉链结构(bHLH-zip);氨基酸序列比对结果显示,草鱼SREBP-1与其他鱼类的同源性在76%~88%之间,与斑马鱼的进化关系最近;草鱼SREBP-1基因在脑中的表达量最高,肝脏和肠次之,在肾脏、脾脏、肌肉、脂肪和性腺中均有少量表达;与对照组相比,SREBP-1基因在高糖诱导下表达量显著提高(P0.05),低糖诱导下没有显著性差异。研究表明,在高糖负荷条件下,草鱼肝脏中SREBP-1可能会促进糖的利用和转化,从而参与糖代谢调节过程,为丰富鱼类糖代谢调控机理提供研究资料,并有望为提高鱼类对饲料糖的利用效率提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
利用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法,克隆y+LAT2基因cDNA序列,并利用实时荧光定量PCR探讨y+LAT2在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)各组织中的表达情况以及饥饿对其mRNA的影响。结果表明,获得的y+LAT2基因的cDNA序列片段为1849bp,含1371bp的核心序列,编码456个氨基酸。预测草鱼氨基酸序列与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的同源性高达96.5%,与哺乳动物和两栖动物的同源性在78%～83%,构建的系统进化树与传统形态学分类一致。在草鱼的肌肉、脑、鳃、心、肾脏、肝、后肠、中肠、前肠、脾脏组织均检测到y+LAT2基因的表达。草鱼脾脏、肾脏以及前肠、中肠的y+LAT2 mRNA表达水平对禁食的反应不同,在短期饥饿(14d)期间,其y+LAT2 mRNA表达水平均呈下降趋势。草鱼碱性氨基酸转运载体y+LAT2基因全长cDNA序列的获得,有利于进一步探讨鱼类氨基酸的吸收转运机制。 相似文献
6.
采用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆乌克兰鳞鲤丙铜酸激酶基因全长cDNA序列,试验结果表明,乌克兰鳞鲤丙酮酸羧激酶基因cDNA全长1913bp,其中开放阅读框1617bp,编码538个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子质量为58.72ku,等电点为6.57,3′非翻译区长154bp及多聚腺苷酸尾巴,5′非翻译区长143bp。具有活性位点和结构域边界。乌克兰鳞鲤丙酮酸羧激酶基因保守性较好,与已知的草鱼、斑马鱼和绿河鲀的相似性为84%~92%,与哺乳类(人类丙酮酸羧激酶)的相似度为68%。以β-actin基因为内标,采用半定量RT-PCR方法对丙酮酸羧激酶基因在肝胰脏、脑、肾脏、心脏、肌肉、肠道等组织的表达进行研究,结果表明,低糖组丙酮酸羧激酶基因在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰脏、脑和心脏中表达较丰富;高糖组丙酮酸羧激酶基因在肝胰脏、脑、肾脏和肠道中有明显表达,其中在肝胰脏和脑中的表达量较丰富,在心脏和肌肉中的表达很微弱。 相似文献
7.
《南方水产科学》2017,(6)
该研究从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)中克隆到3个jam-a(gcjam-a1,gcjam-a2,gcjam-a3)c DNA序列,并采用qRT-PCR分析其在健康草鱼9种组织中的表达模式以及受草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV-GD108)感染后在草鱼6种组织中的表达变化。结果表明,克隆到的gcjam-a 3个分子编码294~295个氨基酸,均具有2个免疫球蛋白Ig结构域,包含典型的受体结合的D1结构域及与细胞膜结合的D2结构域。3个gcjam-a的D2结构域序列完全一致,而D1结构域序列则稍有差别。在健康草鱼9个组织中,gcjam-a1主要在血和脑中有较高表达,gcjam-a2主要在鳃中有较高表达,而在各个组织未检测到gcjam-a3表达。病毒感染后草鱼6种组织中,gcjam-a1、gcjam-a2、gcjam-a3在鳃中均出现显著上调表达,而在肝脏、脾脏、肠、肾、脑中只有gcjam-a1有不同程度诱导表达上调。该研究表明在健康草鱼组织中,3个gcjam-a中以gcjam-a1的表达量最高,且在受病毒感染后所检测的6种组织中均出现表达上调,推测其可能为GCRV-GD108的主要受体。 相似文献
8.
草鱼APN基因的克隆及表达特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氨肽酶N(APN)是肽酶M1家族的成员之一,在蛋白质的消化中发挥重要作用。采用同源克隆和RACE技术首次克隆草鱼APN基因的全长cDNA序列。该cDNA全长为3258bp,包含27bp的5UTR序列,552bp的3UTR序列,2679bp开放阅读框,编码892个氨基酸;草鱼与斑马鱼基因同源性和编码氨基酸同源性分别为81.5%和75.4%,与其他动物同源性分别为58.8%～61.2%和54.3%～60.2%。经预测,其编码蛋白的分子量为100.61ku,等电点为5.14,该蛋白具有与哺乳动物十分相似的1个螺旋跨膜结构,但跨膜区氨基酸同源性较低;系统进化分析表明,草鱼APN基因与斑马鱼的亲缘关系最近;利用Real-timePCR技术检测了该基因的发育表达,结果显示草鱼出膜4d后APNmRNA表达量相对稳定;APN在草鱼前肠、中肠和后肠均有较高的表达量,以前肠组织表达量最高;昼夜节律研究发现,肠道APN基因06:00-18:00的表达量较18:00-06:00高。 相似文献
9.
草鱼PGC-1α基因的表达及饲喂n-3 HUFAs对其影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
获得了草鱼过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助活化因子1α(PGC-1α)部分cDNA序列(GenBank注册号为HM015283),并进行了序列同源性分析;采用实时定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)方法,检测了PGC-1α基因在草鱼不同组织的表达状况;研究了投喂高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFAs)对草鱼肝胰脏PGC-1α基因时序表达的影响。结果显示,所获得的草鱼PGC-1α基因部分cDNA序列长度为612bp,与人、牛、小鼠、斑马鱼和金鱼等动物的同源性为75%～97%;该基因在草鱼肝胰脏、肾脏、肌肉、心脏、鳃等10个组织中均有表达,其中在肾脏和心脏中表达丰度最高,在精巢和脾脏中表达丰度最低;草鱼摄食HUFAs饲料后第7天PGC-1α基因的表达水平极显著升高,随后又迅速下降。研究首次克隆得到草鱼PGC-1α基因部分cDNA序列,并发现该基因在草鱼能量代谢水平高的组织中表达较高,且其表达受到HUFAs的调控,其时序表达模式为先升高,然后恢复到正常水平。 相似文献
10.
采用同源克隆及快速扩增cDNA末端技术,从草鱼鳃组织中克隆了Toll样受体9(Toll-like receptor 9,TLR9)基因的cDNA全长。序列分析表明,草鱼TLR9 cDNA全长3 468 bp,编码1 058个氨基酸,其中包括18个氨基酸组成的信号肽、16个富含亮氨酸重复结构域(leucine rich repeat,LRR)、1个跨膜区和1个TIR结构域(Toll/IL-1 receptor)。该蛋白的分子量为121 921 u,等电点为8.80。氨基酸序列的同源性分析显示,草鱼TLR9与鲤TLR9的同源性最高(85%),依次为斑马鱼(82%)、大西洋鲑(55%)、虹鳟(55%)。在系统发生树上,草鱼TLR9首先与鲤科的鲤和斑马鱼聚类。通过半定量RT-PCR检测可知,草鱼TLR9在被检测的15个组织中都有表达,其中在鳃中的表达最高,其次为血、头肾等。这些结果为进一步深入研究TLR-9的功能及开发草鱼免疫增强剂奠定基础。 相似文献
11.
Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
12.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
13.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
14.
15.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
17.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
18.
William King V David L. Berlinsky Craig V. Sullivan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):489-500
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass. 相似文献
19.
Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response. 相似文献
20.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献