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1.
F. R. Zaidelman A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova T. V. Krasina V. N. Krasin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2014,47(4):223-235
Specific features of the genesis of chernozem-like, solonetzic chernozem-like soils, and hydromorphic chernozem-like solonetzes were investigated on the southern Tambov Plain. Typical chernozems occupy well drained areas. The yield of cereals is limited by the amount of precipitation. On the flat surface of weakly drained watersheds, deeply gleyed chernozem-like soils are formed under the influence of bicarbonate-calcium ground water and water stagnation on the plow sole. In closed depressions with the 1.5- to 2.0-month long stagnation of surface water on the compact lower horizons, podzolized gleyic chernozem-like soils are formed. They have favorable physical properties, weak eluvial differentiation, and rather high acidity. In humid and moderately humid years, the cereals on these soils are waterlogged; in dry years, their yield increases by 20% as compared to that on the typical chernozem. In the low undrained areas of the watersheds, solonetzic chernozem-like soils and hydromorphic chernozem-like solonetzes are formed under the influence of bicarbonate-sodium water. Despite the unfavorable physical properties of the solonetzic horizons, their better supply with moisture determines the possibility to obtain stable high yields of cereals on the solonetzic chernozem-like soils. The productivity of the gleyic chernozem-like solonetzes is low irrespective of the humidity of the year. 相似文献
2.
On the interfluves and in small depressions of the Ryazan forest-steppe, under periodic stagnation of surface water, acid chernozem-like soils with a relatively thick humus horizon, podzolic horizons, and marble-colored gleyed B1 and B2 horizons are formed. The eluvial horizons of these soils contain Mn-Fe nodules, and dark humus coatings occur in the illuvial horizons. In the spring, the eluvial horizons of these soils are excessively moistened and gravitational water stagnates on the soil surface for 3–4 weeks. The formation of the acid light-colored eluvial horizons of the soils on leached rocks is related to gleying under the conditions of the stagnant-percolative regime. Their total thickness is 15–25 cm and more. According to the properties of their solid phase, these horizons are similar to the podzolic horizons of soddy-podzolic gleyed soils. These soils have not been represented in the classification systems of soils of the USSR and Russia. Based on the principles of the substantial-genetic classification, one of the authors of this article [9] referred this soil to gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils, thus, considering it as an individual genetic soil type. The gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils differ from the leached chernozems by their low productivity and difficulty of tillage. In humid and moderately moist years, the death of crops or a reduction in yield are probable because of the excess of moisture. 相似文献
3.
F. R. Zaidelman L. V. Stepantsova A. S. Nikiforova V. N. Krasin S. B. Safronov 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2014,69(2):62-68
Chernozem-like soils with light-colored acid eluvial horizons are widespread in the forest-steppe zone of European Russia. Their formation is related to gleying under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative water regime on leached rocks. It is closely associated with the evolution of salinized soils (Gedroits’s scheme). However, these soils have not been included in the soil classifications of the Soviet Union and Russia. Based on the principles of substantial-genetic classification, one of the authors of this article [3–5, 10] referred them to gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils, which are considered as an individual genetic soil type. With respect to agroecological aspects, they are different from the leached chernozems in their low productivity and difficulty of tillage. This article covers the problems of genesis, classification, and melioration of gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils in the north of the forest-steppe zone of European Russia and their possible association with dark-colored podbels. 相似文献
4.
F. R. Zaidel’man A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova S. B. Safronov V. N. Krasin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(5):477-487
Nodules (nodules) forming in the chernozem-like soils of flat-bottomed closed depressions on the northern part of the Tambov Plain differ in their morphology and chemical composition as related to the degree of hydromorphism of these soils. The highest are the coefficients of Mn, P, and Fe accumulation in the nodules from these soils. The Fe to Mn ratio grows with the increasing degree of hydromorphism. Under surface moistening, the maximal amounts of mobile Mn and Fe compounds were extracted from the nodules of the most hydromorphic podzolic chernozem-like soils; under the ground moistening, their greatest amounts were extracted from the least hydromorphic soil—the weakly gley soil. In the first case, the content of organic phosphates in concretions amounted to 30–50%; in the second one, 2–3% of their total content. Under surface moistening, the proportion of active mineral phosphates becomes higher with the increasing hydromorphism: from 30 (podzolized soil) to 70% (gleyic podzolic soil). Under ground moistening, on the contrary, their proportion decreases from 70–89% in the weakly gley soil to 40–50% in the gley chernozem-like soil. The possibility to determine the degree of hydromorphism of chernozem-like soils based on the coefficients of bogging is shown. The expediency of using Schvertmann’s criterion in these studies is assessed. 相似文献
5.
In the northern forest-steppe of European Russia, under the conditions of surface waterlogging (freshwater) and a stagnant-percolative
regime, gleyic podzolic chernozem-like soils with thick light-colored eluvial horizons are formed. These horizons are close
or similar to the podzolic horizons of bog-podzolic soils in many properties of their solid phase. They are bleached in color
and characterized by the removal of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, and Mn and the relative accumulation of quartz SiO2. These soils differ from leached chernozems in their acid reaction and very low CEC, the presence of Fe-Mn concretions and
coatings, and the significant decrease in the clay content in the A2 horizon as compared to the parent rock.
The soils studied differ significantly from loamy podzolic and bog-podzolic soils by the composition of the clay minerals
in the A2 horizons: (1) no essential loss of smectite minerals from this horizon was found as compared to the rest of the
solum, (2) pedogenic chlorites (HIV and HIS) are absent, and (3) the distinct accumulation of illites is observed as compared
to the subsoil and parent material, probably, due to the process of illitization. 相似文献
6.
The composition of humus in leached chernozems differs from that in gleyed podzolized chernozem-like soils in the northern forest-steppe zone of European Russia. Leached chernozems have the fulvate-humate humus. Gleyed podzolized chernozem-like soils have the humate-fulvate humus. A more aggressive composition of humus in the latter soils is caused by their overwetting and the development of gley processes under conditions of a stagnant-percolative soil water regime. 相似文献
7.
A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova S. B. Safronov V. N. Krasin 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2010,65(2):69-77
The phosphate status of chernozem-like soils in the northern forest steppe of the Tambov Lowland depends on soil waterlogging
and hydrological conditions. Due to surface waterlogging and free effluent seep-age in podzolized, chernozem-like soils of
open watershed depressions, the removal of bases and iron decrease the total phosphorus content by 10–15% because of the decrease
in active mineral phosphates. Organic matter acts as a buffer preventing phosphorus from leaching. In podzolized, chernozem-like
and podzolic, gleyic soils of closed watershed depressions, significant amounts of iron phosphates are accumulated in fine
earth and ortsteins due to surface waterlogging and difficult effluent seepage. Under ground waterlogging, calcium phosphates
prevail in the composition of active mineral phosphorus in the gleyed, gleyic, and gley chernozem-like soils of above-floodplain
terraces. 相似文献
8.
F. R. Zaidelman Ye. Yu. Pakhomova M. T. Ustinov 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2011,66(1):1-10
Depending on conditions of formation, solods should be differentiated into two groups: solods of ground overmoistening and
solods of surface overmoistening. Criteria are offered to distinguish soils according to the ratio between the clay in the
B2 horizon and that in the A2 horizon, as well as according to the changes in the soil pH. Formation of gley under conditions
of stagnant to percolative water regime is a necessary and sufficient cause for light-colored acid eluvial horizons to form
in their profile. In the main properties of the solid phase (acidity, total chemical composition, and distribution of silt),
gley solods are identical to soddy-podzolic and chernozem-like podzolic gley soils. 相似文献
9.
Tissues of Angiospermae (deciduous arborous and herbaceous plants) were found to take part in the formation of humus in the agrogray soils. The proportions of lignic phenol contents between the soils did not change neither upon their plowing, no their drainage. Within the catenas studied, the maximal accumulation of phenol compounds takes place in the soils of the mesodepressions with long-term reduction conditions and in the soils of the microdepressions with spring perched water on two levels. In the Fe-Mn nodules of the agrogray soils, lignin of higher plants was found. Its fractional composition was correlated with the predominant vegetation. With the increasing size of the nodules, the amount of products of lignin oxidation in the nodules decreased due to its mineralization. Drainage caused a deep transformation of lignin in the Fe-Mn nodules, especially in the coarse fractions of concretions. The mineralization of lignin aromatic compounds under aerobic conditions was accompanied by the significant increase in the share of phenol acids. 相似文献
10.
F. R. Zaidelman A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova V. N. Krasin 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2012,67(1):8-13
The hydrologic features of chernozem-like soils of the northern Tambov Plain reflect the crystallinity of nonsilicate iron
contained in ferromagnetic concretions, as well as the qualitative humus content and other properties. The possibility of
using Schwertmann’s criterion and swampiness coefficient in the Zaidel’man-Ogleznev method as diagnostic indices of degree
of hydromorphism is shown. A new diagnostic index is suggested, i.e., the hydromorphism criterion (KI–II); the relation of the optical density of the extraction of alkaline and alkaline pyrophosphate from fine-earth arable land
horizon is based on its definition. 相似文献
11.
12.
E. N. Molchanov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(12):1268-1281
Original and literature data on the soil-forming conditions and the morphology, physicochemical properties, and bulk chemical and mineralogical composition of mountainous meadow chernozem-like soils of the North Caucasus region indicate that these soils are developed from the coarse-textured pebbly colluvium of calcareous bedrock under the impact of humus accumulation and clay formation. The intensity of these processes is directly related to the activity of soil biota. Suggestions aimed at improving the classification of high-mountain soils are discussed. 相似文献
13.
F. R. Zaidel’man 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(2):115-125
By the examples of four typical catenas in the East European Plain, the role of lessivage in the development of automorphic and hydromorphic loamy and clayey soils with light-colored acid eluvial horizons and with different degrees of gleyzation has been studied. It is found that characteristic features of lessivage are often observed in the soils without hydrological barriers hampering or preventing the vertical migration of soil water and mass transfer processes. The hydrological barriers may be represented by the shallow horizons of temporarily perched water, or by the ascending capillary fringe of the ground water, or by the water-saturated horizons, in which the volume of free pores does not exceed 2–4%. It is shown that light-colored acid eluvial horizons may be formed in the profiles of loamy and clayey soils without any signs of lessivage. The development of strongly gleyed soils (gleyed soddy-podzolic soils and pseudogley soils (Stagnosols)) is not related to colmatage (silting of their illuvial horizons through lessivage); it is conditioned by the actual hydrological regime of these soils. The role of lessivage, podzolization, and gleyzation in the development of clay-differentiated soils is discussed. 相似文献
14.
A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova V. N. Krasin S. B. Safronov 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2012,67(2):91-102
Moisture content and redox conditions are factors determining the dynamics of the content of mobile phosphorus in chernozem-like soils moistened and waterlogged by groundwater and surface water. When the moisture content increases and oxidizing conditions are still present in soils belonging to the chernozem type that contain a high concentration of calcium phosphates, the latter transform from apatite into more mobile forms, Ca-PI and Ca-PII. In chernozem-like soils with a high concentration of iron phosphates under reducing conditions, the amount of phosphorus extracted with 0.1 N H2SO4 increases owing to the transition of iron phosphates into a mobile state. Precipitations enriching the soil with atmospheric oxygen promote the increase in the value of the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), thereby decreasing the mobility of iron phosphates. 相似文献
15.
F. R. Zaidelman A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova V. N. Krasin S. B. Safronov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(2):176-189
Specific features of the genesis and water regime of soils in closed depressions were studied in two catenas located on the interfluvial and terrace surfaces. In humid years and in the years with moderate precipitation, the surface flooding up to early May reduced the Eh values up to 60–100 mV in the soils of the interfluvial depressions. The contrasting stagnant-percolate water regime under the surface waterlogging caused podzolization of the soils manifested in the skeletans, iron nodules, humus cutans, and podzolic horizons. The pro-files acquired eluvial-illuvial differentiation, and the water-physical properties of the soils became less favorable. In the soils of the terrace depressions upon bogging due to the shallow ground water and stagnation of water up to mid-July, the Eh values decreased to ?20 to ?80 mV. The reductive conditions were responsible for the appearance of the morphochromatic signs of gley. The ground water of bicarbonate-calcium composition at a depth of 80–120 cm hindered podzolization. The soils with features of gley and podzolization are low-productive. 相似文献
16.
F. R. Zaidel’man A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova S. B. Safronov V. N. Krasin 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2007,62(4):200-207
Chemical properties of chernozem-like soils in closed depressions on different relief elements in the northern part of the Tambov Plain differ significantly. The soils with podzolic features in depressions on the watershed have a high acidity and a low degree of base saturation. The soils on the above-floodplain terrace are neutral and saturated with bases. When the degree of moistening increases, the share of magnesium in the total exchangeable bases increases to 30–35%. In the soils of surface flooding under gleyzation conditions, iron is leached from the fine earth, and iron nodules are formed. In the soils formed under the impact of groundwater, iron diffusion is observed in the surface layers. In the podzolic horizons of soils on the watershed, humus acquires a fulvic-humic character. In the soils formed under the impact of groundwater and water stagnation conditions typical for gleyed soils, the Cha: Cfa ratio is higher than 1. 相似文献
17.
Specific features of the most fertile soils in the semidesert zone of the northern Caspian region—dark-colored chernozem-like soils of large mesodepressions—are analyzed. The recent regional rise in the groundwater level and the restoration of steppe vegetation in the fallowed soils of large mesodepressions, especially near forest strips and forest plantations, have led to certain changes in the microfabric and chemical composition of these soils, as well as in the soil organic matter properties. 相似文献
18.
An attempt is made to formulate general regularities of changes in the amount and composition of Mn‐Fe conoretions in soils of humid landscapes, confined to various soil‐forming rocks within the Russian platform. It is concluded, that the intensive formation of concretions is highly conditioned by waterlogging degree of soils and their hydrological regime. The content of concretions is always maximum in gley‐like soils (seldom in gley ones), independing on genesis of parent rocks; the fraction distribution of Mn‐Fe concretions proves to be stable in time; Mn amount is declined with increasing the waterloggiing degree of soils, while the content of Fe becomes increased; the highest accumulation of such microelements as Co, Pb, Cd is observed in concretions, which are rich in Mn. The concretions are characterized by a high amount of X‐ray‐amorphous Fe as well as by a low magnetic susceptibility. The chemical composition of concretions is shown to be preferable for quantitative diagnosis of the water‐logging degree in soils. 相似文献
19.
The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were
studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between
the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging,
the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging.
Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or
in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate
iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying.
This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons.
According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern
in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic
soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon
and their higher humus content (5–7%). 相似文献
20.
A soil toposequence in NE Italy was studied, which consists of a terra rossa on Cretaceous limestone on the upper slope grading downwards into a colluvial fan with terra rossa material and finally into alluvial river sediments. It is postulated that the red colluviated terra rossa material has come under a moister hydroregime which provided reducing conditions. Because hematite of the terra rossa dissolved preferentially over goethite, as shown by quantitative Fe oxide mineralogy, soil color changed from 2.5YR to 7.5YR. The soils contained two types of concretions, red ones with a low Feo/Fed ratio and a high content of hematite and low content of Mn-oxides and black ones with a high Feo/Fed ratio, a small amount of hematite and abundant Mn oxides. The red concretions are therefore considered as inherited from an earlier period of pedogenesis whereas the black ones are neoformed in the present pedoenvironment. This is further supported by the lower Al-for-Fe substitution of goethite in the black concretions as compared to a higher Al substitution in the goethite inherited from the terra rossa. 相似文献