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1.
为明确茶园天敌与假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis之间关系的变化动态,用灰色关联度法和生态位法研究天敌与假眼小绿叶蝉在数量、时间、空间上的关系,综合分析假眼小绿叶蝉优势种天敌位次在茶树品种间和年份间的差异。结果显示,根据密切指数之和比较发现,2015年在乌牛早茶园与白毫早茶园中,与假眼小绿叶蝉跟随关系密切的前3位天敌中均有锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa和粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola,这2种天敌在2种茶园中的密切指数之和分别为5.493和5.784;2016年天敌中均有八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum和粽管巢蛛,这2种天敌在2种茶园中密切指数之和分别为5.296和5.448。2015年与2016年相比,乌牛早茶园前3位天敌中均有粽管巢蛛,白毫早茶园前3位天敌中均有锥腹肖蛸和粽管巢蛛。表明2个品种茶园不同年份假眼小绿叶蝉前3位优势种天敌为粽管巢蛛、锥腹肖蛸和八斑球腹蛛。 相似文献
2.
为了分析在聚块大小不同时天敌对假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis Gothe空间上跟随关系的密切程度、聚集原因和聚集范围,为评价假眼小绿叶蝉的天敌优势种提供科学依据,用聚块样方方差分析法、灰色关联度法、空间聚集强度指数、种群聚集均数法和ρ指数法对安徽省合肥市‘乌牛早’和‘白毫早’茶园不同大小聚块条件下的假眼小绿叶蝉及其7种蜘蛛类的天敌空间关系进行分析。假眼小绿叶蝉与其7种蜘蛛类天敌均方差峰值时的聚块样方数的关联度分析结果表明:‘乌牛早’茶园中与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前四种天敌依次是茶色新圆蛛Neoscona theisi(0.753 5)、八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum(0.720 1)、锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa(0.681 3)和草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum(0.644 2)。‘白毫早’茶园中与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前四种天敌依次是粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola(0.823 5)、鳞纹肖蛸Tetragnatha squamata(0.800 9)、锥腹肖蛸(0.794 2)和茶色新圆蛛(0.794 2)。两种茶园前四种天敌中相同的天敌是茶色新圆蛛和锥腹肖蛸。假眼小绿叶蝉在聚块内基本样方数k为1、2、4、8时,随着聚块内基本样方数的增多,聚集分布格局时的扩散系数C不断增大,均匀和随机格局时扩散系数不断减小。聚块内基本样方数k为2、4、8时与k为1时的假眼小绿叶蝉的空间分布聚集程度差异均不显著。假眼小绿叶蝉的种群聚集均数λ多数情况均大于2,其聚集是该虫本身原因引起的,假眼小绿叶蝉在种群聚集均数λ为正值时,随着聚块内基本样方数的增加,则种群聚集均数λ不断增大。用假眼小绿叶蝉不同大小聚块的ρ指数判断个体群聚集时的最小范围是聚块中有1个基本样方,即本文的4 m~2。该研究为该虫抽样时确定样方大小提供了科学依据。 相似文献
3.
茶园天敌对花蓟马和茶短须螨的跟随效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了合理保护和利用自然天敌进行害虫的综合防治,对安徽茶园主要害虫与天敌进行系统调查,进行了天敌对花蓟马和茶短须螨跟随效应的研究。运用地学统计学方法求得天敌与害虫半变异函数的变程,用灰色关联度分析方法分析变程之间的关联度,与害虫关联度值越大的天敌对害虫的跟随关系越密切。本文分析了花蓟马种群数量在全年最多时段(4月13日—7月8日)、茶短须螨种群数量在全年最多时段(5月13日—8月5日)内,茶园中5种主要天敌对两种害虫跟随关系的密切程度。结果表明,花蓟马与斜纹猫蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫半变异函数变程的关联度分别为0.658 3、0.614 6、0.607 1、0.753 8和0.647 1,茶短须螨与斜纹猫蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫半变异函数变程的关联度分别为0.718 9、0.615 6、0.701 0、0.676 5和0.697 6。表明与花蓟马跟随关系密切的天敌依次是龟纹瓢虫、斜纹猫蛛和异色瓢虫,与茶短须螨跟随关系密切的天敌依次是斜纹猫蛛、粽管巢蛛和异色瓢虫。 相似文献
4.
合肥市白毫早、乌牛早茶园天敌与蓟马的空间跟随关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为利用天敌有效防治茶园蓟马,2015—2016年选择安徽农业大学农业科技试验基地的白毫早和乌牛早2种茶园进行试验,对2种茶园的蓟马数量及其天敌数量进行调查,采用地学统计学方法与灰色关联度法相结合方法综合分析与蓟马空间跟随关系密切的天敌种类。结果表明,2015年和2016年2年,白毫早茶园蓟马共2 408头,其捕食性天敌共12 156头,与蓟马空间跟随关系密切的前4位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa、茶色新圆蛛Neoscona theisi、粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola和草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum,2年密切指数之和分别为1.952、1.843、1.800和1.751;2015年和2016年2年,乌牛早茶园蓟马共6 540头,其捕食性天敌共12 376头,与蓟马空间关系密切的前4位天敌依次是八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、茶色新圆蛛和锥腹肖蛸,2年密切指数之和分别为1.863、1.829、1.762和1.759。综合分析2年白毫早和乌牛早2种茶园,与蓟马空间关系密切的前4位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛、异色瓢虫和草间小黑蛛,密切指数之和为3.710、3.605、3.512和3.473。 相似文献
5.
安徽合肥地区茶园蓟马与其捕食性天敌的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法,研究了安徽合肥地区2015年和2016年‘乌牛早’茶园和‘白毫早’茶园的蓟马与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面的关联,依据天敌与蓟马关系密切指数之和,评判出蓟马的主要天敌。结果表明‘白毫早’茶园蓟马的主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛(10.890 1)、锥腹肖蛸(9.8740)、鳞纹肖蛸(9.1478)和茶色新圆蛛(8.552 2);‘乌牛早’茶园蓟马两年的前四位主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛(11.347 8)、锥腹肖蛸(9.634 4)、异色瓢虫(9.627 0)和鳞纹肖蛸(9.507 3)。综合分析,2015年和2016年‘乌牛早’茶园和‘白毫早’茶园蓟马前四位天敌中有三种相同,即八斑球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和鳞纹肖蛸。两种茶园两年高峰日的蓟马类都是聚集分布格局,其聚集是由蓟马本身原因或环境中的某一因子引起的。该分析方法是评判害虫主要天敌较为理想的方法。 相似文献
6.
为了给棉田主要害虫防治及自然天敌保护和利用提供依据,作者系统调查研究了湖南长沙转基因棉田节肢动物群落结构、消长动态和时空生态位。结果表明:长沙转基因棉田群落结构较丰富,有节肢动物11目20科33种。棉田主要害虫有棉叶蝉、小绿叶蝉、朱砂叶螨、棉蚜及烟粉虱;主要天敌有八斑鞘腹蛛、鳞纹肖蛸、龟纹瓢虫、六点食螨蓟马和日本通草蛉。6月上旬前重点防治朱砂叶螨和蚜虫,7月中旬重点防治小绿叶蝉和棉叶蝉。八斑鞘腹蛛和六点食螨蓟马是前期优势天敌,鳞纹肖蛸是中后期优势天敌。鳞纹肖蛸、龟纹瓢虫和日本通草蛉的时空生态位宽度均较大,应加以保护利用。 相似文献
7.
浙江省山地茶园蜘蛛研究初报 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
1979～1990年,调查了浙江省13个县(市)山地茶园蜘蛛资源,并在松阳县进行定点系统调查,共发现茶园蜘蛛24科110种;其种群数量大,占捕食性天敌的93.66％。优势种群有叉线金蝉蛛、前齿肖峭、突腹蛛一种、大井盖蛛、盖蛛一种、管巢蛛。室内饲养观察蜘蛛主要捕食假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶蚜,也捕食茶绿盲蝽以及尺蠖和卷蛾的幼虫。3种常见蜘蛛又线金蝉蛛、粽管巢蛛、毁坏管巢蛛对假眼小绿叶蝉的日捕食达8.5～11.0头,对害虫的控制能力居茶园捕食性天敌的首位,影响茶园蜘蛛种群消长的主要因子有:害虫种群变化、农药施用、农事操作及气候因子等。 相似文献
8.
2003年6月至2004年5月在对油茶园害虫茶袋蛾及其天敌种群数量系统调查基础上,运用生态位理论和灰色关联度及模糊贴近度方法,系统研究了茶袋蛾与其天敌间相互关系。结果表明:与茶袋蛾空间生态位重叠值>0.8758的天敌有跳蛛、圆蛛和蟹蛛;时间生态位重叠值>0.4748的天敌有蟹蛛、圆蛛和肖蛸。天敌与茶袋蛾灰色关联度较高的种类依次为圆蛛、姬蜂、小蜂、寄蝇和微蛛;与理想天敌关联度较高的天敌种类为微蛛、肖蛸、跳蛛、姬蜂和小蜂;天敌同茶袋蛾和理想优势种关联度总积分较高的依次为微蛛=姬蜂>圆蛛=肖蛸=小蜂。茶袋蛾与其天敌模糊贴近度最大的是圆蛛,其次为肖蛸。这些结果表明圆蛛对茶袋蛾追随效应显著,为优势种天敌,其次为肖蛸。 相似文献
9.
为了探究捕食小贯小绿叶蝉Empoasca onukii的游猎蛛的种间竞争作用, 调查2021年‘平阳特早’‘乌牛早’‘龙井43’‘农抗早’‘安吉白茶’和‘黄山大叶种’6个茶园盛发期小贯小绿叶蝉与其天敌游猎蛛的种群动态, 运用通径分析法?灰色关联度法和竞争系数法分析不同游猎蛛之间竞争作用并得出竞争力最强的游猎蛛, 再将灰色关联度与竞争系数相结合引申出竞争强度指数的概念以验证所得结果的准确性?结果表明, 取食高峰日小贯小绿叶蝉时, 黑色蝇虎Plexippus paykulli和斑管巢蛛Clubiona deletrix竞争力最强, 条纹蝇虎Plexippus setipes竞争力最弱?研究结果为合理保护和利用游猎蛛防治小贯小绿叶蝉提供科学依据? 相似文献
10.
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Sergio Ovruski Martín Aluja John Sivinski Robert Wharton 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(2):81-107
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids. 相似文献
13.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
14.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
15.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad 相似文献
16.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
17.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
18.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina. 相似文献
19.
Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P
arthenium hysterophorus
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下载免费PDF全文 Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season. 相似文献
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W. Gams Willeke Van Laar 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1982,88(2):39-45
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen. 相似文献