共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Genetically identical cells and organisms exhibit remarkable diversity even when they have identical histories of environmental exposure. Noise, or variation, in the process of gene expression may contribute to this phenotypic variability. Recent studies suggest that this noise has multiple sources, including the stochastic or inherently random nature of the biochemical reactions of gene expression. In this review, we summarize noise terminology and comment on recent investigations into the sources, consequences, and control of noise in gene expression. 相似文献
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Stochastic gene expression in a single cell 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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Control of stochasticity in eukaryotic gene expression 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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Programmed gene rearrangements altering gene expression 总被引：71，自引：0，他引：71
Programmed gene rearrangements are used in nature to to alter gene copy number (gene amplification and deletion), to create diversity by reassorting gene segments (as in the formation of mammalian immunoglobulin genes), or to control the expression of a set of genes that code for the same function (such as surface antigens). Two major mechanisms for expression control are DNA inversion and DNA transposition. In DNA inversion a DNA segment flips around and is rejoined by site-specific recombination, disconnecting or connecting a gene to sequences required for its expression. In DNA transposition a gene moves into an expression site where it displaces its predecessor by gene conversion. Gene rearrangements altering gene expression have mainly been found in some unicellular organisms. They allow a fraction of the organisms to preadapt to sudden changes in environment, that is, to alter properties such as surface antigens in the absence of an inducing stimulus. The antigenic variation that helps the causative agents of African trypanosomiasis, gonorrhea, and relapsing fever to elude host defense is controlled in this way. 相似文献
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Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression 总被引：370，自引：0，他引：370
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Many cellular components are present in such low numbers per cell that random births and deaths of individual molecules can cause substantial "noise" in concentrations. But biochemical events do not necessarily occur in single steps of individual molecules. Some processes are greatly randomized when synthesis or degradation occurs in large bursts of many molecules during a short time interval. Conversely, each birth or death of a macromolecule could involve several small steps, creating a memory between individual events. We present a generalized theory for stochastic gene expression, formulating the variance in protein abundance in terms of the randomness of the individual gene expression events. We show that common types of molecular mechanisms can produce gestation and senescence periods that reduce noise without requiring higher abundances, shorter lifetimes, or any concentration-dependent control loops. We also show that most single-cell experimental methods cannot distinguish between qualitatively different stochastic principles, although this in turn makes such methods better suited for identifying which components introduce fluctuations. Characterizing the random events that give rise to noise in concentrations instead requires dynamic measurements with single-molecule resolution. 相似文献
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研究选用籽粒蛋白质含量差异显著的5个品种(系),比较分析品种间GS同工型基因在灌浆过程中籽粒和叶片表达特性及启动子序列与结构特点。结果表明,不同品种间OsGS同工型基因表达量差异显著;OsGS1;1和OsGS1;2基因在籽粒和叶片中大量表达;OsGS1;3和OsGS2基因分别仅在籽粒和叶片中大量表达;在灌浆过程中籽粒和叶片中OsGS同工型基因m RNA表达量均呈单峰曲线变化,灌浆前期m RNA表达量平稳升高,中期出现峰值,后期快速降低,且高蛋白质含量品种m RNA表达量高于低蛋白质含量品种。籽粒蛋白质含量差异显著品种间OsGS同工型基因启动子序列同源性高达99%以上;品种间有性杂交子代OsGS同工型基因启动子序列可发生碱基变化,但启动子核心元件无变化。在调控元件数量和功能上OsGS同工型基因启动子保守性很强,启动子在结构和功能上不易发生遗传变异,籽粒OsGS同工型基因m RNA表达量变化受OsGS基因启动子调控影响较小。 相似文献
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Antibody variability. Somatic recombination between the elements of "antibody gene pairs" may explain antibody variability 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
O Smithies 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,157(786):267-273
I have analyzed the available amino acid sequence data from 30 myelomatosis-derived proteins. Several types of variation are apparent. I conclude that a major and genetically predetermined contribution to the variability of these proteins and of antibodies could be provided by chromosomal rearrangements resulting from somatic recombination between similar but not identical genes in antibody gene pairs. My hypothesis suggests many new types of experiment and can be tested (31). 相似文献
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Autogenous regulation of gene expression 总被引：38，自引：0，他引：38
R F Goldberger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,183(127):810-816
A new term, autogenous regulation, is used to describe a phenomenon that is not a new discovery but rather is newly appreciated as a mechanism common to a number of systems in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In this mechanism the product of a structural gene regulates expression of the operon in which that structural gene resides. In many (perhaps all) cases, the regulatory gene product has several functions, since it may act not only as a regulatory protein but also as an enzyme, structural protein, or antibody, for example. In a few cases, this protein is the multimeric allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the first step of a metabolic pathway, gearing together the two most important mechanisms for controlling the biosynthesis of metabolites in bacterial cells-feedback inhibition and repression. Autogenous regulation may provide a mechanism for amplification of gene expression (84); for severe and prolonged inactivation of gene expression (85); for buffering the response of structural genes to changes in the environment (45, 52); and for maintaining a constant intracellular concentration of a protein, independent of cell size or growth rate (86). Thus, autogenous regulation provides the cell with means for accomplishing a number of different regulatory tasks, each suited to better satisfying the needs of the organism for its survival. 相似文献
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Autonomous developmental control of human embryonic globin gene switching in transgenic mice 总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25
N Raich T Enver B Nakamoto B Josephson T Papayannopoulou G Stamatoyannopoulos 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,250(4984):1147-1149
The mechanisms by which expression of the beta-like globin genes are developmentally regulated are under intense investigation. The temporal control of human embryonic (epsilon) globin expression was analyzed. A 3.7-kilobase (kb) fragment that contained the entire human epsilon-globin gene was linked to a 2.5-kb cassette of the locus control region (LCR), and the developmental time of expression of this construct was studied in transgenic mice. The human epsilon-globin transgene was expressed in yolk sac-derived primitive erythroid cells, but not in fetal liver or bone marrow-derived definitive erythroid cells. The absence of epsilon gene expression in definitive erythroid cells suggests that the developmental regulation of the epsilon-globin gene depends only on the presence of the LCR and the epsilon-globin gene itself (that is, an autonomous negative control mechanism). The autonomy of epsilon-globin gene developmental control distinguishes it from the competitive mechanism of regulation of gamma and beta-globin genes, and therefore, suggests that at least two distinct mechanisms function in human hemoglobin switching. 相似文献
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Identifying the properties of gene networks that influence their evolution is a fundamental research goal. However, modes of evolution cannot be inferred solely from the distribution of natural variation, because selection interacts with demography and mutation rates to shape polymorphism and divergence. We estimated the effects of naturally occurring mutations on gene expression while minimizing the effect of natural selection. We demonstrate that sensitivity of gene expression to mutations increases with both increasing trans-mutational target size and the presence of a TATA box. Genes with greater sensitivity to mutations are also more sensitive to systematic environmental perturbations and stochastic noise. These results provide a mechanistic basis for gene expression evolvability that can serve as a foundation for realistic models of regulatory evolution. 相似文献
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Artificial yeast introns that show cold-sensitive splicing have been constructed. These conditional introns can be inserted into a target gene as an "intron cassette" without disrupting the coding information, allowing expression of the gene to be cold sensitive. Insertion of these intron cassettes rendered the yeast URA3 gene cold sensitive in its expression. The advantage of this intron-mediated control system is that any gene can be converted to a controllable gene by simple insertion of an intron. 相似文献
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Syrian hamster female protein: analysis of female protein primary structure and gene expression 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The concentration in plasma of the female protein (FP) of the golden Syrian hamster is regulated by sex steroids and by mediators of the acute-phase response to tissue injury or inflammation. A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone corresponding to FP was isolated from a hamster liver cDNA library and used to determine the nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence of native FP. The primary sequence of FP is 69 percent identical to human serum amyloid P component and 50 percent identical to human C-reactive protein. Evidence showed that sex-limited and acute-phase control of the FP gene is pretranslational. The FP protein is thus a useful model for investigating dual regulation of expression of a single gene. 相似文献
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等位基因的结构变异及差异表达在多种生物中普遍存在。等位基因差异表达对基因的表达起了很重要的调控作用,并最终可能与生物的表型多态性联系起来。但是,由于问题的复杂性和缺乏有效的技术,等位差异表达与基因表达变化乃至表型变化之间的关系至今没有解决,因此对等位差异表达在各种生物中所起的作用仍然是低估的。本文从等位基因差异表达产生的原因、其生物学意义以及检测方法等方面对目前等位基因结构变异及差异表达的研究进展做一简单介绍。 相似文献
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