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1.
The common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) and the pygmy shrew (S. minutus L.) could be raised for several months in captivity using the tupaii food Altromin 8010®. The artificial diet was well accepted and the animals increased in weight.  相似文献   

2.
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), and the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), are significant field pests of potato in the Ardabil region of Iran. Orius niger (Wolf.) and O. minutus (L.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) are locally the predominant natural enemies of these pests. This study compared the functional responses of O. niger and O. minutus to female mites and second instar thrips larvae across a range of prey densities (5, 10, 20, and 40 prey/arena) under controlled conditions of 24 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH and 16:8 h (L:D). The resulting data were appropriately fit to Type II functional response models in four predator–prey interactions, including: (1) O. niger to second instar thrips larvae (a = 0.009 h−1; and T h = 1.62 h); (2) O. niger to females mites (a = 0.006 h−1 and T h = 1.28 h); (3) O. minutus to second instar thrips larvae (a = 0.008 h−1 and T h = 1.93 h) and (4) O. minutus to females mites (a = 0.01 h−1 and T h = 1.1 h). The number of second instar thrips larvae attacked by O. niger was greater than that by O. minutus (P ≤ 0.01); conversely, the number of females mites attacked by O. minutus was greater than that by O. niger (P ≤ 0.01). These results confirm the potential for both O. niger and O. minutus to make valuable contributions to a biological control program against onion thrips and the two-spotted spider mites infesting potato fields in this region.  相似文献   

3.
Thiamethoxam (ACTARA® 25WG) was evaluated for its insecticidal activities against the bamboo powder post beetle Dinoderus minutus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). The study showed that thiamethoxam had contact toxicity against D. minutus. Based on dose-mortality responses, LC50 values for thiamethoxam against D. minutus ranged from 1.74 to 7.94 μg ml?1. Laboratory and field exposure tests showed that thiamethoxam at concentration of atleast 10 μg ml?1 may have anti-oviposition or anti-feeding effects on D. minutus and can protect post harvest Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. culms against the infestation of this bamboo boring beetle.  相似文献   

4.
Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) and onion thrips are serious pests of potatoes in the Ardabil region (Iran). In the present study, anthocorid species were identified in potato fields of this region during 2006 and 2007. The results of the abundance study indicate that Orius niger (Wolff) and O. minutus (Linnaeus) are major predators of these pests in potato fields. The life table parameters of these predators were compared when they were fed 2nd instar larvae of onion thrips or female TSSM on potato leaves. In these experiments, O. niger had a lower nymphal mortality, longer oviposition period, higher net reproductive rate (R 0), and higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) when fed thrips instead of mites. O. minutus feeding on mites compare to thrips had a lower nymphal mortality, longer oviposition period, higher net reproductive rate, and higher intrinsic rate of natural increase. Based on these results, it can be concluded that these predators could be useful as biological agents in potato fields.  相似文献   

5.
This study was carried out to determine the development, survival and reproduction responses of Adalia fasciatopunctata revelierei (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Homoptera: Aphididae), using 20, 40, 80, 160 and 250 prey densities. All experiments were conducted at 25±1°C, 60±5% relative humidity, 16:8 light:dark under laboratory conditions. The average daily prey consumption of A. fasciatopunctata revelierei immatures and adults increased with increasing prey densities. Predation was not different for the larval stages at 80, 160 and 250 prey densities. The longevities of adult females were 35.67, 35.33, 49.00, 58.33 and 57.16 days when 20, 40, 80, 160 and 250 H. pruni were provided, respectively. The mean daily and total fecundity of A. fasciatopunctata revelierei increased with increasing prey densities. Females of A. fasciatopunctata revelierei feeding on H. pruni laid 89 eggs at 20 prey density and 301.67 eggs at 160 prey density. The search rate of females was higher than that of all larval instars; and the search rate of the fourth-instar larvae was higher than that of younger instars. Handling time decreased with development from larval stages to adult.  相似文献   

6.
A survey of the xylophagous insects in the conifer forests, mainly Pinus pinaster woodlands, in Spain was carried out in order to study the phoretic vectors of nematodes of the genus Bursaphelenchus. Fifteen environmental sites were characterized on the bases of altitude, rainfall, temperature and conifer species. Specimens of Orthotomicus erosus (n = 3476) were captured of which 59% carried nematodes under their elytrous, most of them were aphelenchid fungal‐feeding nematodes, but B. fungivorus was found on the beetles from Las Cumbres, Villa Blanca, (Huelva), southern Spain, which represent the first record of O. erosus as vector of a Bursaphelenchus sp. The nematode is characterized by morphometric and biomolecular techniques and distribution and ecology of the insect is discussed.  相似文献   

7.
This is the first report of Monochamus sutor as vector of B. mucronatus kolymensis, the European type of B. mucronatus (synonymous with B. kolymensis) in Spain. In 2013, a female of Monochamus sutor was caught in a Pinus sylvestris forest. Nematode species identification was based on morphological characteristics and on molecular and phylogenetic analysis of dauer juveniles and adults.  相似文献   

8.
As a result of the detection of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal, and its subsequent spread to Spain, intense surveys were conducted to screen for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species in Romania. Herein, we report recent surveys of insects potentially vectoring Bursaphelenchus species collected using trap trees or pheromone‐baited traps placed in the forest. Trap felled spruce trees (Picea abies) and pheromone‐baited traps were installed in six different counties in Romania (Bra?ov, Sibiu, Suceava, Hunedoara, Timi? and Dâmbovi?a). Ten different species of insects distributed among Curculionidae and Cerambycidae were obtained. Nematodes were extracted from insects and observed to validate the presence of Bursaphelenchus specimens. One female identified as Monochamus sutor was the only specimen carrying nematodes in the genus Bursaphelenchus. Nematodes were identified as B. mucronatus based on morphological and molecular features. This is the first detection and report of natural spread of B. mucronatus in Romania. The absence of B. xylophilus was confirmed in the areas of Romania surveyed in this work.  相似文献   

9.
Summary There is reported on insects imported to Hamburg in souvenirs and on insect damages on souvenirs from subtropical and tropical countries:Lyctus brunneus (Steph.) in a North-African stringed instrument, pupal chambers ofDermestes maculatus De Geer andfrischii Kugel. in Indian teatable attacked byLyctus sp., bonboo insects especiallyChlorophorus annularis (F.),Niphonoclea furcata (Bates), andDinoderus minutus (F.),Dinoderus brevis Horn in boxes for Japanese okimono-figures,Bostrychoplites cornutus (0l.) in Southwest-African native carved work and drum,Stegobium paniceum (L.) in a leather cushion,Ceratophaga vastella (Zell.) on Angolan hunting trophy, gnawing at goats skin of native drums from Mombassa by young larves ofD. maculatus, damages on Indian tea table by termites, andPachymerus nucleorum (F.) in a Brasilian palmseed-neckchain. The ability to acclimatization of these insects is discused.  相似文献   

10.
A study was made on the susceptibility of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.), to the nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (All) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Three concentrations of each nematode species were used (75, 150, and 300 infective juveniles) for each treatment. The nematode, H. bacteriophora, gave 100% mortality 96, 90, and 48 h, respectively, post-treatment of S. littoralis larvae with 75, 150, and 300 infective juveniles. On the other hand, S. carpocapsae (All) gave 100% mortality 120, 90, and 56 h post-treatment, respectively. Therefore, H. bacteriophora was more potent against cotton leafworm than S. carpocapsae. Studies on the infestation intensity of the nematode species against the cotton leafworm showed the predominance of H. bacteriophora over S. carpocapsae, while in studies of the reproductive rate those of S. carpocapsae predominate. The bacterial symbionts of each nematode species were isolated and tested alone against cotton leafworm at concentrations ranging between 1×102 and 5×103 bacterial cells/larva. The results showed a higher activity of Photorhabdus luminescens than that of Xenorhabdu nematophilus.  相似文献   

11.
The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%.  相似文献   

12.
Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is recorded as a new factitious host for the solitary egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). A short biology and rearing method of the parasitoid on the new host were studied at 30±1°C, 60–70% relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D). Chelonus eclosed from 74.60% of parasitized hosts. No significant difference was found between development times of male and female parasitoids. Development of the parasitoid was completed in 28.14±0.47 days in male, and 28.87±0.58 days in female. However, a significant difference was found between adult sizes of male and female parasitoids. Adult dry mass was found 0.88±0.04 mg in male, and 1.99±0.11 mg in female. In addition, C. oculator was successfully reared from P. interpunctella in twenty generations with the explained method. Significant knowledge about biology of C. oculator is still lacking. However, the parasitoid can be candidate for future research as a biological control agent against some important lepidopteran pests, and P. interpunctella may be suitable factitious host for mass rearing of C. oculator.  相似文献   

13.
The factors involved in the successful escape of overwintered larvae of Epinotia granitalis from host oleoresin in the phloem of Cryptomeria japonica were studied. The mortality, period, and body weight of E. granitalis overwintered larvae while feeding on the phloem of C. japonica were compared with the same parameters for Semanotus japonicus larvae. The seasonal fluctuation in the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals in the phloem was also assessed. The oleoresin mortality of E. granitalis was low compared with that of S. japonicus. Although both species started feeding on approximately the same date in spring, the feeding period of E. granitalis was only about 24 days, showing that E. granitalis faced the danger of host oleoresin for a shorter period than S. japonicus. The larval weight of E. granitalis was consistently greater than that of S. japonicus through the phloem-feeding period of E. granitalis, and the growth rate was also higher in E. granitalis, suggesting that E. granitalis had a better ability to avoid host oleoresin. These results demonstrated that not only the feeding habits, that is, the tendency of a single larva to feed at several sites, but also the shorter feeding period and larger body size were probably the important factors facilitating escape of E. granitalis from host oleoresin mortality. Furthermore, the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals increased after the starting date of larval feeding in spring. Because E. granitalis finished feeding before the culmination of the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals, it was likely that the shorter feeding period was the most important factor in enabling E. granitalis to escape from mortality by host oleoresin.  相似文献   

14.
In a recent paper, V. Michelsen(1988, Systematic Entomology 13: 271–314) revised 18 world species of anthomyiid cone and seed pests and described a new genus,Strobilomyia gen. n. He consideredS. melaniola of Northeast China to be a synonym ofS. viaria of North America. That they are the same species is not accepted. We compared the morphological characters of male and femaleS. melaniola adults with the close relatives,S. viaria andS. sibirica. We conclude that they are not the same species and that S.melaniola is an independent species.  相似文献   

15.
The parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, were investigated throughout two far distant provinces, Tehran and Sistan-Baluchestan. Colonies of the cowpea aphid were collected from different host plants and reared under laboratory conditions until the parasitoids emerged. The aphids were parasitized by an expected range of parasitoids. The species were Aphidius colemani Viereck, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay and Eady, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall), Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday), Praon volucre (Haliday) and Ephedrus persicae Froggatt. L. testaceipes is reported here for the first time in Iran. The most common species was L. fabarum followed by B. acalephae and L. confusus. A key is provided for identification and host plant associations are considered.  相似文献   

16.
This is the first report and characterization of Bursaphelenchus sexdentati and the first official report of the presence of the genus Bursaphelenchus in Israel. This species was isolated from Orthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) found on Pinus halepensis in the Judean foothills in Israel. Nematodes collected from insect galleries were reared on fungal cultures and identified based on morphological diagnostic characters for the genus Bursaphelenchus. Sequencing analyses of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region, small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) of ribosomal DNA confirmed the identification of this nematode species collected from wood and directly from the insect body.  相似文献   

17.
The development time, longevity, and fecundity of Dysaphis plantaginea were measured on six apple cultivars (Golden delicious, Red delicious, Renetta canada, Florina querina, Golden lasa, and Golden orange) under controlled conditions, in order to establish the life tables of D. plantaginea on the different cultivars and to evaluate the tolerance of the cultivars against this pest. The intrinsic rates of increase (r m) were 0.07 and 0.11 day−1 on F. querina and G. orange, respectively. On the other four cultivars, rates ranged between 0.22 and 0.26 day−1, with the maximum value registered on G. lasa. All the biological and demographic parameters evaluated, i.e. survival of larvae (M = 5.8–72.2%), mean generation time (T = 14.94–20.62 days), and net reproduction rate (R 0 = 4.23–47.37), show that G. orange and F. querina are tolerant cultivars while R. delicious, R. canada, G. lasa, and G. delicious are susceptible hosts.  相似文献   

18.
The 2015–2018 outbreak of spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) in southern New England initiated a severe oak decline and mortality event. While defoliation was a primary driver, increased secondary pest and pathogen activity contributed to decline and death. Following this large defoliation event, Diplodia was frequently recovered from northern red oaks (Quercus rubra) with serious outbreaks of twig cankering. Given the many recent reports of Diplodia corticola on oak in eastern North America, it was presumed to be the causal agent. To confirm, a limited survey was conducted from five states in the region (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont). Based on ITS, tef1 and tub2 sequences generated from 28 isolates collected primarily from northern red oak, Diplodia gallae, two potentially novel Diplodia species and Diplodia sapinea were identified. Surprisingly, D. corticola was not found in this study. ITS sequences alone failed to discriminate among isolates of D. gallae and D. corticola, creating uncertainty over previous reports of D. corticola in eastern North America. Only a combined ITS + tef1 dataset successfully distinguished D. gallae and D. corticola along with two other closely related species that also occur on oak (Diplodia quercicola and Diplodia quercivora). Additional cankering and endophytic fungi (Coryneum, Dendrostoma, Gnomoniopsis, Pestalotiopsis and Tubakia) were also found on symptomatic oaks in the region. Identification of Diplodia isolates from non-Quercus hosts also detected Diplodia neojuniperi on Juniperus chinensis and Microbiota decussata, which has not been reported previously in North America.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Predictive models were developed for Cordia alliodora branch and Theobroma cacao branch or leaf biomass,based on branch basal areas (r2 0.79) but the model of C. alliodora leaf biomass, although significant, was of very low accuracy (r2 = 0.09) due to annual leaf fall. At age 10 years, shade tree stem biomass accounted for 80% of the total above-ground biomass of either tree. However, between the ages of 6 and 10 years, the biomass increment of T. cacao branches (3–4t.ha–1.a–1) was similar to that of the shade tree stems. During the same period, the net primary productivity was 35 and 28 t.ha–1.a–1, for the Erythrina poepigiana and and C. alliodora systems, respectively.Cocoa production under either of the shade trees C. alliodora or E. poeppigiana was 1000 kg.ha–1.a–1 (oven-dry; ages 6–10 yr). During the same period, C. alliodora timber production was 9 m3.ha–1.a–1 whilst the leguminous shade tree E. poeppigiana does not produce timber. Litterfall over the same 5 years, including crop and/or shade tree pruning residues, averages 11 and 23 t.ha–1.a–1, respectively. The main difference was due to E. poeppigiana pruning residues (10t.ha–1.a–1).Soil organic material reserves (0–45 cm) increased over 10 years from 198 to 240 t.ha–1 in the E. poeppigiana plots and from 168–184 t.ha–1 in the C. alliodora plots. These values, together with the productivity indices presented, provide evidence that the systems are sustainable.For economic reasons, the use of C. alliodora is recommended under the experimental conditions. however, on less fertile soils without fertilization, the greater biomass and hence nutrient return to the soil surface under E. poeppigiana, might make this the preferable shade tree.  相似文献   

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