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Parvizi P Abdul-Careem MF Haq K Thanthrige-Don N Schat KA Sharif S 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2010,11(2):123-134
It is more than a century since Marek's disease (MD) was first reported in chickens and since then there have been concerted efforts to better understand this disease, its causative agent and various approaches for control of this disease. Recently, there have been several outbreaks of the disease in various regions, due to the evolving nature of MD virus (MDV), which necessitates the implementation of improved prophylactic approaches. It is therefore essential to better understand the interactions between chickens and the virus. The chicken immune system is directly involved in controlling the entry and the spread of the virus. It employs two distinct but interrelated mechanisms to tackle viral invasion. Innate defense mechanisms comprise secretion of soluble factors as well as cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells as the first line of defense. These innate responses provide the adaptive arm of the immune system including antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses to be tailored more specifically against MDV. In addition to the immune system, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the outcome of MDV infection in chickens. This review discusses our current understanding of immune responses elicited against MDV and genetic factors that contribute to the nature of the response. 相似文献
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Cell-mediated immune responses are important for protective immunity to Marek’s disease (MD), especially because MD herpesvirus (MDV) infection is strictly cell-associated in chickens with the exception of the feather follicle epithelium. A system previously developed using reticuloendotheliosis (REV)-transformed cell lines stably expressing individual MDV genes allows the determination of relevant MDV proteins for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. To examine the importance of glycoproteins for the induction of CTL, the MDV genes coding for glycoproteins (g) C, D, E, H, I, K, L, and M were stably transfected into the REV-transformed chicken cell lines RECC-CU205 (major histocompatibility complex (MHC): B21B21) and RECC-CU91 (MHC: B19B19). All transfected cell lines were lysed by REV-sensitized, syngeneic splenocytes obtained from MD-resistant N2a (MHC: B21B21) and MD-susceptible P2a (MHC: B19B19) chickens, indicating that the expression of individual MDV glycoproteins did not interfere with antigen processing pathways. Only cell lines expressing gI were recognized by CTL from both N2a and P2a MDV-infected chickens. Cell lines expressing glycoproteins gC and gK, and to a lesser extent, gH, gL, and gM were lysed by syngeneic MDV-sensitized splenocytes from N2a birds but not P2a birds. In contrast, gE was recognized by MDV-sensitized effector cells from the P2a line and not the N2a line. Glycoprotein D was not recognized by either line, with the exception of one marginally significant P2a assay. These results indicate that late viral glycoproteins are relevant for the induction of cell-mediated immunity during MDV infection. 相似文献
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Early cell-mediated immune responses to Marek's disease virus in two chicken lines with defined major histocompatibility complex antigens 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Garcia-Camacho L Schat KA Brooks R Bounous DI 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2003,95(3-4):145-153
N2a and P2a chickens, resistant and susceptible to Marek's disease (MD), respectively, were used to examine relationships between major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK)-like cell activity with resistance to infection with Marek's disease virus (MDV). Ten-day-old chickens were infected with MDV and euthanatized at selected times to evaluate for NK cell and MHC-restricted cytotoxicity. The N2a MDV-infected chickens had an early cell-mediated immune response characterized by a sustained NK-like cytotoxicity that coincided with a measurable MHC-cytotoxicity that was lower than controls. Although MHC-restricted and NK cell cytotoxicity was demonstrated in P2a MDV-infected chickens at 8 dpi, both abruptly decreased and remained low for the remainder of the 20-day experiment. The critical time point that may determine the resistance to MD appears to be within the first 2 weeks post-infection. Improvement of the chicken NK cell activity may be a good candidate for both selection and immunomodulation MD control programs. 相似文献
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2013年3月,甘肃省某鸡场50日龄鸡发生疑似马立克氏病（MD）,导致大批死亡。为进行进一步确诊和病理学研究,分别采集样品进行琼脂扩散试验和病理组织学观察。结果显示,琼脂扩散试验呈马立克氏病病毒（MDV）抗原阳性。病理学观察显示,病鸡肝、脾、肾、心等实质器官程度不等肿大,色泽变淡,甚至形成大小不等和数量不一的灰白色结节;部分病鸡坐骨神经呈单侧性不规则肿粗,弹性降低或丧失;病鸡实质器官及坐骨神经组织中均出现大量多形态的类似淋巴细胞、成淋巴细胞、浆细胞、巨噬细胞及网状细胞聚集或散在,并可见典型的MD细胞,尤其在血管周围和淋巴管周围;各型肿瘤细胞和MD细胞异型性明显,肿瘤细胞周围实质程度不等变性、坏死,间质水肿。研究证明,该鸡场鸡病为MDV感染引起的马立克氏病（MD）,病理变化主要为高异型性的淋巴样肿瘤细胞的广泛浸润,肿瘤细胞恶性程度高、增生活跃。 相似文献
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Rodriguez-Lecompte JC Kruth S Gyorffy S Wan YH Gauldie J 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2004,5(2):227-234
This review examines the mechanisms involved in anti-tumor immunity and how peptides present in many tumor types (tumor-associated antigens) are recognized by T cells from tumor-bearing cancer patients. Tumor-associated antigens are derived from proteins that are also expressed in normal cells. It is predicted that immune responses to such peptides will be compromised by self-tolerance or that stimulation of effective immune responses will be accompanied by autoimmunity. We also consider that the immunity induced against two autoantigens, which are highly conserved in vertebrates, involve qualitatively different mechanisms, such as the production of antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses. However, both pathways lead to tumor immunity and identical phenotypic manifestations of autoimmunity. Appropriate selection of the optimal tumor antigen is critical for the induction of an anti-tumor immune response. Thus, we stress that the methods for antigen presentation using dendritic cells play a critical role in the development of tumor vaccines, to break immune tolerance and induce a strong immune response against them. The viability and feasibility of expansion of canine dendritic cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood ex vivo for the treatment of spontaneous cancers in dogs is also discussed. 相似文献
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Xuming Hu Wencai Xu Aijian Qin Genghua Wu Kun Qian Hongxia Shao Jianqiang Ye 《Veterinary research communications》2014,38(2):149-156
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus that causes T cell immune suppression and malignant lymphomas in chickens. Toll-like receptor (TLR) plays a dominant role in antiviral T cell immunity. However, it is unclear whether MDV induced T cell immunity is associated with TLR-mediated immunity. In this study, the expression of 28 host genes that are involved in TLR-mediated immunity and MHC-medicated T cell immunity was evaluated in chicken thymus at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-infection (dpi). Our results demonstrated that 24 host immune-related genes were upregulated during MDV infection at 7 dpi; however, the expression of most of these genes decreased at 21 and 28 dpi. Notably, a positive correlation was found between the down-regulation of CD4, CD8 and TLR3 signals but not the MyD88-dependent TLR pathway. The present study expanded our knowledge of host immune responses against MDV infection and our results might provide a clue that MDV may interfere with T cell immune response through TLR3 signals. 相似文献
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Primary and secondary immune responses to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at one and 28 days of age. The geometric mean primary hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers (GMT) of chickens infected with IBDV at one day of age was significantly lower (P less than or equal to 0.01) than those infected at 28 days of age. Infection with IBDV had no influence on secondary immune response to NDV. The effect of IBDV infection at one day of age on the cell-mediated immunity of chickens was evaluated by skin allograft acceptance or survival time. There was no significant difference between the percentage of grafts accepted in IBDV infected and noninfected control chickens. However, the mean graft survival time in the IBDV infected chickens was significantly longer (P less than or equal to 0.05) than those in the control group. This suggested a suppression of cell-mediated immunity due to IBDV infection. 相似文献
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Studies on cell-mediated immune response in turkeys infected with turkey coronavirus (TCV) were made. A whole blood culture technique was developed for quantitatively evaluating in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin-P, and TCV antigen. The degree of blastogenesis was quantitated by the measurement of the uptake of the [125I]deoxyuridine in the presence of fluorodeoxyuridine. The stimulation indices were consistently higher in the infected birds compared with those in the noninfected controls, and they were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The detection of TCV specific responses indicated that cell-mediated immunity may be important in determining the immunity against turkey coronaviral enteritis. The whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay was emphasized as a convenient and useful in vitro indicator of cell-mediated immunity in TCV infection. 相似文献
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用马立克氏病病毒（MDV）感染5日龄SPF鸡后,取21日龄和35日龄鸡的淋巴细胞,运用3H-TdR掺入法检测T淋巴细胞对ConA和重组鸡白细胞介素18（rChIL-18）的反应,并用MTT法检测NK细胞和CTL对MD肿瘤细胞系CU147的杀伤活性及rChIL-18和IFN-γ对它们的作用。结果显示,SPF鸡感染MDV后淋转水平显著下降,NK细胞、CTL杀伤活性在感染后21日龄时升高,而在35日龄时NK细胞杀伤活性显著下降。rChIL-18对对照组和感染组SPF鸡的淋转水平和杀伤活性均有提高作用,同样IFN-γ也具有提高NK细胞和CTL杀伤活性的作用。 相似文献
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H K Pradhan G C Mohanty W Y Lee B Patnaik 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1991,29(3-4):229-238
Antibody directed against Marek's disease-associated tumor surface antigen (MATSA) was eluted from tumor cells of lymphomas and peripheral blood lymphocytes that were isolated from Marek's disease virus-infected chickens. Feather follicular Marek's disease virus (MDV) antigen could not be demonstrated with this antibody by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining. Monoclonal antibody directed against MATSA could completely block the activity of eluted antibody and vice versa. By indirect IF staining using eluted antibody and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled antichicken globulin conjugate. MATSA-bearing cells were detected in MDV infected and herpes virus of turkey (HVT) vaccinated birds. Blocking of immunoglobulin molecules present on B-cells by anti-chicken globulin is critical in this test. 相似文献
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C.A Carson I Kakoma M Ristic 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1980,3(3):277-281
Peripheral blood leukocytes separated by erythrocyte aggregation and density-gradient centrifugation were used in tests to measure the cell-mediated response in bovine anaplasmosis. The leukocyte migration inhibition test was apparently related to the host protective immune response. Leukocyte stimulation by a specific anaplasma antigen elicits positive but low level stimulation indices in cultures of cells collected from cattle exposed to live anaplasma. There appears to be a nonspecific enhancement of blastogenesis in cultures of leukocytes from cattle injected with inactivated-oil fortified Anaplasma marginale vaccine. Cytotoxicity tests indicated that both leukocytes and antibodies are active in clearance of anaplasma infected erythrocytes from the circulatory system. 相似文献
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Pathogenesis of Marek's disease virus-induced local lesions. 1. Lesion characterization and cell line establishment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Subcutaneous (wing-web) or intramuscular inoculation of chickens with allogeneic normal or Marek's disease virus (MDV)-infected chicken kidney cells induced local lesions visible by 3-4 days postinoculation (PI). Lesions were slightly larger (P less than 0.05) in infected than uninfected chickens 5 and 8 days PI. They persisted and grew past 9 days PI only when infected. Infiltrating lymphocytes in infected and uninfected early lesions were similar; they included B-cells and also T-cells with and without Ia antigen. Up to 42% of lymphocytes from infected or uninfected lesions had the surface antigen MATSA. At 3 to 6 days PI, infected lesions contained lymphocytes with viral internal antigen, especially in Ia-bearing cells and MATSA-bearing cells, but thereafter infection was latent. Cells harvested daily from local lesions induced with allogeneic MDV-infected cells were cultured; MD tumor cell lines were established from lesions as early as 4 days PI, with a total success rate of about 50% thereafter. Either transformed tumor cells were already present during the early cytolytic infection period or else appropriate target cells were present that became infected in vivo and/or in vitro and then became transformed in vitro. 相似文献
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J M Sharma 《Avian diseases》1981,25(4):882-893
Chickens of 2 genetic lines (lines P and N) were inoculated with a pathogenic strain of Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV) and chronologically examined for disease response and natural killer (NK) cell expression. The NK cell reactivity was assayed in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay in which effector cells from the spleen of test chickens were reacted with 51Cr-labeled LSCC-RP9 target cells. Chickens of line P developed progressive debilitating disease and a high incidence of gross tumors and death. The NK cell reactivity of line-P chickens infected with MDV was significantly lower than that of uninfected control hatchmates. In contrast, NK cell levels were significantly elevated in MDV-inoculated line-N chickens that were resistant to MD and in chickens of lines P or N that had been inoculated with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT). NK cell levels were also elevated in line P if chickens were vaccinated with HVT before infection with MDV. Inhibition of NK reactivity in susceptible chickens and elevation of reactivity in naturally resistant or vaccinated chickens may indicate a role for the NK cell system in regulating resistance to MD. 相似文献
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H S Lillehoj 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1986,13(4):321-330
Development of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and comparative effectiveness of different stage-specific coccidia antigens in T cell activation during avian coccidiosis were evaluated in two inbred strains of chickens using a specific in vitro T cell proliferation assay. Lymphocytes from chickens infected with different Eimeria spp. showed proliferative response to sporozoites, merozoites or Eimeria soluble antigen (Esa) excreted by cultured parasites. Detectable CMI response was observed at 21 day P.I. in chickens infected with E. tenella and E. maxima. Generally lower T cell response was observed in chickens infected with E. acervulina. Merozoites were highly immunogenic compared to sporozoites. Esa prepared from cultured parasites was as effective as whole parasites in evoking a T cell response. Although strain variation in T cell response to parasites or Esa was observed during a primary infection, substantially enhanced T cell response was observed 3 days after a secondary infection in both strains of chickens. The results of the present investigation suggest that Esa may be a major parasite antigen released to the immune system during early stages of infection and relevant to the development of protective immunity. 相似文献
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A reduction in the secretion of thymic hormones, and in particular thymulin, can be demonstrated in chickens following the thymic atrophy induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection. In very sensitive histocompatible (B13/B13) chickens inoculated with the HPRS-16 strain of MDV at 10 days of age, treatment with synthetic thymulin by daily subcutaneous injection failed to modify the time course of Marek's disease (MD) and did not prevent the development of macroscopic tumors. No effect was noted on the levels of neutralizing anti-viral antibodies. Nevertheless, thymulin treatment resulted in significant suppression of the cellular immune response 4-6 weeks post-inoculation, monitored by splenic cytotoxicity against MD-specific and natural killer-sensitive lymphoblastoid cell lines. 相似文献
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淋巴细胞凋亡抑制与鸡马立克氏病的发生 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本研究证明，外源性糖皮质激素（ＧＣ）可以诱导正常鸡和马立克氏病毒（ＭＤＶ）疫苗免疫鸡淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ出现１８０～９００ｂｐ的阶梯状小分子断片，即诱导淋巴细胞凋亡过程启动。尤其是疫苗免疫鸡淋巴细胞对体内生理浓度ＧＣ就有相当高的致ＤＮＡ阶梯状小分子断裂的敏感性。而这种诱导反应可以被ＲＵ４８６阻断，人工感染ＭＤＶ鸡同样有抑制该反应的作用，这暗示ＭＤＶ引起无免疫活性淋巴细胞在鸡体内堆集直到形成肿瘤，可能与ＭＤＶ抑制淋巴细胞凋亡，使自体生理性清除非功能性淋巴细胞的机制受阻有关。本研究还以ＲＵ４８６阻断鸡淋巴细胞糖皮质激素受体（ＧＲ）。结果使鸡对ＭＤＶ敏感性提高，ＭＤ病变形成提前。 相似文献
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Constantin Voiculescu Constantin Nedelcu Lucia Stanciu Rodica Tomescu Mirela Tǎţulescu Elena Paulescu 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1980,3(3):337-343
Using a human A9 Coxsackievirus strain as antigen and different-aged A2G inbred mice as receptors an in vitro secondary cell-mediated immune response was noticed, revealed by means of two markers, i.e. leukocyte migration inhibition and T spleen lymphocyte blastogenesis, in the presence of viral antigen. 相似文献