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1.
The effect of night temperature on short day (SD) floral induction has been studied in three June-bearing strawberry cultivars of different geographic origin and compared with yield performance in the cool Nordic environment. At the optimum day temperature of 18 °C, the SD flowering response of the cultivars ‘Florence’ and ‘Korona’ increased significantly with increasing night temperature from 9 to 18 °C, while an optimum was reached at 15 °C in the cultivar ‘Frida’ that is selected under cool-environment conditions in Norway. Also, while saturated flowering response was obtained with 3 weeks of SD treatment at all temperatures in ‘Frida’, several plants of ‘Florence’ and ‘Korona’ failed to initiate flowers at 9 °C night temperature even with 5 weeks of SD. The effect of extended SD period was particularly pronounced in ‘Florence’. The slow SD floral induction response of ‘Florence’ was associated with a 2 week delay of anthesis in subsequent long day (LD) conditions at 21 °C. Yield performance of the same cultivars during 2 years under field conditions at Nes Hedmark and in North Norway also demonstrated that the yield potential of ‘Florence’ was not realized under the climatic conditions prevailing at these locations. In both years the yields varied significantly among the cultivars, ‘Frida’ having the highest yields followed by ‘Korona’, with ‘Florence’ far below. It is concluded that, in the Nordic environment, autumn (September) night temperatures are obviously sub-optimal for yield performance of some June-bearing strawberry cultivars, and that this effect is mediated by autumn temperature effects on flower initiation responses.  相似文献   

2.
Correlations between macro and micronutrient concentration of olive leaves and those obtained in floral buds at five development stages, were studied in order to evaluate the utility of floral analysis for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of olive orchards. Olive leaves from ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Bella de España’ and ‘Picual’ cultivars were taken during July of 2002 and 2003. Samples of floral buds were collected at five development stages: closed bud (E), petal fall (G), G + 15 days, G + 30 days and pit hardening (H). Results showed a lack of signification of the correlation coefficients between leaf and floral analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Na in both years of the experiment. The few significant correlations obtained were not repeated in both years. Therefore, the results indicate that floral bud mineral analyses cannot substitute the foliar diagnosis to establish the nutritional status of the olive orchards.  相似文献   

3.
Environmental control of the annual growth cycle of ‘Glen Ample’ raspberry has been studied in order to facilitate crop manipulation for out-of-season production. Plants propagated from root buds were raised in long days (LD) at 21 °C and then exposed to different temperature and daylength conditions at varying ages. Shoot growth was monitored by weekly measurements and floral initiation by regular sampling and examination of axillary bud #5. Under natural summer daylight conditions at 60°N shoot growth was nearly doubled at 21 °C compared with 15 °C, while at 9 °C one half of the plants ceased growing and formed flower buds at midsummer. Developing shoots have a juvenile phase and could not be induced to flower before the 15-leaf stage. No significant reduction in induction requirements was found in larger plants. Plants exposed to natural light conditions from 10th August, had an immediate growth suppression at 9 and 12 °C with complete cessation after 4 weeks (by September 7). This coincided with the first appearance of floral primordia. At 15 °C both growth cessation and floral initiation occurred 2 weeks later (by September 21), while at 18 °C continuous growth with no floral initiation was maintained until early November when the photoperiod had fallen below 9 h. The critical photoperiod for growth cessation and floral initiation at 15 °C was 15 h. Plants exposed to 10-h photoperiods at 9 °C for 2–4 weeks had a transient growth suppression followed by resumed growth under subsequent high temperature and LD conditions, while exposure for 5 or 6 weeks resulted in complete growth cessation and dormancy induction. The critical induction period for floral initiation was 3 weeks although no transitional changes were visible in the bud before week 4. When exposed to inductive conditions for marginal periods of 3 or 4 weeks, an increasing proportion of the plants (20% and 67%, respectively), behaved as primocane flowering cultivars with recurrent growth and terminal flowering. It is concluded that growth cessation and floral initiation in raspberry are jointly controlled by low temperature and short day conditions and coincide in time as parallel outputs from the same internal induction mechanism.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of timing of nitrogen (N) fertilization relative to the beginning of a 4-week floral-inducing short-day (SD) period have been studied in ‘Korona’ strawberry plants under controlled environment conditions. Groups of low fertility plants were fertilized with 100 ml of calcium nitrate solution for 3 days a week for a period of 3 weeks starting at various times before and at the beginning of the SD period, as well as at different times during the SD period. All plants, including SD and long day (LD) control plants, received a weekly fertilization with a low concentration complete fertilizer solution throughout the experiment. Leaf area, fresh and dry matter increments of leaves, crowns and roots, as well as leaf chlorophyll concentration (SPAD values) were monitored during the experimental period. A general enhancement of growth took place at all times of N fertilization. This was paralleled by an increase in leaf chlorophyll concentration, indicating that the control plants were in a mild state of N deficiency. When N fertilization was started 2 weeks before beginning of the SD period, flowering was delayed by 7 days, and this was gradually changed to an advancement of 8 days when the same treatment was started 3 weeks after the first SD. The amount of flowering was generally increased by N fertilization although the effect varied greatly with the time of N application. The greatest flowering enhancement occurred when N fertilization started 1 week after the first SD when the number of flowering crowns and the number of inflorescences per plant were more than doubled compared with the SD control, while fertilization 2 weeks before SD had no significant effect on these parameters. Importantly, the total number of crowns per plant was not affected by N fertilization at any time, indicating that enhancement of flowering was not due to an increase in potential inflorescence sites. No flowering took place in the control plants in LD. Possible physiological mechanisms involved and practical applications of the findings are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
Salt tolerance of five cultivars of Capsicum annuum L. Early Jalapeno, Golden Treasure, NuMex Sweet, NuMex Joe E. Parker, and Santa Fe Grande, two cultivars of C. chinense Jacq. Habanero and Pimienta De Chiera, and one accession of C. annuum, NMCA 10652, were evaluated in a field study. Seedlings were transplanted in late May to field raised beds containing loamy sand soils in a semi-arid environment. Plants were well irrigated throughout the experiment. Three saline solution treatments, prepared by adding NaCl, MgSO4, and CaCl2 to tap water at different amounts to create three salinity levels of 0.82 dS m−1 (control, tap water), 2.5 dS m−1, and 4.1 dS m−1 electrical conductivity (EC), were initiated on 15th June and ended in late August. Among the eight varieties, NMCA 10652 had the highest survival percentage at 100% in the 4.1 dS m−1 treatment, followed by ‘Early Jalapeno’, ‘NuMex Sweet’, ‘Pimienta De Chiera’, ‘Santa Fe Grande’, ‘Golden Treasure’, and ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’. ‘Habanero’ had the lowest survival at 28%. Compared to control, final shoot dry weight of the plants irrigated with saline solution at 4.1 dS m−1 was reduced by 92% in ‘Habanero’, followed by ‘Golden Treasure’ at 80%. For fruit fresh weight in 4.1 dS m−1 vs. control, ‘Habanero’ had the highest reduction at 86%, followed by ‘Golden Treasure’ at 74%, while NMCA 10652 and ‘Santa Fe Grande’ had the least at 26% and 19%, respectively. NMCA 10652, the most tolerant to salinity, had the lowest leaf Na+ accumulation, while ‘Habanero’, the most sensitive to salinity, had the highest Na+ in the leaves. For leaf Cl−, ‘Early Jalapeno’ had the highest, while ‘Habanero’ had the lowest Cl− accumulation in the leaves. Generally, sensitive varieties accumulated more Na+ and/or Cl− in leaves, except for ‘Early Jalapeno’, which was relatively tolerant to salinity but had high Na+ and Cl− accumulation in leaves.  相似文献   

6.
Pre-chilled potted plants of Paeonia ‘Coral Sunset’, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, ‘Sarah Bernhardt’, and ‘Karl Rosenfeld’ were placed in a range of controlled temperature regimes to ascertain the effect of temperature on the timing of shoot emergence and floral development. For all cultivars, warmer temperatures up to 25 °C lead to more rapid shoot emergence and flower development. Linear temperature responses adequately described the rate of development from shoot emergence to flower bud appearance, and from bud appearance to flower opening, but a curvilinear response was required to describe the time taken for shoots to emerge. There were significant differences between cultivars in the number of heat units required for shoot emergence, with the shoots of the slowest-developing cultivar, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, taking 50% longer to emerge than those of the most rapid, ‘Coral Sunset’. No significant differences were found among cultivars in the time taken from shoot emergence to flower opening, although the ‘split’ stage (when the bud opens sufficiently for petal colour to be observed) was slightly earlier in ‘Karl Rosenfeld’.  相似文献   

7.
Covering apple orchards with nets protects them from hailstorms but this changes the amount and quality of the light supplied to the trees. This study was carried out to assess the effects of shade provided by white protection net on yield and fruit quality of apple orchards in Southern Brazil, along three growing seasons (2002/2003, 2003/2004, and 2004/2005). ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees (on MM111 rootstock, raised as slender spindles, with a spacing of 5.5 m × 3 m) were left uncovered (control trees) or covered with white net. The white net reduced the photosynthetically active radiation (λ = 400–700 nm) accumulated over the trees’ canopy along a day by 18.4%, leading to a higher leaf chlorophyll content in both cultivars, and a higher specific leaf area in ‘Gala’. The shade provided by the net did not affect yield and increased fruit average weight in both cultivars. At harvest, the number of seeds per fruit and severity of russet were not affected by netting in both cultivars, as well as the incidence of watercore in ‘Fuji’. The main beneficial effects of the white net were the reduced incidence of sunburn on ‘Gala’, reduced incidence of bitter pit during cold storage in both cultivars, and reduced incidence of apple scab at harvest and of decay after cold storage in ‘Fuji’. Fruit fly damage in ‘Gala’ (assessed in one season) was reduced by netting. However, netting affected negatively some fruit quality attributes. ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples from trees protected by the net had a poor skin color (pale blush and a more intense green background color) at harvest. The net reduced flesh firmness and SSC, and increased the starch index of ‘Gala’ apples at harvest, and reduced flesh firmness and SSC, assessed after cold storage and shelf life, in fruits of both cultivars.  相似文献   

8.
Floral initiation of a wild strawberry strain, Fragaria chiloensis CHI-24-1, is strongly induced by a 24 h day-length (DL) treatment for 40 days consisting of natural daylight and continuous lighting at night by an incandescent lamp. To use the characteristics of floral initiation in CHI-24-1 as a genetic resource for breeding of cultivated strawberries, the photoperiodic reactions of sexual and asexual reproductive growth under various temperature conditions should be clarified. For that purpose, we examined: (1) floral initiation, inflorescence emergence and runner production seasons of CHI-24-1 plants grown under natural climatic conditions in an open field at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University and (2) the effects of various DLs and temperatures on floral initiation and runner production of CHI-24-1 plants. When the CHI-24-1 plants were grown under natural conditions, the floral initiation, inflorescence emergence and runner production were observed, respectively, in late autumn, spring, and from spring to autumn. Floral initiation of CHI-24-1 plants was induced strongly by 24 h DL at mean temperatures greater than 20 °C. The maximum floral initiation rates were 90% in the parent plant and 94% in the daughter plants, which were linked by runners to the parent plant. The floral initiation of the daughter plants occurred under 20, 22, and 23 h DL at mean temperatures greater than 20 °C, but not for the parent plants. Floral initiation was induced in 100% of the parent plants by the 8 h DL and the lowest mean-temperature conditions. Results of those experiments indicated that CHI-24-1 was an absolute long day plant having critical DL of about 20 h at mean temperatures greater than 20 °C, even though it was a June-bearing strawberry plant. In addition, CHI-24-1 was a facultative short-day plant at mean temperatures of less than 15 °C.  相似文献   

9.
Sulfur (S) nutrition has a strong influence on onion pungency, and the production of sweet onions in the high-sulfur soil of Texas is a challenge to growers. This study was performed to determine the effects of S applications to fields already having sufficient levels of soil S on pungency and related compounds in four shortday onion cultivars. The onion cultivars ‘Cougar’, ‘Legend’, ‘Texas Early White’, and ‘Texas Grano 1015Y’ were grown in three commercial fields at Edinburg, Mercedes, and Weslaco of the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas with applications of sulfur at 0, 13, and 26 kg S/ha. Pyruvic acid, bulb weight, extractable S in soil and total S in bulb, soluble solids content (SSC), flavor precursor compounds [also called S-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine-sulfoxides (ACSOs)], and total sugars were measured. The pyruvic acid level of onions was not increased by the S applications and showed no significant correlation with soil S levels in any of the cultivars at locations having 30 or 235 ppm S. The SSC, total S in bulbs, total sugars, and total ACSO content also showed no correlation with the S applications and soil S levels. Onion pungency and content of flavor precursor compounds were significantly influenced by cultivar and cultivar × location interaction. We conclude that onion pungency is not increased by application of extra S fertilizer to commercial fields already containing sufficient levels of soil sulfur.  相似文献   

10.
Traditionally, phosphates (Pi, salts of phosphoric acid, H3PO4) have been used for plant fertilization, and phosphites (Phi, salts of phosphorous acid, H3PO3) have been used as fungicides. Nowadays several Phi fertilizers are available in the EU market despite the fact that in research trials Phi has often had a negative influence on plant growth. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of a Phi fertilizer on plant growth, yield and fruit composition of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Experiments were carried out with ‘Polka’ frigo plants in South Estonia in 2005 and 2006. The number of leaves per plant, total and marketable yields, fruit size, fruit ascorbic acid content (AAC), soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), anthocyanins (ACY) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were recorded.  相似文献   

11.
‘Reinette du Canada’ (RC) and ‘Reinette Grise du Canada’ (RG) apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) cultivars declared throughout the Community as Protected Designation of Origin ‘Manzana Reineta del Bierzo’ are severely affected by bitter-pit during storage. Pre-harvest treatments with calcium carbonate, authorized in organic production, and bio-activator Harpin protein were used to assess the effect on quality at harvest and during cold storage in both apple cultivars during 2007 and 2008. Bitter-pit at the end of storage was higher in ‘RC’ than in ‘RG’, due to the fact that K/Ca ratio in fruit was higher in ‘RC’. Harpin protein did not improve the quality of ‘Reinette’ apple cultivars. Calcium carbonate pre-harvest treatments were useful to decrease external and internal bitter-pit incidence of ‘Reinette’ apple cultivars after 90 days of storage, but differences at the end of storage were not significant. Therefore, calcium carbonate would be a useful product in organic production in order to decrease bitter-pit incidence in ‘Reinette’ apple cultivars during medium term storage.  相似文献   

12.
Date palms growing in hot arid regions are generally facing several kinds of environmental stresses which limit tree growth and productivity and negatively affect fruit quality. During 2009 and 2010 seasons, the effects of 5-aminolevulininc acid (5-ALA) application at different rates on yield, fruit quality, pigment contents and nutrient uptake of ‘Rabia’ and ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ date palm cultivars were studied. In both cultivars, the application of 5-ALA significantly increased bunch weight and yield per tree compared to control. The highest bunch weight and yield per tree was achieved by 5-ALA at 200 ppm followed by 250 ppm applied on both fruit bunches and leaves. These were reflected on higher fruit and flesh weight and fruit length, at the bisir and rutab stages. However, the application of 5-ALA at 250 ppm only on fruit bunches without leaves significantly increased bunch weight and yield per tree compared to control only in ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ but not in ‘Rabia’ cultivar. There were significant interaction effects between treatments and seasons on bunch weight and yield in ‘Rabia’ but not in ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ cultivar. The rutab % was not significantly affected by any of the applied treatments and it was higher in 2009 than in 2010 season in ‘Rabia’, however, the opposite was true in ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ cultivar. Most of the physical parameters of fruit quality at both the bisir and rutab stages were significantly improved in both cultivars by 5-ALA application compared to control, in contrast to the biochemical parameters that were not affected. In both cultivars, chlorophyll a concentration significantly increased by 5-ALA application especially at 200 and 250 ppm on both leaves and fruits compared to control. While chlorophyll b concentration was not significantly affected by the 5-ALA application, total chlorophyll concentration was significantly higher at 250 ppm 5-ALA application than control in both cultivars. There were no significant differences among the different rates of 5-ALA application. Chlorophyll a/b ratio was not significantly affected by 5-ALA application compared to control. The concentrations of N, P and K in the leaves of both cultivars were not significantly affected by the 5-ALA application compared to control. It was concluded that 5-ALA application has promotive effects on yield, fruit quality and chlorophyll concentration of both ‘Rabia’ and ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ date palms under hot arid climate.  相似文献   

13.
Most of the Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) cultivars grown in Israel produce relatively small fruit. Application of 2 l solution tree−1 of 25 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4-DP) as butoxyethyl ester (Power™), 15 mg l−1 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid (3,5,6-TPA) as free acid (Maxim®), or 25 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 30 mg l−1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.3% Amigo™) at the beginning of pit-hardening, when fruitlet diameter was ca. 22 mm, caused an appreciable and significant increase in fruit size. The yield of large fruit per cv.: ‘Kesselmen’ (100% increase), ‘Songold’ (100%), ‘Black Diamond’ (800%), ‘Royal Diamond’ (160%) and ‘Royal Zee’ (100%). As a result, the total yield of all five cultivars was also increased dramatically. Anatomical studies with ‘Songold’ revealed that the main effect of these synthetic auxins was via direct stimulation of fruit cell enlargement. The above auxins had no negative effect either on fruit quality at harvest (and after 1 week in shelf-life), or on return yield in the following year.  相似文献   

14.
In composite (scion–rootstock) dwarfing fruit trees, an overgrowth at the graft union is often observed, the severity of which is correlated with degree of dwarfing. The graft union of dwarfing sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) rootstocks may limit soluble sugar transport or starch mobilization, leading to localized accumulation. Soluble sugars and starch were measured in the tissues surrounding the graft union of young ‘Rainier’ (2002) and ‘Lapins’ (2003) sweet cherry trees on ‘Gisela 5’ (‘Gi 5’; dwarfing) and ‘Colt’ (vigorous) rootstocks. Separate rootstock shank, rootstock, graft union, and scion tissues were analyzed for both starch and soluble sugar content throughout the growing season in both years. Starch concentrations did not vary among locations within the graft union for ‘Rainier’ on either the dwarfing or vigorous rootstock, or for ‘Lapins’ on the dwarfing stock. However, for ‘Lapins’ on ‘Colt’, starch was highest in the rootstock shank and declined vertically (rootstock shank ? rootstock > union > scion). Soluble sugar concentrations were generally similar to or higher in scions on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’, and were similar to or lower in the rootstock and rootstock shank on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’. Results suggest that rootstock has a significant effect of localized accumulations of carbohydrates above and within the graft union of ‘Gi 5’ and below the graft union of ‘Colt’.  相似文献   

15.
The effects of photoperiod (12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 h), day temperature (12, 15, 18, 24 or 27 °C) and night temperature (6, 9 or 12 °C) and their interactions on flower and inflorescence emergence were investigated by exposing 4 week old runner plants of strawberry cvs. Korona and Elsanta during a period of 3 weeks. A daily photoperiod of 12 or 13 h resulted in the highest number of plants with emerged flowers. A photoperiod of 14 h or more strongly reduced this number, while no flowers emerged at a photoperiod of 16 h. Plants exposed to photoperiods of 12 or 13 h flowered earlier and had longer flower trusses. A day temperature of 18 °C and/or a night temperature of 12 °C were optimal for plants to emerge flowers and resulted in the shortest time to flowering. A night temperature of 6 °C strongly reduced the number of plants that emerged flowers, especially when combined with lower day temperatures. Photoperiod and temperature had no effect on the number of inflorescences, all flowering plants produced on average one inflorescence. The number of flowers on the inflorescence increased with decreasing day temperature and when photoperiod was raised from 12 to 15 h. In general, ‘Korona’ was more sensitive to photoperiod and temperature as ‘Elsanta’, and had a lower optimal day temperature for flower emergence. Results of this experiment may be used to produce high quality plant material or to define optimal conditions when combining flower induction and fruit production.  相似文献   

16.
Individual organic acids and sugars were analysed in the fruits of scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars. The total sugars ranged between 128.2 and 191.6 g/kg, and the total organic acid between 5.1 and 13.4 g/kg. In the flesh and peels of different apple varieties single phenolics (gallic, protocatehuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, epicatechin, catechin, quercitrin and rutin) were analysed together with their total phenolic content (TPC). ‘Golden Delicious’ was the cultivar with the lowest TPC whereas ‘Rubinola’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Goldrush’ had the highest level of TPC in the pulp. Peels showed a 2–9 times higher phenolic content than the pulp. ‘Goldrush’ had the highest content of TPC in its peel. The total antioxidant capacity of peels was about 2–5 times higher than respective pulps. Scab resistant apple cultivars had significantly higher content of some single and total phenolic contents in comparison with the scab susceptible, especially the pulp.  相似文献   

17.
To investigate the floral fragrance new genes, scent mutant of rose was used here. The suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) technique and micoarray analysis of the clones were used to isolate the cDNA fragments, which showed differential expression between the rose scent mutant ‘Wangriqinghuai’ and wild type ‘Jinyindao’ (Rosa × hybrida), and RT-PCR was used to identify up-regulated expressed genes. 16 positive contigs of JSSH were obtained. Some ESTs such as RcOMT1, RcOMT2, RhMYB92 and RhGP1 were known to regulate scent metabolism, and 5 ESTs with no homology in NCBI may represent new genes involved in rose flower fragrance metabolism. SSH technique combined with cDNA micoarray would be useful for analysis and isolation of the genes related to rose floral scent.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
An apple orchard consisting of a single cultivar under the condition of natural pollination must have suitable pollinizers such as Crab apples to ensure stable fruit production. We selected ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’ as pollinizers for the cultivar ‘Fuji’, and investigated the rate of fruit and seeds in ‘Fuji’ fruits produced by pollen of the pollinizers. We developed a method for tracing pollen flow based on the leaf color of progeny and S-RNase allele of ‘Maypole’, and on Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) analyses of ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’. These were powerful tools for determining the distance insects (mainly Osmia cornifrons) carry pollen from the pollinizers to ‘Fuji’. Although the fruit set of ‘Fuji’ apples was not reduced with increasing distance between ‘Fuji’ apple trees and pollinizers (probably due to pollen flow from other commercial cultivars planted outside the area), the rate of ‘Fuji’ apple fruit produced by the pollen of the pollinizers decreased with increasing distance. The rate of fruit produced by the pollinizers was 84% and 77% when ‘Fuji’ was 2.5 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively, and 71% and 64% when ‘Fuji’ was 5 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively, but was reduced to 47% and 39% when ‘Fuji’ was 10 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively. However, the spacing could cause reduced fruit size, and require extra fruit thinning for producing large fruits. It could also cause reduction of the yield for increasing the planting area of pollinizers. We recommend that pollinizers should be planted not more than 10 m from ‘Fuji’.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of night interruption (NI) were examined on the vegetative growth and flowering of Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’. Plants were grown under 9/15 h ambient light/dark (control), 9 h ambient light plus night interruption (22:00–02:00 h) with low light intensity at 3–7 μmol m−2 s−1 (LNI) and 9 h ambient light plus NI with high light intensity at 120 μmol m−2 s−1 (HNI) conditions. The number of leaves, leaf length, number of pseudobulbs and pseudobulb diameter increased in both LNI and HNI compared to controls for both cultivars. While none of the control plants flowered within 2 years, 100% of the ‘Yokihi’ and 80% of the ‘Red Fire’ plants grown under HNI condition flowered. In the LNI group, 60% of the plants flowered in both cultivars. Plants in the HNI group showed a decreased time to visible inflorescence and flowering than those in the LNI group. The number of inflorescences and florets were greater in the plants grown under HNI than those in the LNI group. The tallest plants at flowering were in the HNI group in both cultivars. NI with low light intensity can be used effectively to promote flower induction with increased growth rate during the juvenile stage in Cymbidium. To obtain high quality plants, however, NI with high light intensity strategies should be considered.  相似文献   

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