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1.
为了探究双主干并棒（Bibaum?）树形‘富士’系苹果在中国渭北黄土高原地区的生长和结果表现,以 M9-T337 矮化自根砧长枝型‘富士’系‘富姬酷’（‘Fujiko’）为试材,调查了并棒形（1.2 m × 3.5 m）与高纺锤形（1.0 m × 3.5 m）幼树树体生长、枝（梢）类组成、成花率、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明：并棒形树高、干径小于高纺锤形,砧木粗度大于高纺锤形,2016 年东西方向冠幅（行间冠幅）及平均冠幅小于高纺锤形;单株枝量及单位面积枝量 2016 年高纺锤形较高,2017 年无差异;并棒形2016—2017 年间树高、干径、砧木粗度以及单位面积枝量的年增长速率大于高纺锤形;并棒形 2016 年中枝（5 ~ 15 cm）比例、果台副梢长枝比例高于高纺锤形,2017 年营养长枝（> 30 cm）比例低于高纺锤形,同时并棒形 2018 年枝梢成花率高于高纺锤形;两种树形果实品质及单位面积产量无差异,并棒形单株果实数量、2017 年单株产量以及 2016—2017 年单位面积产量在增长速率大于高纺锤形。综合认为,矮化自根砧‘富士’系幼树采用并棒树形,可以显著削弱树体高度,减小行间冠幅,树体生长及枝量增长速度快,长枝比例低,易成花,果实产量上升潜力大。 相似文献
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连续3年在保护地高密（610株·667m(－2)）栽培条件下，对‘曙光’油桃两种整形方式和“采后去冠”（PostharvestCanopyRemoval，简写作PCR）修剪系统进行了研究。结果表明：（1）与传统的低干开心形相比，圆柱形整枝有利于形成较大面积的叶幕和较大体积的树冠，而且树冠疏松，冠内透光率高。2年生树产量2104．5kg·666．7m(-2)，比低于开心形高39．1％，3年生材产量达2318．0km·667m(－2)，比开心形高35．3％，且成熟期提早3～4d，外观及内在品质也较好。（2）PCR修剪后60～70d可再生新的树冠，然后，通过喷施PP333和控水、控氮、增磷等综合措施可形成大量饱满花芽。圆柱形整形结合PCR修剪可有效地控势、控冠，促进保护地密植栽培早产、稳产。 相似文献
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利用三维数字化仪,结合Piaf Digit和Vege STAR软件,建立了13a生高纺锤形苹果树数字化模型,并对树体模型进行立方单元分割以及分析总冠层及冠层内各类型枝条的光截获率。结果表明:不同类型的枝条,光截获率(STAR值)有差异。大树的短果台副梢、长果台副梢、短营养枝和长营养枝的STAR值分别小于中树,中树小于小树;每棵果树的短果台副梢和短营养枝的STAR值分别小于长果台副梢和长营养枝;不遮阴枝条的光截获率比遮阴枝条大,并且短果台副梢和短营养枝因其它类型枝条遮阴减少的STAR值分别比长果台副梢和长营养枝大。果树由底部到顶部及由冠层中部到外部,光截获率逐渐增大,与用光量子探头(LS190)测得的透光率递增趋势相符。冠层STAR值越大,果树产量越高。因此,冠层光截获率能够作为冠层内部光分布特征的一个评价指标,并能有效指导果树管理,提高果实产量。 相似文献
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借鉴南部大苹果的栽培经验,进行了寒地小苹果细长纺锤形整形栽培试验。结果表明:寒地小苹果采用均匀多主枝的细长纺锤形,比常用的疏散分层形结果早,早期产量高,而且更适于密植,相对比整形修剪方法更简易,适于大面积生产推广。 相似文献
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以13a生"富士"树为试材,应用三维数字化仪和Piaf Digit软件对高纺锤形"富士"的大、中、小冠层进行数字化,树体模型及光截获的计算均在Vege STAR软件中实现。光截获效率用STAR值来表征。实测的透光率与模型计算出的值无显著差异,表明基于三维数字化仪的重建模型可以用来进行冠层光照特性的评价,以对冠层结构进行量化与定性分析。结果表明:大、中、小冠层的光截获量依次增大,而5种枝条类型中,长营养枝的STAR值最大,果台枝最小;果实的STAR值与果台枝和短营养枝、长营养枝和短果台副梢的光截获量有关。由三维模型构建得出的STAR值可以作为评价冠层光截获的指标,为后期树体冠层内光合作用的研究及整形修剪提供了理论参考。 相似文献
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以1995年建园、2006年嫁接的4个品种苹果树为试材,调查其树体生长特性,为低接换种和高纺锤形培养提供理论依据.结果表明:矮砧苹果低接换种和培养高纺锤形树体条件下,“红夏”、“红富士”、“嘎啦”、“粉红女士”4个品种幼年苹果树中心干生长速度快,低接换种后5a生树高2.8～3.3 m,中心干侧生分枝数量40～57个,且侧生分枝主要集中在2a生和3a生的中心干段上.其中“嘎啦”的总枝量最高为651个,“红富士”和“红夏”次之,分别为563和554个,“粉红女士”总枝量最低为440个.经过低接换种改造以后改变和增加了结果部位,促进花芽形成;改善了树冠的通风透光环境,增加了光合产物的积累,为提高果实品质和产量奠定了基础. 相似文献
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连续3年对弱势苹果树进行研究,结果表明,采用重剪、回缩更新复壮的修剪方法后,树体通风透光性能改善,叶绿素含量和比叶重提高,光合作用增强,果实着色好,可溶性固形物含量和硬度也得到了提高,改善了果实品质,同时还增加了果实产量。 相似文献
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Light penetration,growth, and fruit productivity in ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to four growing systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The study was conducted to document the range in soil nutrients, trunk and shoot growth, leaf characteristics and nutrient content, flower bud characteristics, yield, fruit quality, disease occurrence, light penetration, and shoot bark color in a 15-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard on M.26 rootstocks trained to four growing systems. SS trees naturally growing had greater width and volume than the LT lightly heading, MLT heavily heading, and S trees thinning and bending. LT trees had more upward terminal shoots at old branches, large numbers of lateral shoots, and longer total shoot length. Leaf [N], [P], and [K] were the lowest for the MLT trees. SS and S trees had greater flower bud density and fruit yield, but LT trees had poor fruit color and less soluble solids and firmness. Percent light penetration into the canopy was the highest with the S system but not different from MLT or SS. The lowest was for the LT system, however, it was not statistically different from MLT or SS. 相似文献
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To improve the quality of the important Swedish apple cultivar Aroma and increase its resistance to bruising and storage decay, three studies were conducted at Kivik research station during the period 1998–2003. The effects of tree age, pruning time and nitrogen fertilization were investigated. Fruits from young trees (younger than 6 years) had a lower resistance to bruising and Pezicula malicorticis decay, while fruits from trees older than 20 years seemed to show a quality and storability decline. Choosing a suitable summer pruning time was an effective factor for fruit storage potential. Thinning cut during August (5–6 weeks before harvesting) improved fruit colour and decreased decay without negatively influencing tree yield. Applying fertigation according to fruit development phase and soil nitrogen content had a very important influence on fruit quality and storability. Appropriate nutrition supply produced more deeply coloured fruit that maintained their quality after storage for 4 months. The bruising sensitivity of cv. Aroma apples was correlated with their N and K/Ca content. More coloured fruits showed less sensitivity to bruising. 相似文献
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《Scientia Horticulturae》2002,92(1):9-27
A/Ci and photosynthetic light response curves for gas exchange characteristics were measured for spur leaves of 25-year-old ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) to investigate their acclimation capacity to a shade-to-sun transition in a commercial apple orchard. Spur leaves of both cultivars adapted to summer-pruning within 2 weeks, regardless of the time of the season at which pruning was conducted. There were no significant differences between the spur leaves of later pruned trees and corresponding leaves on trees that were continuously pruned during the summer period in terms of net photosynthetic rate and carboxylation efficiency, for both cultivars. The shape of the photosynthetic light response curves also proved the acclimation potential of both cultivars to shade-to-sun transitions. The rapid increase of the chlorophyll a/b ratio after pruning indicated that the acclimation of the photosynthetic system to avoid over-excitation of the photosynthetic reaction centers occurred within 1 week. Nevertheless, leaf dry mass per leaf area was intermediate between ‘continuous summer-pruning’ and ‘no-pruning’ treatments for leaves on later pruned trees, indicating that the acclimation to shade-to-sun transitions was not perfect in either cultivar. The present data also support the hypothesis that nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium are distributed to leaves growing under the highest photosynthetic photon flux density in order to maximize photosynthesis. 相似文献
12.
作者从十多年的果树修剪实践经验中探索、总结出一套更深层次的剪枝理论——＂增阻降流法＂苹果早果、丰产、稳产修剪理论。该理论依据物理学的电路原理创新性地提出并定性论证了＂根颈以上任何枝,疏则增阻（树阻）,截则降阻（树阻）＂＂疏除基部同枝轴低阻大型枝比高阻小型枝树阻增幅大＂＂增阻降流修剪法可使苹果树实现早果、丰产、稳产＂三大论点,并在试验园中得到成功应用,为我国果树修剪理论的深化增加了革命性的新篇章。 相似文献
13.
连续３年对庆丰和燕红桃树进行研究,结果表明,与传统短枝修剪技术相比较,长枝修剪后,树体丰产性能好、产量高,果实着色好,且在大多数情况下,果实可溶性固形物含量高,提高了品质。长枝修剪对果实生长的影响与品种的成熟期有关,早熟品种庆丰无显著作用,晚熟品种燕红采收时平均果重显著增加。采用长枝修剪技术,能显著地提高花芽的质量,尤其是枝条下部的花芽质量,从而可增强对晚霜冻害的抵抗能力,还对在长枝修剪条件下树体保留一年生枝的长度和姿势与果实大小的关系进行了研究,并对长枝修剪早果、丰产、稳产和优质的生物学基础和果园管理特点进行了讨论表示处理间存在Ｐ＝０．０１差异水平。２．２开花物候期修剪方式对树体初花期及花期待续时间无影响。１９９４年,长枝修剪和短枝修剪的庆丰、燕红的花期分别均为４月１４～１８日和４月１４～１９日。但是,开花动态在处理间存在差别。在初花期（４月１４日和１５日）长枝修剪树花朵开放率显著地高于短枝修剪树。另外,长枝修剪处理树体之间开花较整齐（变异系数小）。２．３坐果和产量１９９３年花期连续低温,经观察短枝修剪早久保和大久保受到严重冻害,坐果率低,负载量严重不足,而长枝修剪树对低温抵抗力强,坐果率显著高,从而获得? 相似文献
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以2年生盆栽红富士苹果[Malus × domestica Borkh.‘Red Fuji’/Malus hupehensis Rehd.]幼树为试材,将苹果枝干碎屑发酵后施入盆土,定期调查苹果叶片光合与蒸腾速率、干周生长量、根系活力以及根系构型等指标。结果表明,向土壤施入质量比为2%和4%的发酵果树枝碎屑可以提高苹果幼树叶片净光合速率和根系活力,增加干周增长量,对叶片蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的影响不明显;2%的处理还能够增加新根数量,提高新根表面积和体积,促进新根加粗和加长生长,增大根系分形维数,促使根系结构复杂化,而施入4%的发酵果树枝碎屑则降低新根数量、体积和长度。综合分析表明,施用2%的发酵果树枝碎屑促进幼树根系和树干生长的整体效果好于4%的处理。 相似文献
15.
SH系矮化中间砧对‘富士’苹果树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2009年春季定植不同类型SH系矮化中间砧(SH1、SH3、SH6、SH9和SH40)苹果苗(宫藤富士/SH系砧木/平邑甜茶),株行距为1.5 m×5.0 m,纺锤形整形修剪,常规管理。2016年调查树体生长、冠层光照分布和果实产量品质的差异,为苹果矮化砧木的筛选利用提供参考。研究结果表明,栽植第8年(2016年),各中间砧嫁接树体的砧穗干周比无显著差异;SH1和SH6中间砧嫁接的树体最矮,SH40最高且冠幅最大;树体干周直径由高到低依次为:SH40、SH3、SH9、SH6和SH1;各中间砧嫁接树体总枝量均超过140万条·hm~(-2);SH6嫁接树体短枝比例最高,树势中庸;SH3和SH9短枝比例最低。各中间砧嫁接树体冠层平均相对光照强度由高到低依次为SH3(72.88%)、SH6(70.85%)、SH9(65.51%)、SH1(62.23%)和SH40(61.82%),SH6嫁接树体相对光照强度小于30%和40%的区域最小,仅为2.08%和4.17%。比较各中间砧树体连续稳产4年的结果情况,SH6嫁接树体4年(2013—2016年)累计产量最高且稳产性最好,SH1产量较低,SH9稳产性较差。各中间砧嫁接树平均单果质量由高到低依次为SH40 SH6 SH9 SH3 SH1。不同中间砧嫁接树果实不同类型糖含量和比例存在显著差异;而总酸含量、不同类型酸的含量(除草酸外)和比例差异不显著;SH6嫁接树果实糖酸比显著高于SH1、SH3和SH9。综合树体的生长和结果能力,SH6为中间砧嫁接‘富士’表现较好。 相似文献
16.
SUMMARYEight days after petal fall in 1991, mature 'Delicious'/MM. 106 apple trees and four days after petal fall in 1992, mature 'McintoshVMM. 106 were ringed, scored, root pruned (1 m from the trunk, two sides, 30 cm deep), or treated with ethephon (500 mg 11). Only ringing and scoring reduced vegetative growth. Ethephon advanced fruit maturation and fruit abscission, but root pruning did not affect the trees or fruit significantly. Mature 'Cort-land'/M.7a apple trees were root pruned 8 d after petal fall in 1991 and/or at full bloom in 1992. Root pruning reduced shoot growth, even in the year after treatment. Fruit abscission was reduced in 1991 and 1992 by root pruning in 1991, but root pruning in 1992 had no impact on abscission, in 1992. In an additional experiment, mature 'Mcintosh'/ MM.106 were root pruned 4 d after petal fall in 1991 or root pruned both in 1991 and at full bloom in 1992. Growth and preharvest fruit abscission were reduced in both the year of root pruning and the year after. 相似文献
17.
H. Jonkers 《Scientia Horticulturae》1982,16(3):209-215
Using 2 apple cultivars, 2 of the 3 “Rules of Koopmann” were confirmed in greenhouse experiments. The new terminal was longest after the most severe pruning. Stem thickness was increased most if no pruning occurred. Root growth decreased and stem: root ratio increased with increasing severity of pruning. Cultivars differed in their reaction to pruning. 相似文献
18.
Kuo-Tan Li Alan N. Lakso Richard Piccioni Terence Robinson 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(6):749-754
SummaryCanopy size control is one of the major purposes of summer pruning. However, reducing canopy size might also result in less light interception, consequently decreasing canopy photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate production, which might lead to the imbalance of carbohydrate supply and fruit demand. To document the effectiveness of summer pruning on canopy control and the impact on canopy gas exchange, pruning treatments at four levels of intensity (unpruned, light, moderate, and severe) were carried out on mature ‘Empire’/M.9 slender spindle apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on 30 July 1998 and 4 August 1999. Changes in canopy leaf area after summer pruning were estimated. Canopy net carbon exchange rate (NCER) and canopy transpiration before and after summer pruning were monitored. Canopy growth was suppressed by summer pruning and the post-pruning regrowth was insignificant. Canopy NCER was reduced in proportion to the amount of leaf area removed by summer pruning. The result suggests that commercial pruning intensity similar to the moderate to severe treatments in this study could cause a significant reduction in canopy NCER and carbohydrate production. In addition, canopy transpiration was reduced in proportion to pruning intensity. Lower water consumption and improved water status during the growing season after summer pruning might benefit fruit growth and relieve the potential detriment due to carbohydrate shortage. 相似文献
19.
不同枝量类型富士苹果光强分布及产量品质比较 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对陇东改良纺锤形富士苹果3种枝量类型树冠内相对光照强度、树冠不同部位光照分布特征、果实产量、产量分布特征及品质进行了对比研究。结果表明:枝量过多型树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度比例最大,枝量合理型次之,枝量不足型最小。枝量合理型、枝量不足型、枝量过多型小于30%的相对光照体积所占树冠总体积分别为32.23%、24.19%、49.53%;产量分别为3 195、1 555、2 098 kg/667m2;果实品质各项指标枝量不足型略高于枝量合理型,但二者均达到了优质苹果的要求,确定出陇东地区富士苹果优质高产的最适留枝量为84 000/667m2左右。 相似文献
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苹果新根生理生化特性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以盆栽３年生新红星／怀来海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓｍｉｃｒｏｍａｌｕｓ）为试材，研究了生长根和吸收根的还原能力、碳氮物质代谢、吲哚乙酸氧化酶（ＩＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的周年动态变化。结果表明，两类新根均于春、夏、秋形成３次吸收高峰，但还原能力的高峰只于夏秋季出现，其中夏季高峰最大；淀粉、糖、蛋白质含量及ＩＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性随新梢旺长而降低，随新梢缓慢或停止生长而积累，氨基酸含量、ＳＯＤ活性相反；吸收根的吸收能力、淀粉、糖、蛋白质含量、ＰＯＤ、ＩＯＤ活性均显著高于生长根，但吸收根中氨基酸含量、ＳＯＤ活性却小于生长根，因而两类新根的代谢特点和功能不同，其发生数量和比例影响树势和植株的生长发育 相似文献