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1.
The ‘Genome database for Rosaceae (GDR)’ provides a large collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) harboring simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from several Rosaceae genera, including Rosa (rose). Primer pairs flanking SSR were designed for 312 unique Rosa ESTs based on GDR database. Eight rose (Rosa hybrida L.) genotypes were tested for PCR amplification, and 287 (92%) of the primer pairs generated allele-specific PCR bands that were readily scored. From 183 (63.7%) primer pairs that evidenced polymorphic alleles among the eight rose cultivars, 20 pairs evidencing EST sequence homology to known gene functions and high levels of polymorphism were selected and utilized for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity assessments of 47 rose hybrids. A total of 202 polymorphic bands were scored and generated unique fingerprints for each rose hybrid. The Nei–Li genetic similarity coefficients among 1081 pair-wise comparisons of 47 cultivars exhibited a broad range of genetic variations from 0.30 (‘Grand King’ and ‘Carnival’) to 0.99 (‘First Red’ and ‘Red Champ’). UPGMA cluster analysis divided 47 hybrids into five major groups and two sub-groups. The cross-species transferability of 273 EST-SSR primer pairs was evaluated using four genotypes of the strawberry, a genus member of the Rosaceae family. PCRs on the DNA samples of strawberry were successful for 165 primer pairs; among these, 123 pairs amplified 243 polymorphic bands. As surrogates of the marker transfer, the phenetic relationship among the four strawberry genotypes was evaluated. Genetic similarity coefficients varied from 0.78 (‘Maehyang’ and ‘Janghyee’) to 0.64 (‘Janghyee’ and ‘Pragana’). The results of cluster analysis showed that the three octaploid strawberry cultivars were quite similar, whereas the diploid ‘Pragana’ was related distantly at the genomic DNA level. The EST-SSR markers developed in the present study can be efficiently utilized for genetic diversity studies in Rosaceae.  相似文献   

2.
Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers were used for the assessment of genetic diversity among walnut (Juglans regia L.) selections from Greek native populations in comparison to internationally cultivated walnut genotypes. Similarity coefficient values from 0.13 to 0.93 (with an average of 0.48) were found among the 56 accessions examined, which indicated the presence of a high degree of genetic variability. Most international cultivars were grouped together while most Greek native populations could not be placed into a distinct group. The Greek native population genotypes were found more diverse than the international cultivars. The mean similarity coefficient values for the former and latter were 0.44 and 0.56, respectively. In the cultivar group, two subgroups were distinguished; one consisted of genotypes involving ‘Payne’ and the other ‘Franquette’ in their pedigrees. Some cultivars and populations could not be grouped according to their pedigrees or collection area. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that a larger part of the genetic variation exists among Greek walnut populations within a collection region (89%) than among the regions (11%). The pairwise regional PhiPT values indicated that the most geographically distant regions are the most genetically differentiated. The high variability existing in the Greek germplasm in combination with their valuable agro-morphological traits suggested that it would be beneficial to utilize this native germplasm pool in walnut breeding programs and germplasm management activities to maximize genetic diversity in cultivated walnut.  相似文献   

3.
Some traditional peach varieties, originated from the region of Aragón (Spain), were analysed by SSRs (simple sequence repeats). The aim of this research was to characterize 19 clones related to Miraflores variety, with unknown pedigrees, to assess their genetic diversity and to elucidate their possible relationships with 10 traditional peach varieties. Twenty SSR primer pairs with high levels of polymorphism, which have been previously developed for peach, were used in this study. A total of 46 alleles were obtained for all the microsatellites studied, ranging from one to six alleles per locus, with a mean value of 2.3 alleles per locus. Fourteen SSRs were polymorphic in the set of varieties studied and permitted to distinguish 16 different genotypes out of the 30 initially studied, although fourteen ‘Miraflores’ clones showed identical gel profiles. The genetic distance matrix was used to construct neighbor joining cluster and to perform principal coordinate analysis which allowed the arrangement of all the genotypes according to their genetic relationships. The genetic relationships among these traditional peach varieties, and in particular among ‘Miraflores’ clones are discussed. The obtained results confirm that microsatellite markers are very useful for these purpose.  相似文献   

4.
The pedigrees of most rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) cultivars can be traced back to four wild selections, ‘Ethel’, ‘Clara’, ‘Myers’, and ‘Black Giant’; thus, they result from a very narrow germplasm base and are highly related. Until now randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has been the only type of molecular marker used in rabbiteye blueberry. Here we have tested whether a type of sequence-tagged site (STS) marker which utilizes specific ∼20-mer primers from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum), called EST-PCR markers, are useful for genetic fingerprinting and relationship studies in rabbiteye blueberry. Of 44 EST-PCR primer pairs, from an assortment of genes expressed in flower buds of cold acclimated and non-acclimated plants, and shown to amplify polymorphic fragments among a collection of highbush genotypes, 40 (91%) resulted in successful amplification, and 33 of those (83%) amplified polymorphic fragments among the rabbiteye genotypes. The average number of scorable bands per primer pair was two. A dendrogram constructed from genetic similarity values, based on the EST-PCR marker data, tended to group siblings and parent/progeny together, generally agreeing with pedigree information. A group of 20 markers from five EST-PCR primer pairs distinguished all the genotypes in this study. These markers are as easy to generate and as affordable as RAPDs, but are based on actual gene sequences, and should have general utility for DNA fingerprinting, genetic diversity, and mapping studies.  相似文献   

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7.
Knowledge about the extent of genetic diversity/relatedness in mango germplasm is vital for developing coherent strategies for future gains in productivity. The genetic diversity/relatedness among mango cultivars/genotypes developed in Pakistan has not been investigated previously. We have assessed the genetic diversity among 25 mango genotypes/cultivars using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Sixty random ten-mer primers were surveyed, out of which 45 yielded amplicons in all the genotypes. Genetic similarity between genotypes/cultivars was in the range of 64–89% with an average of 74%. Similarly, the genetic relatedness among all variants derived from a mango cultivar Chaunsa was in the range of 81.18–88.63%. These coefficients were utilized to construct a dendrogram using the unweighted pair group of arithmetic means (UPGMA). The genotypes were grouped into three (A, B, C) clusters. Generally, genotypes originating from Pakistan were grouped in cluster ‘A’ while cluster ‘B’ primarily composed of southern India as well as Florida cultivars. Kensington Pride was the most distantly related genotype which grouped with Maya and Yakta, forming a distinct cluster ‘C’.  相似文献   

8.
In this study, fruit quality characteristics of some cultivars and types of fig (Ficus carica L.) were determined in Dortyol, Hatay, Turkey, which has a Mediterranean climate. The main fig cultivars grown in Turkey (‘Sarilop’, ‘Bursa Siyahi’, ‘Goklop’, ‘Yediveren’, ‘Yesilguz’, ‘Morguz’, ‘Sari Zeybek’, and ‘Ufak Yesil’) were evaluated along with 24 selections from a larger collection from the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Several pomological characteristics of the genotypes were determined on 5-year-old trees during the 2001 and 2002 growing season. Averaged over the 2 years, fruit weight ranged between 22 and 52 g, total soluble solids content (TSS) ranged between 20.1 and 27.4%, and acidity ranged between 0.09 and 0.26%. ‘Bursa Siyahi’, ‘Goklop’, 31-IN-17, 31-IN-11 and 31-IN-09 produced the largest fruits in terms of fruit weight and dimensions. 31-IN-01, 31-IN-02, ‘Yesilguz’, ‘Morguz’ and ‘Ufak Yesil’ had the highest TSS. ‘Yediveren’, ‘Goklop’, ‘Bursa Siyahi’ and 31-IN-16 scored the highest in overall quality according to the weighted ranked method. Based on the results obtained ‘Yediveren’, ‘Goklop’ and 31-IN-16 could be alternatives to ‘Bursa Siyahi’, currently the most favored fresh table fig cultivar. These alternatives appear to have potential for both local consumption and export markets. Our results also indicate extensive diversity among Turkish figs permitting marketing of a broad range of fresh fig traits.  相似文献   

9.
To study the genetic variation in Iranian olive collections and some foreign olive cultivars, 47 accessions of 18 local cultivars from 6 olive collections of Iran (Roudbar, Zanjan, Ahvaz, Dezful, Kazeroon and Shiraz), were analyzed along with 30 imported cultivars using 16 microsatellite primer pairs. All the used microsatellite loci revealed polymorphism in the studied genotypes, except GAPU14 and GAPU113 markers. Fourteen microsatellite primers amplified 126 polymorphic alleles in the 87 selected olive accessions. The average number of alleles per locus was 9, ranging from 3 to 14. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.85. The genetic similarity based on Jaccard coefficient ranged from 0.15 to 1. The genetic relationships among accessions were investigated using cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Most of the accessions with the same name were grouped together; some exceptions were also observed. As expected, close relationship was observed among accessions within same cultivar. Most of the Iranian olive accessions were clustered to a main distinct group. Two-dimensional scatter plot of principal component analysis revealed a clear separation of most of the Iranian olives from Syrian and other introduced cultivars. These suggest that Iranian cultivars have different origin related to West Mediterranean basin cultivars and have evolved independently from the others. Between and within Iranian and foreign cultivars (cultivars including three or more accessions) genetic diversity was analyzed using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). AMOVA revealed higher within cultivar genetic variation (62.76%) as compare to that between cultivar variations (37.24%). The intra- and inter-cultivar variance tested by permutation test showed significant genetic variation at both levels. The high level within cultivar genetic variance could be due to mislabeling and presence of homonyms in cultivars produced by vegetative propagation from original plants.  相似文献   

10.
Floral morphology, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were used to characterize and verify genetic diversity within a white sapote cultivar collection and to develop molecular markers for germplasm identification. On the basis of floral morphology, the cultivars were classified into three types: type I included 23 cultivars with large ovaries and small anthers; type II included 13 cultivars with small ovaries and large anthers; and type III included one cultivar, named ‘Maltby’, with a large ovary and large anthers. DNA was isolated from 39 cultivars of white sapote and subjected to RAPD and AFLP analysis using 24 and 7 primers, respectively. One hundred and sixty-eight RAPD and 286 AFLP bands were used to assess genetic characterization among white sapote. Sixty percent of the RAPD and 77% of the AFLP amplification products were polymorphic among accessions. RAPD or AFLP markers differentiated all white sapote cultivars effectively. Moreover, each flower type was characterized as specially associated with two RAPD bands. UPGMA dendrograms based on RAPD and AFLP data, showed the majority of the cultivars from flower type I and flower type II clustering together. Finally 101 RAPD markers and 220 AFLP markers were used to construct a neighbor-joining dendrogram. This showed that the 37 cultivars could be classified into six distinct clusters, between which the similarity coefficient was as low as 0.00–0.55, even though the cultivars were morphologically very similar. The remaining two cultivars namely ‘Smathers’ and ‘Maltby’ were found genetically very distant from the other cultivars in RAPD, AFLP or combined RAPD and AFLP based dendrograms. The results suggested that the level of genetic variation among white sapote cultivars is diverse and the morphological and molecular data may lead to representation of the cultivar relationships as well as flower type discrimination.  相似文献   

11.
Genetic and chloroplast haplotype variations of 35 Iranian genotypes and 10 European grape cultivars were investigated using 9 nuclear simple sequence repeats (nSSRs), 4 chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) and 46 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. In total, 83 alleles were detected at nine nSSRs, giving a mean of 15.66 alleles per locus and polymorphism information content (PIC) values ≥0.75 ranged from 0.75 to 0.90. For SNP markers, PIC values varied from 0.30 to 0.39 with an average of 0.34. Analysis of molecular variance revealed 97 and 93% of partitioned genetic diversity within populations using nSSRs and SNPs markers, respectively. Un-weighted neighbour-joining (NJ) cluster analysis grouped grapes into 10 and 9 major clusters using SSR and SNP markers, respectively. Synonyms and homonyms were identified among the Iranian genotypes. Close genetic relationship among Farkhi and Bidane-Sefid genotypes may probably propose a common ancestor and mutational evolution. Most European cultivars were differentiated from Iranian genotypes, however, clustering of some Iranian genotypes with European cultivars in the same clusters suggests that clonally propagated materials have probably been exchanged from the Middle East to West or vice versa. C and D chloroplast haplotypes were the most frequent within the Iranian genotypes, while A chloroplast haplotype was exclusively observed among European cultivars.  相似文献   

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13.
A collection of 70 olive samples, originating from diverse areas in central-southern Italy (Abruzzo, Apulia, Calabria, and Umbria) and corresponding to 3 major cultivars denominations (‘Carolea’, ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’), was genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. In total, 44 alleles with a mean number of 4.4 alleles per locus were detected. The molecular analysis, allowed the study to show a clear genetic diversity between the three cultivars ‘Carolea’, ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’ and to state that ‘Carolea’ is a polyclonal cultivar, while ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’, are probably monoclonal ones. The analysis of intra-varietal polymorphism, through the SSR analysis, proved to be very useful both for varietal identification and for intra-varietal ones. Our work shows that the current designations of olive cultivars fall short of describing the genetic variability among economically important plant material. A thorough investigation of the existing variability will prove of major importance for both management and economic production of olive trees.  相似文献   

14.
Physical properties of horticultural products are important in designing the sorting, transporting, processing and packaging systems. Among physical attributes, dimensions, weight, volume, projected areas and porosity are useful for designing grading systems. This study carried out on four superior walnut (Juglands regia) genotypes, which were selected from primary morphological screening of 608 genotypes in Neyriz city, Iran. G-570 with higher nut weight (12.46 g), kernel weight (8.25 g) and kernel ratio of 66.21% was a promising genotype among others. Regarding studied physical properties, G-570 was 44 mm in diameter significantly different from other genotype. In this research walnut mass was predicted by using different physical properties with linear and nonlinear models as three classifications (dimension, projected areas and volume). Results showed that the highest correlation was between models number three, two and one. Among grading system based on dimensions in walnut (first classification), minor diameter model with nonlinear relation was the best and could be considered as a good model for economical and horticultural designing systems.  相似文献   

15.
Twelve Alstroemeria species, two hybrids, one cv. ‘Jubilee’, an anther-cultured plant from cultivar ‘Jubilee,’ and Bomarea salsilla and Leontochir ovallei (the latter two were chosen as outgroup) were evaluated using the AFLP marker technique in order to identify putative parental genotypes of the Alstroemeria cv. ‘Jubilee’ and of known interspecific hybrids, and to estimate their genetic relationships within the genus Alstroemeria. A total of 297 AFLP markers were scored by using the primer combination (E + ACCA/M + CTAG). In order to discriminate all Alstroemeria genotypes, cluster analysis (UPGMA) and principal coordinates analysis were performed. The Alstroemeria cv. ‘Jubilee’, of which the parents are unknown, had genetic distance (GD) 0.54 from Alstroemeria exserens, GD 0.57 from Alstroemeria garaventae, GD 0.62 from Alstroemeria gayana, and GD 0.66 from Alstroemeria hookeri cumminghiana. Thus, these four species are considered as putative parental genotypes. An interspecific hybrid (Alstroemeria aurea × Alstroemeria inodora), showed the smallest genetic distance from A. aurea (GD 0.56) and A. inodora (GD 0.45). The Alstroemeria ligtu group was distantly allocated from other Chilean species. We conclude that the AFLP marker technique appears to be a satisfactory tool for identifying the parental genotypes of interspecific hybrids in Alstroemeria.  相似文献   

16.
Bud sports have been widely exploited for creating novel cultivars in vegetatively propagated plants. However, bud sports of tree peony have rarely occurred nor been applied to breeding. We used sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers to characterize two tree peony groups with bud sports. ‘Er Qiao’ and ‘Luo Yang Hong’ formed group I and are derived from Chinese cultivars, while ‘Shima-nishiki’ and ‘Taiyō’ formed group II and are related to Japanese cultivars. The DNA samples were evaluated with 25 different primer pairs. This resulted in a total of 149 different amplicons in Group I, of which 80.5% were polymorphic. Group II generated a total of 57 amplicons, of which 63.2% were polymorphic. The two groups shared 43 amplicons. The genetic similarity among the cultivars ranged from 0.33 to 0.60. The two bud sports groups were apparently separated on the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages cluster analysis tree. The results demonstrated that this marker system appeared effective in detecting molecular differences between original parents and their bud sports in tree peony. This study provides a technical base for characterizing plants with bud sports, which are valuable genetic resources for further breeding.  相似文献   

17.
Changes caused by NaCl-induced salinity on several growth parameters and ions accumulation have been measured in five olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (‘Chemlali’, ‘Chetoui’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Arbequina I18’, and ‘Arbosana I43’) growing in a greenhouse in nutrient solution pot experiment. One-year-old plants were transplanted to sand–perlite (1:1) culture, and were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing NaCl at various levels (0.5, 50, 100 and 200 mM). Salinity induced significant decrease in growth parameters, but to a different extent in each cultivar. Leaf growth and total leaf area per plant were significantly affected by all salinity treatments in all studied cultivars, being ‘Arbequina I18’ the most sensitive cultivar. Leaf drop phenomenon was observed from 60 days after salt application at high salinity treatments, mainly in Arbequina I18. Contrary to leaf area, leaf thickness increased progressively during the experiment. ‘Chemlali’ developed thicker leaves at the two highest salinity treatments when compared to the other cultivars. Na+ and Cl− concentrations were higher in roots than in shoots and leaves in most of the cultivars investigated. The effectiveness of Na+ exclusion mechanism in the roots differed significantly among studied cultivars, working effectively in ‘Chemlali’ (by inhibiting translocation of Na+ to the aerial part) and being much less efficient in ‘Arbequina I18’. Furthermore, leaf abscission can be considered as an additional tolerance mechanism of olive cultivars allowing the elimination of leaves that had accumulated Na+ and Cl− ions. Tolerance to salinity stress was as follows: ‘Chemlali’ > ‘Chetoui’ > ‘Arbosana I43’ > ‘Koroneiki’ > ‘Arbequina I18’. This order of salt tolerance was indicated by lower reduction in plant growth parameters (shoot elongation, trunk diameter, total plant dry weight, internodes length, and total leaf area), the increase of leaf thickness, and by the effectiveness of the exclusion mechanism of Na+ and Cl− in the root system.  相似文献   

18.
RAPDs and SSRs were used to study the genetic diversity of Iranian almond cultivars and their relationship to important foreign cultivars and three related species. Eight unidentified almond Shahrodi cultivars and three wild almonds (Prunus communis, Prunus orientalis and Prunus scoparia) were also included. Of the primers tested, 42 (out of 80) RAPD and 18 (out of 26) SSR primers were selected for their reproducibility and high polymorphism. A total of 664 polymorphic RAPD bands were detected out of 729 bands. The number of presumed alleles revealed by the SSR analysis ranged from 3 to 10 alleles per locus with a mean value of 6.64 alleles per locus. Both techniques discriminated the genotypes very effectively, but only RAPDs were able to discriminate the cultivars Monagha and Sefied. Results demonstrated an extensive genetic variability within the tested cultivars as well as the value of SSR markers developed in peach for characterization of almond and related species of Prunus. Dice similarity coefficient was calculated for all pair wise comparisons and was used to construct a UPGMA dendrogram. For both markers a high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained although some differences were observed. All dendrograms, including that obtained by the combined use of both the marker data, depicted the phenetic relationships among the cultivars and species, depending upon their geographic region and/or pedigree information. Almond cultivars clustered with accession of P. communis showing their close relationship. P. orientalis and P. scoparia were clustered out of the rest of P. dulcis.  相似文献   

19.
In this study RAPD markers were used to determine the diversity level among 24 Iranian pomegranate genotypes. One hundred decamer random primers were used for PCR reactions, among which 16 showed reliable polymorphic patterns. These primers produced 178 bands, of which 102 were polymorphic. Cluster analysis of the genotypes was performed based on data from polymorphic RAPD bands, using Jaccard's similarity coefficient and UPGMA clustering method. The highest and lowest similarities detected between genotypes were 0.89 and 0.29, respectively. At a similarity of 60%, the genotypes were divided into four sub-clusters. Cophenetic correlation coefficient between similarity matrix and cophenetic matrix of dendrogram was relatively high (r = 0.9) showing the goodness of fit of the dendrogram. RAPD markers showed to be a useful tool for studying the genetic diversity of pomegranate.  相似文献   

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