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1.
采用单因素试验方法,将偶氮二甲酰胺发泡剂与脲醛树脂复配制备发泡型胶黏剂,测试胶黏剂的基本性能及拉伸剪切强度,利用热重分析仪(TG)和同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)对胶黏剂的热稳定性和固化特性进行表征。结果表明:偶氮二甲酰胺发泡剂的加入有利于提升树脂体系的流动性,降低树脂的初期固化速度,提高树脂的热稳定性,且对树脂的固体含量及黏度无明显影响;较优的发泡剂添加量为6%;拉伸剪切强度为2.45 MPa。开发的偶氮二甲酰胺/脲醛树脂发泡胶黏剂在轻质人造板领域具有较大的应用潜力。 相似文献
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以硫酸/磷酸为催化剂和苯酚液化,将大豆粉转化为胶黏剂的制备原料,并制备得到耐水性木材胶黏剂。采用GPC,HPLC,FTIR等手段结合胶合板压制,对豆粉苯酚液化产物及其与甲醛缩聚得到的胶黏剂进行表征。结果表明:以苯酚/豆粉质量比为3/1～2/1、5%硫酸为催化剂下,将豆粉在130～150℃下液化90min,90%以上的豆粉转化成相对分子质量为250～7250的产物,部分苯酚以1,4-取代和1,2-取代方式与豆粉反应形成结合酚;苯酚液化不仅破坏大豆蛋白的紧密球形结构,还使液化豆粉的活性基团增加,由此通过苯酚液化豆粉与甲醛缩聚,制得低游离甲醛释放的、胶接性能满足国家标准要求的Ⅰ类胶黏剂,由此所制备胶合板的28h煮-烘-煮湿强度在1.24～1.81MPa之间,达到耐候胶合板要求;苯酚/豆粉的比例对液化产物以及苯酚液化豆粉-甲醛胶黏剂的许多特性都有不同的影响,其中以苯酚/豆粉比例为3的胶黏剂胶接强度最好。 相似文献
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竹材苯酚液化及胶黏剂制备工艺 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
采用单因素试验和正交试验研究了竹材加工剩余物的苯酚液化工艺,并进一步研究了竹材苯酚液化产物-甲醛树脂胶黏剂(BPF)的制备工艺和性能。试验结果表明:竹材苯酚液化过程中,液化温度对液化效果的影响最为显著,其次是液比和液化反应时间,催化剂用量2%~4%范围内对液化效果影响不大。竹材加工剩余物苯酚液化的优选工艺为:液固比值3.5、催化剂用量4%、液化温度145℃、液化时间60 min;在此工艺下竹材液化率为99.1%。胶黏剂制备过程中,竹材苯酚液化物与甲醛溶液(甲醛质量分数为37%)的合理质量比为100∶164.8~199.5,其中以100∶182.1较佳。BPF的固化温度低于普通酚醛树脂胶黏剂(PF),因而可在较低温度下固化良好,在130℃或140℃热压温度条件下,用其制备的胶合板的胶合强度均比较理想,热压温度为140℃时的试验结果更佳。 相似文献
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通过三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚(THPTG)交联聚合大豆蛋白降解液制备低黏度大豆蛋白胶黏剂,研究THPTG用量、反应时间、反应温度等工艺参数对大豆蛋白胶黏剂黏度、耐水胶合强度和固化性能的影响,优化大豆蛋白胶黏剂制备工艺条件。结果表明:THPTG用量与反应时间对大豆蛋白胶黏剂黏度、耐水胶合强度均有显著影响,而反应温度仅对黏度影响较大;THPTG用量为9%时,大豆蛋白胶黏剂固化温度为130.20℃,固化反应热达到最大值199.7 J/g。大豆蛋白胶黏剂优化的制备工艺条件为THPTG 9%、反应时间50 min、反应温度70℃,制备的胶黏剂黏度为106 mPa·s,耐水胶合强度达到0.76 MPa,满足GB/T 9846—2015对于Ⅱ类胶合板标准要求。 相似文献
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腰果酚(CD)和1,3-二溴丙烷经Williamson醚化反应得到一种腰果酚二醚化合物(CDE),然后以CDE、多聚甲醛和二乙烯三胺为原料,经Mannich反应制备得到一种浅色的腰果酚二醚曼尼希碱固化剂(MBCDE)。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)表征了产物的化学结构,并与氨乙基哌嗪(AEP)进行对比研究其相关性能。通过热重分析(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和力学性能测试研究了两种固化剂与双酚A环氧树脂(DGEBA)固化材料的相关性能。结果表明:MBCDE/DGEBA的最大分解温度为351.6℃,具有良好的热稳定性。AEP/DGEBA环氧固化物的冲击强度为3.641 J/m,而添加80%的MBCDE后固化物的冲击强度则为5.155 J/m,提高了41.6%。SEM分析结果表明MBCDE固化材料中存在相分离。 相似文献
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市售木结构用胶黏剂抗剪性能比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目前,市面上出现了几种室温固化木结构用胶黏剂,为了验证其性能,选用4种具有代表性的胶黏剂,根据国家标准GB/T 50708-2012《胶合木结构技术规范》之附录A进行胶缝顺纹拉伸剪切试验,测试胶缝的剪切强度,并与热固性酚醛树脂胶黏剂进行对比。结果表明:单组份聚氨酯、间苯二酚-甲醛树脂和聚醋酸乙烯酯-异氰酸酯3种市售木结构用胶黏剂的胶缝常态剪切强度和湿态剪切强度的平均值均达到国家标准要求,与热固性酚醛树脂胶黏剂基本相当,其中间苯二酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂的剪切强度值最高;市售木结构用双组份聚氨酯胶黏剂,其胶缝常态剪切强度达到国家标准要求,但其湿态剪切强度达不到国家标准要求;胶缝剪切强度与胶缝剪切木破率具有较为明显的正相关性,即木破率越高其胶缝剪切强度值越高。 相似文献
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为实现木质旧家具在居家条件下的翻新改造,采用熨烫固化胶接方法用面料对桦木板表面进行饰面翻新,通过探究胶黏剂种类、熨烫温度和熨烫时间对面料翻新木材的胶合强度及耐水性的影响,得出理想的烫熨胶接工艺并将之用于木质旧家具的饰面翻新。结果表明:使用电熨斗的熨烫固化代替热压机的热压固化可实现居家条件下对木质家具的面料饰面翻新,胶黏剂种类、熨烫温度和熨烫时间对饰面翻新木材的胶合强度及耐水性有着重要影响;适当提高熨烫温度和延长熨烫时间可促进胶黏剂的固化进而确保胶合性能;在3种胶黏剂中最适于居家饰面翻新木质家具的胶黏剂为API胶黏剂。通过手工熨烫方法可实现对旧家具的个性化翻新,在避免家居审美疲劳的同时实现旧家具的再利用。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献