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1.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are essential eukaryotic organelles of endosymbiotic origin. Dynamic cellular machineries divide these organelles. The mechanisms by which mitochondria and chloroplasts divide were thought to be fundamentally different because chloroplasts use proteins derived from the ancestral prokaryotic cell division machinery, whereas mitochondria have largely evolved a division apparatus that lacks bacterial cell division components. Recent findings indicate, however, that both types of organelles universally require dynamin-related guanosine triphosphatases to divide. This mechanistic link provides fundamental insights into the molecular events driving the division, and possibly the evolution, of organelles in eukaryotes. 相似文献
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Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events 总被引：282，自引：0，他引：282
The events of the cell cycle of most organisms are ordered into dependent pathways in which the initiation of late events is dependent on the completion of early events. In eukaryotes, for example, mitosis is dependent on the completion of DNA synthesis. Some dependencies can be relieved by mutation (mitosis may then occur before completion of DNA synthesis), suggesting that the dependency is due to a control mechanism and not an intrinsic feature of the events themselves. Control mechanisms enforcing dependency in the cell cycle are here called checkpoints. Elimination of checkpoints may result in cell death, infidelity in the distribution of chromosomes or other organelles, or increased susceptibility to environmental perturbations such as DNA damaging agents. It appears that some checkpoints are eliminated during the early embryonic development of some organisms; this fact may pose special problems for the fidelity of embryonic cell division. 相似文献
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【目的】从细胞学角度研究细胞自噬过程中膜结构细胞器的变化及其与自噬体发生的关系。【方法】以基因互作引起细胞调亡现象发生的水稻爪粳杂种F1和天然化合物印楝素、喜树碱、苦参碱诱导凋亡的昆虫细胞Sf9为材料,通过透射电子显微镜和荧光显微镜技术观察细胞自噬凋亡期间自噬体的特征。【结果】水稻杂种F1花粉母细胞在不同发育时期存在不同程度的退化,部分细胞内线粒体形态发生显著变化,形成长哑铃型或线管状,最后两端弯曲形成双层膜结构的细胞器;绒毡层细胞均出现内质网膨大,且逐渐包裹周围其它细胞器,如线粒体,形成双层膜结构的自噬体,最终引发细胞的自噬性凋亡。喜树碱和苦参碱诱发凋亡的细胞胞内线粒体形态发生拉长、弯曲,最后闭合形成包裹其它细胞器的双层膜结构自噬体;印楝素和喜树碱诱发凋亡的细胞胞内核通过分页和出芽的方式形成双层膜结构自噬体。【结论】动植物细胞自噬凋亡过程中,内质网、线粒体和细胞核3种膜结构细胞器均是自噬体膜结构的直接来源,然而3种膜结构细胞器参与自噬体形成的程度和方式因物种、细胞种类以及自噬诱发因素的变化而不同。 相似文献
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Magnetosomes are membranous bacterial organelles sharing many features of eukaryotic organelles. Using electron cryotomography, we found that magnetosomes are invaginations of the cell membrane flanked by a network of cytoskeletal filaments. The filaments appeared to be composed of MamK, a homolog of the bacterial actin-like protein MreB, which formed filaments in vivo. In a mamK deletion strain, the magnetosome-associated cytoskeleton was absent and individual magnetosomes were no longer organized into chains. Thus, it seems that prokaryotes can use cytoskeletal filaments to position organelles within the cell. 相似文献
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Yaffe MP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,283(5407):1493-1497
The distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells during cell division is an essential feature of cell proliferation. Until recently, it was commonly believed that inheritance of mitochondria and other organelles was a passive process, a consequence of their random diffusion throughout the cytoplasm. A growing recognition of the reticular morphology of mitochondria in many living cells, the association of mitochondria with the cytoskeleton, and the coordinated movements of mitochondria during cellular division and differentiation has illuminated the necessity for a cellular machinery that mediates mitochondrial behavior. Characterization of the underlying molecular components of this machinery is providing insight into mechanisms regulating mitochondrial morphology and distribution. 相似文献
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We have reconstructed the events that led to the evolution of a key physiological innovation underpinning the large adaptive radiation of fishes, namely their unique ability to secrete molecular oxygen (O2). We show that O2 secretion into the swimbladder evolved some 100 million years after another O2-secreting system in the eye. We unravel the likely sequence in which the functional components of both systems evolved. These components include ocular and swimbladder countercurrent exchangers, the Bohr and Root effects, the buffering power and surface histidine content of hemoglobins, and red blood cell Na+/H+ exchange activity. Our synthesis reveals the dynamics of gains and losses of these multiple traits over time, accounting for part of the huge diversity of form and function in living fishes. 相似文献
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鹅甲状旁腺实质仅主细胞构成,没有嗜酸性细胞,Ｈ－Ｅ染色。产蛋鹅主细胞较大,胞质深染,胸核大而圆,核仁明显,停产 细胞质淡染,较清亮。电镜下产蛋期主细胞电子密度中等,胞人含有丰富的细胞器;线粒体多,常膨大成圆形;高尔基复合体发达;南网稍扩张;脂质滴与分泌前颗粒均较多,成熟的分泌颗粒大而少,细胞这样期主细胞的细胞较和,核常染色质少,其相对稳定。 相似文献
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The events that occur during the fusion of double-membraned mitochondria are unknown. As an essential step toward determining the mechanism of mitochondrial fusion, we have captured this event in vitro. Mitochondrial outer and inner membrane fusion events were separable and mechanistically distinct, but both required guanosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis. Homotypic trans interactions of the ancient outer transmembrane guanosine triphosphatase, Fzo1, were required to promote the fusion of mitochondrial outer membranes, whereas electrical potential was also required for fusion of inner membranes. Our conclusions provide fundamental insights into the molecular events driving mitochondrial fusion and advance our understanding of the evolution of mitochondrial fusion in eukaryotic cells. 相似文献
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Hidalgo Carcedo C Bonazzi M Spanò S Turacchio G Colanzi A Luini A Corda D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5680):93-96
Organelle inheritance is an essential feature of all eukaryotic cells. As with other organelles, the Golgi complex partitions between daughter cells through the fission of its membranes into numerous tubulovesicular fragments. We found that the protein CtBP3/BARS (BARS) was responsible for driving the fission of Golgi membranes during mitosis in vivo. Moreover, by in vitro analysis, we identified two stages of this Golgi fragmentation process: disassembly of the Golgi stacks into a tubular network, and BARS-dependent fission of these tubules. Finally, this BARS-induced fission of Golgi membranes controlled the G2-to-prophase transition of the cell cycle, and hence cell division. 相似文献
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桃果实后熟软化机理分子生物学研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
桃果实的成熟软化是一个非常复杂的发育过程,其间经历了一系列生理生化的变化,包括细胞壁的降解、乙烯的释放以及其他的代谢变化.对桃果实成熟软化方面的分子生物学研究进展进行了综述,介绍与桃果实成熟软化过程相关的细胞壁酶以及乙烯在果实成熟软化过程中的作用,并对软化机理进行了探讨.综合表明,果实的成熟软化过程受多种基因调控作用的影响.对果实成熟软化机理的探讨可为果实的贮藏及加工提供理论依据. 相似文献
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Schaap P Winckler T Nelson M Alvarez-Curto E Elgie B Hagiwara H Cavender J Milano-Curto A Rozen DE Dingermann T Mutzel R Baldauf SL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5799):661-663
The social amoebas (Dictyostelia) display conditional multicellularity in a wide variety of forms. Despite widespread interest in Dictyostelium discoideum as a model system, almost no molecular data exist from the rest of the group. We constructed the first molecular phylogeny of the Dictyostelia with parallel small subunit ribosomal RNA and a-tubulin data sets, and we found that dictyostelid taxonomy requires complete revision. A mapping of characters onto the phylogeny shows that the dominant trend in dictyostelid evolution is increased size and cell type specialization of fruiting structures, with some complex morphologies evolving several times independently. Thus, the latter may be controlled by only a few genes, making their underlying mechanisms relatively easy to unravel. 相似文献
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Assembly of bacterial ribosomes 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
M Nomura 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1973,179(76):864-873
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The spatial and temporal organization of molecules within a cell is critical for coordinating the many distinct activities carried out by the cell. In an increasing number of biological signaling processes, scaffold proteins have been found to play a central role in physically assembling the relevant molecular components. Although most scaffolds use a simple tethering mechanism to increase the efficiency of interaction between individual partner molecules, these proteins can also exert complex allosteric control over their partners and are themselves the target of regulation. Scaffold proteins offer a simple, flexible strategy for regulating selectivity in pathways, shaping output behaviors, and achieving new responses from preexisting signaling components. As a result, scaffold proteins have been exploited by evolution, pathogens, and cellular engineers to reshape cellular behavior. 相似文献
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Allelotype of colorectal carcinomas 总被引：86，自引：0，他引：86
B Vogelstein E R Fearon S E Kern S R Hamilton A C Preisinger Y Nakamura R White 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,244(4901):207-211
To examine the extent and variation of allelic loss in a common adult tumor, polymorphic DNA markers were studied from every nonacrocentric autosomal arm in 56 paired colorectal carcinoma and adjacent normal colonic mucosa specimens. This analysis was termed an allelotype, in analogy with a karyotype. Three major conclusions were drawn from this analysis: (i) Allelic deletions were remarkably common; one of the alleles of each polymorphic marker tested was lost in at least some tumors, and some tumors lost more than half of their parental alleles. (ii) In addition to allelic deletions, new DNA fragments not present in normal tissue were identified in five carcinomas; these new fragments contained repeated sequences of the variable number of tandem repeat type. (iii) Patients with more than the median percentage of allelic deletions had a considerably worse prognosis than did the other patients, although the size and stage of the primary tumors were very similar in the two groups. In addition to its implications concerning the genetic events underlying tumorigenesis, tumor allelotype may provide a molecular tool for improved estimation of prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. 相似文献
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[目的]探讨皖西白鹅产蛋期卵巢的组织学结构。[方法]应用光镜和透射电镜技术,观察皖西白鹅产蛋期卵巢形态学结构。[结果]皖西白鹅卵巢表面被覆生殖上皮,下方是白膜,其实质由皮质和髓质组成。皮质内含有不同发育阶段的卵泡和萎缩卵泡,大卵泡突出了卵巢表面,卵泡无卵泡腔,也无卵泡液,排卵后不形成黄体。电镜下,卵泡颗粒细胞胞质中有线粒体、内质网、脂滴、高尔基复合体等丰富的细胞器,并且这些细胞器随着卵泡的发育而逐渐增多。卵巢基质中有卵泡外膜细胞、间质细胞和空泡细胞3种细胞,前2种细胞胞质中有丰富的内质网,而空泡细胞胞质中脂滴较多。[结论]阐明了皖西白鹅产蛋期卵巢的显微结构与超微结构。 相似文献
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Nurse P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5485):1711-1716
In this month's essay, Paul Nurse recapitulates the ontogeny of one of the most important theories in the history of biology, the cell theory, which proposes that all forms of life are composed of cells. Along the way, he lays out the wondrous molecular complexities and processes that he and others have discovered in the course of their studies of the lives of cells. In particular, Nurse focuses on the mechanisms and controls of cell reproduction that ultimately allow growth, development, and evolution to occur. 相似文献
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渗透胁迫下玉米幼叶细胞Ca2+分布及超微结构变化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用改进的焦锑酸钙沉淀细胞化学方法,探讨了渗透胁迫条件下玉米幼叶胞内Ca2+的分布及细胞超微结构的变化,旨在进一步探讨Ca2+与渗透胁迫诱导胞内信息转导过程的关系。结果表明:干旱胁迫初期,胞质Ca2+浓度升高,液泡失水,叶绿体、细胞核Ca2+浓度升高,起到了调节胞内Ca2+浓度的作用;随着胁迫时间的延长,细胞超微结构遭到破坏,同时,叶绿体及细胞核中Ca2+浓度呈继续上升趋势,二者超微结构受到破坏的程度愈发严重,直至解体。说明:Ca2+介导了渗透胁迫诱导的细胞生理过程,Ca2+对细胞核骨架的可塑性发挥着重要作用。 相似文献
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镉积累不同类型的小麦细胞镉的亚细胞和分子分布 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
采用溶液培养试验结合亚细胞组分分级分离和凝胶过滤等技术 ,研究小麦根系和叶片细胞镉的亚细胞和分子分布。低镉和高镉品种分别采用烟 86 10 3和莱州 95 3。在高镉与低镉营养液中 ,根细胞壁中镉含量两个品种间差异不大 ,但烟 86 10 3根系细胞质中镉含量较低 ;叶片细胞壁、细胞质和细胞器的镉含量均表现为烟 86 10 3小于莱州 95 3。两小麦品种叶片细胞中镉大部分与高分子量化合物配合 ,而根细胞中镉大部分与重金属螯合肽 (PCs)配合。根系镉与PCs配合的组分 (PCs Cd)含量烟 86 10 3远小于莱州 95 3,烟 86 10 3根系细胞质低的镉含量以及低的PCs Cd形成量 ,降低了根系镉的移动及其由木质部向地上部转运的可能性。 相似文献