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1.
Pingping Su Kim Granholm Andrey Pranovich Leo Harju Bjarne Holmbom Ari Ivaska 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(5):1083-1097
The concentrations and protonation constants of the functional groups like carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups in spruce bark were determined by a potentiometric acid–base titration method. The non-cellulosic carbohydrates in spruce bark were also characterized by acid methanolysis and GC, including determination of the uronic acid units, which are the key units involved in metal sorption. Sorption of metal ions to bark takes place by ion exchange, mainly by complexation to these functional groups. The sorption equilibrium time, studied by using a batch method, was approximately 5 min. The metal sorption capacity of spruce bark and the affinity order of metal ions were studied with four different metal ion mixtures using a column chromatographic method. Because a method of competition was used, concentration of metal ions adsorbed to bark depends on the metal ions present in the mixtures studied. In the sorption experiments with same metal ion mixtures, inner bark of spruce exhibited higher sorption capacity than outer bark. By combination of the results from several experiments, the following affinity order was obtained Fe3+ ? Pb2+ ? Cu2+ ? Cd2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Ba2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Mn2+ > Mg2+ ? K+ ~ Na+ ~ Li+. Bark has a great potential as an effective and inexpensive sorbent for removal of metal ions from, e.g., waste water. 相似文献
2.
Pine (Pinus densiflora) bark was chemically modified by grafting with acrylonitrile (AN) through Fenton reaction and conversion of the cyano group
to an amidoxime group by reaction with hydroxylamine. Treatments of pine bark with 160 mM H2O2 at 40°C yielded ~70% grafting in 6-h reaction. After alkali hydrolysis of amidoximated pine bark (AOPB), its adsorption capacity
(q
e) for copper ions was largely increased from 0.5 to 1.8 mmol/g. Adsorption of the hydrolyzed AOPB (HAOPB) followed the pseudo-second-order
kinetic model. Among the metal ions tested, the order of adsorption capacity (q
e) predicted by the kinetic model at equilibrium time was Hg2+ > UO2
2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+. The adsorption process was pH-dependent, and the adsorption equilibrium was observed in the pH range of 6–7 for all the
metal ions. Even though pine bark is a good adsorbent for Hg2+ and UO2
2+ ions, it had a poor affinity for the other ions tested. It was obviously found that HAOPB had very high adsorption abilities
for heavy metal and uranyl ions. 相似文献
3.
Summary The abilities of 15 coniferous barks for removing toxic heavy metal ions were investigated. The barks considerably varied in the adsorption ability to each metal ion. Of the barks tested, high adsorption ability for heavy metal ions was found inPicea abies (Norway spruce). Equilibrium experiments usingP. jezoensis (Yezo spruce) bark showed that the adsorption of Cd2+ was greatly affected by the pH of solution and the initial Cd2+ concentration in solution. The adsorption of Cd2+ byP. jezoensis bark followed Freundlich isotherm in the concentration range 10–330 mg Cd2+/L. The continuous column experiments usingP. jezoensis bark indicated that the packing had retained 10.1–14.2 mg Cd2+/g adsorbent until the column broke through. 相似文献
4.
5.
Kraft lignins modified by radical sulfonation or alkaline oxygen treatment were rich in acidic groups, such as sulfonic acid,
carboxylic acid, and phenolic hydroxyl groups, and were effective as soil-conditioning agents, especially because of their
ability to trap aluminum ions eluted from soil under acidic conditions. Formation of complexes between aluminum ions and modified
lignins was examined using potentiometric titration and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Changes in the titration curve of a modified lignin by the addition of aluminum
ions suggest the release of protons after the formation of complexes between them. Disappearance of 27Al-NMR signals assigned to various aluminum ions by the addition of kraft lignin treated with alkaline oxygen was also attributed
to the formation of complexes. The relative ease of proton release because of complex formation between a modified lignin
and metal ions was as follows: Fe3+ > Al3+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Mn2+ > Ca2+. This indicates that aluminum complexes are quite stable, and the aluminum ion is not exchanged with cations other than Fe3+.
Received: October 24, 2001 / Accepted: January 16, 2002
Present address: Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Tel. +81-3-5841-7506;
Fax +81-3-5841-5230 e-mail: ukyoko@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Part of this study was presented at the 11th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Nice, June 2001
Correspondence to:K.S. Katsumata 相似文献
6.
Renjun Xiang Liyuan Chai Xilin Zhang Gong Zhang Guifang Zhao 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2008,3(3):321-325
Leaching of major ions from acid precipitation in a subtropical forest was examined based on an experiment in four sample
sites in Shaoshan City, Hunan Province, China, from January 2001 to June 2002. Results clearly show that when rain passed
through the canopy, pH increased and the evidence of ion uptake was presented for SO4
2−, NO3
−, Mg2+ and NH4
+ ions, especially of NH4
+ and NO3
−. The percentages of dissolved SO4
2−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ show a decreasing trend with increasing rainfall. Percentages of leaching Ca2+, K+ and Cl− ions show an increasing trend as a function of increased pH values. The forest canopy in Shaoshan City has a strong effect
on the uptake of SO4
2− and NO3
− ions under acid rain conditions. The decreasing order of ions leaching in the forest canopy is as follows: K+ > Ca2+ > Cl− > Mg2+ > SO4
2− > NO3
− > NH4
+ > Na+.
__________
Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(7): 1–4 [译自: 林业科学] 相似文献
7.
The study was carried out over a period of 1999–2003 in the Dupniański Stream catchment located in Silesian Beskid Mts. Region
(Southern Poland). Analysis of the chemical composition of bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, surface flow, soil water
(horizontal + vertical and vertical penetration) and outflow water samples was performed. The complex data matrix with more
than 3,000 observations of water reaction, major anions (F−, Cl−, NO3
−, SO4
2−) and cations (NH4
+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) were treated by regression modelling. The modelling approach took into account seasonal variability according to winter
and growing season, as well as chronosequence of spruce stands. The retention of considerable levels of contaminants by the
canopy, and their removal or washout from needles by rainfall caused changes in the concentration of anions and cations reaching
the soil surface compared to the concentrations in bulk precipitation. In the youngest stand, most elements except NH4
+, SO4
2− and K+ were retained in the canopy, and even H+ ions were neutralized. In the older stands, most elements increased in net throughfall fluxes, and the acidity increased
strongly. Soil water was slightly correlated with throughfall, while outflow water showed no correlations with the above ground
water flows, and seemed to depend mostly of the bedrock. 相似文献
8.
１９９８年４月至１９９９年３月对广州市白云山马尾松林和常绿阔叶林、广州市龙眼洞马尾松林两试验点进行了酸雨的监测,并测定和分析了林内穿透雨物理量及化学量,旨在探讨酸雨对不同森林冠层养分淋溶规律的影响。结果表明：（１）广州市酸雨占次数的７９．７％或占降雨量的９５．１％。（２）酸雨通过林冠层后,ｐＨ值明显增加。（３）在马尾松林和常绿阔叶林中,某些单次降雨出现ＳＯ４＾２－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＨ４＾＋Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｎａ＾＋的负淋溶现象,说明森林对这些离子（特别是ＮＯ３＾－、Ａａ＾３＋）具有吸收作用;阔叶林全年的ＮＯ３＾－和Ａｌ＾３＋净淋溶为负值,说明阔叶林比马尾松林对这两种离子具有更强的吸收能力。（４）雨水酸度增加（即ｐＨ值减小）,明显提高阳离子Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋冠层淋溶面分率。（５）ＮＨ４＾＋、ＳＯ４＾ 相似文献
9.
Inorganic compound leakage and change of carbohydrate were measured in Ulmus parvifolia seeds throughout accelerated aging under 35°C and 75% relative humidity (RH) to investigate whether these indicators can
be used as a rapid vigor test for efficient seed bank management. Accelerated aging seeds treated for 0–14 days exhibited
loss of germinability in the longest aging treated seeds (11%, 14 days) compared to a good performance of 52% for control
(0 day) seeds. Leachate electrical conductivity (EC) increase had strong negative correlation with seed vigor (−0.9). Magnesium
ion concentration in electrolyte leakage from artificial aged seeds showed positive correlation (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). The ratios of inorganic ions showed that K+/Mg2+, Ca2+/Mg2+, and Na+/Mg2+ were inversely correlated with germination (−0.93, −0.82, and −0.91, respectively). Increases in starch and total soluble
sugar content in aged seeds were associated with a decrease in seed vigor. In conclusion, EC, magnesium ion concentration,
K+/Mg2+, Ca2+/Mg2+, and Na+/Mg2+ ratios and starch and total soluble sugar content could provide a sensitive and accurate index for the assessment of U. parvifolia seed vigor. 相似文献
10.
本研究从日本落叶松中克隆到一个谷胱苷肽还原酶(GR)基因,命名为LaGR。该基因编码563个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,预测分子量为61.06 kDa。表达模式分析发现LaGR基因在芽、成熟针叶、茎韧皮部和根韧皮部均表达,是组成型表达基因。蛋白质亚细胞定位研究发现LaGR蛋白定位在叶绿体。在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化了LaGR重组蛋白。酶学性质分析发现,LaGR蛋白对底物GSSG和NADPH具有较高的催化活性和亲和力,是热稳定蛋白,而且最适pH值范围在7.0 9.0之间。Cd2+、Pb2+和Cu2+等重金属离子对LaGR蛋白的催化活性具有明显的抑制作用。将LaGR蛋白的第528位His突变为Gln后,其突变蛋白的催化活性显著降低,而且与野生型LaGR蛋白相比,突变蛋白的动力学常数、最适pH值范围和热稳定性均发生了显著变化,预示着第528位的His在LaGR的催化特性和蛋白结构稳定性方面发挥着重要作用。 相似文献
11.
在六盘山香水河小流域的华北落叶松人工林样地,测定了2011年生长季降水转化过程中的大气降水、穿透水、干流、枯落物渗透水和主根系层(30 cm土层)土壤渗透水的pH值与多种阳离子的浓度及通量变化.结果表明:林外降水的pH值平均为7.13,转化为穿透雨和干流后降为6.73和6.00,转化为枯落物渗透水和土壤渗透水后回升为6.87和7.28.在降水转为由穿透雨和干流组成的林下降水后,绝大多数阳离子的浓度都不同程度地增大,但Zn2+浓度下降;虽然林冠截持使林下降水的数量减小,但由于雨水对林冠的离子交换及淋洗,林下降水的多数阳离子通量都比林外降水明显增大,K+、Mg2+、H+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+由林外的17.23、12.51、0.06、0.09、0.13、0.19 mmol·m-2分别上升到林下的141.87、32.93、0.10、0.68、0.24、0.56 mmol·m-2,但Na+、Ca2+、Zn2+的通量分别由林外的33.73、112.91、2.05 mmol·m-2减小为林内的30.70、75.75、1.10 mmol·m-2.在枯落物层渗透水中,绝大多数阳离子的浓度都不同程度地下降,仅Mg2+浓度微弱上升;受枯落物截持部分降水及雨水中阳离子与枯落物交换的影响,枯落物渗透水中所有阳离子的通量都比林下降水明显减小,K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、H+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe3+分别降至83.06、12.30、23.96、65.73、0.04、0.12、0.09、0.13、0.32 mmol·m-2.在主根系层土壤渗透水中,一些阳离子(K+、Mn2+、Cu2、Fe3+)的浓度下降,另一些阳离子(Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Zn2+)的浓度则上升,尤其Ca2+浓度显著上升;Na+、M2+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Zn2+的通量比枯落物渗透水增大,其值分别为37.49、62.83、202.41、0.22、1.05 mmol·m-2,但K+、Cu2+、Fe3+的通量比枯落物渗透水减小,其值分别为27.14、0.07、0.09 mmol·m-2.相对于林外降水的阳离子输入通量,林冠层对多数阳离子(除Na+、Ca2+、Zn2+)的通量为净淋出(增加)作用,枯落物层对多数阳离子(除K+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe3+)的通量为净固定(减少)作用,主根系层土壤对盐基离子(Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)和Mn2+的通量为净淋失(增大)作用,但对其他阳离子(H+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe3+)的通量为净固定(减少)作用. 相似文献
12.
Measurements of pH were carried out at two experimental sites in Sweden before and after clear-felling. At eleven sites, pH, cation-exchange capacity, base saturation and exchangeable hydrogen ions were compared in clear-felled areas where slash was left and removed, respectively. It is shown that pH increases significantly after clear-felling. The increase is larger than can be explained by the release of basic cations in connection with decomposition of slash and humus. The increase in pH is less in a clear-felled area when the slash is removed than when it is left. There is a decrease in exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ and an increase in H+ and Al3+. There is a decrease in base saturation of about 80%. 相似文献
13.
Nam-Seok Cho Masakazu Aoyama Kazuto Seki Naotaka Hayashi Shuichi Doi 《Journal of Wood Science》1999,45(3):266-270
The chromium adsorption ability of leaves from 34 conifer species were examined. Among them, deciduous conifer species, such asLarix, Ginkgo, Metasequia, andTaxodium, showed high ability to adsorb chromium ions. Factors affecting chromium adsorption were studied using larch (Larix leptolepis) leaves to determine the optimum adsorption conditions. The factors included solution pH, contact time, temperature, and the initial concentration of chromium ions. Maximum adsorption for Cr3+ was observed at pH 5, and maximum Cr6+ adsorption occurred at pH 3. The amount of Cr6+ adsorbed on the adsorbent increased rapidly during the first 4 h, then gradually increased, and finally reached equilibrium in 16 h. The adsorption rate of Cr3+ was somewhat slower than that of Cr6+. The adsorption isotherm for Cr6+ adsorption was composed of two straight lines, suggesting that the adsorbent could not practically reduce the concentration of Cr6+ in solution below 1.6 mg Cr/L Column experiments using larch leaf packing suggested that the practical operation could be controlled by monitoring the effluent pH. 相似文献
14.
Summary The relative migration of the major endogenous ions (K+, Ca2+ Mg2+, Na+, Cl– in green sapwood ofPinus sylvestris L. was measured in a modified Hittorf transference cell. The transference numbers obtained gave the fractions of the current carried by these ions when an electric field was applied across the wood samples under the conditions used.Potassium and calcium ions were always found to be the main endogenous current carriers, followed by magnesium, sodium and chloride ions. No significant differences in transference number were found between wood stored under refrigeration or in a deep freeze, nor was there any effect on prior -irradiation. Fungal contamination in a few non-irradiated specimens led to lower transference numbers. Changes in moisture content from 86 to 141% produced no significant change but the results did depend on the tree from which the samples had been taken. A decrease in the length of the wood sample from 100 to 50 mm had little effect on the transference numbers of calcium ions but caused a decrease in those of potassium when larger quantities of electricity were passed. Transversely- and longitudinally-oriented wood samples, however, gave very similar results. Visual observation of the anode compartment indicated that the ions followed the path of least resistance between cathode and anode and that the current passed along the grain of the wood.Symbols ci
molar concentration of ion i
- F
Faraday's constant (96 494 C/mol)
- I
current
- t
time
- ti
transference number of ion i (also shown as t(i) in tables)
- V
volume of electrode compartment
- Zi
charge number of ion i
The authors thank SERC and Rentokil PLC for the award of a CASE Research Studentship to P.J.S. and the Leverhulme Trust for the award of an Emeritus Fellowship to M.S. 相似文献
15.
Summary The ashes of some medicinally used tropical woods were characterised. These were Afzelia africana, Alstonia congensis, Antiaris africana, Terminalia ivorensis, Azadirachta indica, Ricinodendron heudelotti, Chlorophora excelsa and Daniellia ogea. The ashes were obtained by treating wood in a muffle furnace, after which the ashes dissolved in distilled water. The very alkaline solutions obtained were analysed for Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Cl-, SO
4
2-
and PO
4
3-
. Due to wide medicinal application of these wood species experiments were made to determine the cations and anions which may be active ingredients in the compounds (drugs) used in the treatment of differet ailments.The authors are thankful to A. Amusan of Soil Science Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-lfe for technical assistance 相似文献
16.
Rosa Caggiano Radka Fikova Serena Trippetta Svetla Bratanova-Doncheva Nadka Ignatova Luciano Telesca 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(4):699-711
Bulk precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow samples were collected in Petrohan site (Western Balkan, Bulgaria), operating in the framework of the Long-Term Ecological Research network, during a 6-year period (1995–2000). This mountain area is characterized by the presence of beech and spruce forests (Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and is utilized for drinking water supply. All samples were analyzed for pH and major inorganic anions (Cl?, NO3 ?, and SO4 2?) and cations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, and NH4 +). Results show that bulk precipitation in this region is mainly acidic (pH = 5.1), and the dominant neutralization components in the rainwater are Ca2+ and NH4 +. As for Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl?, and SO4 2?, they are not originated by marine source. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used for investigating the possible sources contributing to the chemical composition of the bulk precipitation and its possible modifications during the passing through beech and spruce stands. Results highlight that local and long-range transport-related anthropogenic sources and natural sources contribute to the anion and cation content of the bulk precipitation. The enrichment of the solution through the foliage made up of dry depositions is significant in both stands, but canopy leaching processes are much greater in the spruce forest, especially for Ca2+. As for the stemflow, it follows the same pattern as the throughfall, but N uptake and a strong K+ and Mg2+ leaching are observed mainly in the spruce stand. 相似文献
17.
选取重庆缙云山的针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林4种典型林分,观测酸性降水过程中林外雨、穿透雨及干流等林内水分转换分量中的主要离子含量变化,分析林分冠层对雨水化学组成的影响,结果表明:(1)降雨中的离子当量浓度大小依次是SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NH4+＞Mg2+＞K+＞Na+＞NO3-;(2)降雨经过林冠层后pH值降低,干流的酸化程度增加最大;(3)降雨经林冠层后离子浓度明显增加(除灌木林),穿透雨中通量增加最大的阴离子和阳离子分别为SO42-(2.19×103～6.47×103 eq·hm-2)和Ca2+(1.41×103～3.39×103 eq-hm-2),离子来源主要为大气沉降和植物分泌物或淋出;(4)同一离子在不同林分的干流和穿透雨中的通量变化不同,反映出不同林分冠层的离子交换性差异.在针阔混交林中,林下降雨净淋溶量大小顺序为SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NO3-＞K+＞NH4+＞Mg2+＞ Na+;常绿阔叶林为SO42-＞ Ca2+＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞ Mg2+ ＞Na+;毛竹林为Ca2+＞ SO42-＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞Na+＞Mg2+;灌木林为Ca2+＞ NO3-＞ K+＞ Na+＞Mg2+＞ NH4+＞ SO42-. 相似文献
18.
Summary Six African hardwoods (Nauclea diderrichii, Chlorophora excelsa; Lovoa trichilioides; Gosswailerodendron balsamiferum; Bombax buonopozense and Hevea brasiliensis) were ashed. The percentage ash content of the woods was determined, and the ash samples were analyzed for soluble base (as K2CO3); Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mn2+ and Fe3+. 相似文献
19.
以超临界CO2萃取得到的常山胡柚外果皮色素粗产品为原料,对其进行初步鉴定,并研究了pH值、温度、光照、金属离子、氧化还原剂等对常山胡柚天然色素稳定性的影响。结果表明;常山胡柚天然色素属于黄酮类物质,用NaNO2-Al(NO3)3比色法进行定量分析得知,色素液中含有黄酮类的量为2.01 g.L-1,该色素在碱性和中性溶液中较稳定,在酸性溶液中不稳定。光照、高温和氧化剂都会对该色素造成破坏;该色素能耐弱还原剂。低浓度Na 的存在会使最大吸光度增加,具有增色作用,高浓度Na 的存在能使最大吸光度降低。随着Zn2 浓度的增加,色素液的色泽明显变淡,吸光度急剧下降。Ca2 、Cu2 影响趋势基本一致,加入的离子浓度小于0.05 mol.L-1时,色素残存率缓慢下降;大于0.05 mol.L-1时,色素残存率有低幅增加趋势。Mg2 的加入会让色素残存率变小。 相似文献
20.
In Seong Choi Seung Gon Wi Se Ra Jung Darshan H. Patel Hyeun-Jong Bae 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(5):329-334
β-Glucosidase (β-1,4-D-glucoside glucohydrolase: EC.3.2.1.21) catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-glucosidic bonds between saccharides
and aryl or alkyl groups. A gene encoding β-glucosidase from Bacillus licheniformis KCTC 1918, an anaerobic spore-forming soil bacterium, was cloned and characterized. The structural gene for the β-glucosidase
consists of 1410 bp encoding 469 amino acid residues, and has a molecular weight of 53.4 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl
sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 12% separating gel. The enzyme activity was determined against pNPG as a substrate. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.0 (citrate-phosphate buffer) and 47°C. β-Glucosidase retained
100% of its original activity for 24 h. The activity of the enzyme was stimulated by glycerol and urea and was decreased by
Ca2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+. In particular, Cu2+ had the strongest negative effect on β-glucosidase activity. The purified β-glucosidase was active against pNPG and cellobiose. When the β-glucosidase was tested for cellulose hydrolysis, the supplement of β-glucosidase with cellulose
increased the glucose yield from pine wood powder by 139.8%. 相似文献