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1.
The dynamics of C mineralization in an organically managed Cambic Arenosol amended with hen manure, a stabilized compost (compost), and three different combinations of both fertilizers (varying from a 1:100 to a 1:10 ratio) were studied during an incubation experiment to estimate the potential of such combinations to preserve/restore soil C content relative to single applications. A strong increase of the CO2‐C emissions relative to the unamended soil (control) was observed after soil application of all five organic‐fertilizer treatments. A significantly higher amount of applied C was lost in hen‐manure treatment (648 mg CO2‐C [g C applied]–1) when compared to compost (159 mg CO2‐C [g C applied]–1) or to the three combined treatments (176–195 mg CO2‐C [g C applied]–1). The first‐order exponential model and the double exponential model were used to fit the C‐mineralization data in the treatments considered. Results showed that mixing “small” amounts of hen manure with compost did not affect the total amount of potentially mineralizable C, but significantly increased the mineralization rate constant. Clearly, combinations of both fertilizers promoted an initial faster mineralization of the organic matter, and consequently a faster release of nutrients, without affecting the total amount of C sequestered in soil.  相似文献   

2.
A field incubation experiment was carried out to test the applicability of N‐mineralization parameters for mature bio‐waste compost for use in a simulation model. The parameters were previously obtained from a laboratory experiment. Micro‐lysimeters were used for incubation, containing four different vineyard soils that were treated with three different compost‐application rates (0, 30, and 50 Mg compost ha–1). Between 2.0% and 45.2% of total bio‐waste compost N was mineralized and leached from the micro‐lysimeters during the two‐year investigation period. The application of a simulation model for soil N dynamics revealed two major drawbacks of the model: (1) in most of the soils, extraordinary high mineralization rates were observed within a few weeks after compost amendment, which could not be explained by the model, and (2) the average compost‐N‐mineralization rates were estimated as being close to the observed rates (–6%), but distinct deviations in some cases (–46% to +29%) led to considerable miscalculations in long‐term simulations. Excluding the effect of these two processes from the data set, the remaining variance could be well explained by the model for all soils treated with compost (modeling efficiency ≥0.98). Based on the average performance, the mineralization parameters for mature bio‐waste compost are considered to be applicable for use in any simulation model based on the double‐exponential approach for calculating fertilizer recommendations, whereas the functions calculating the impact of environmental factors on N mineralization in the model need to be revised. The initial mineralization flush observed in most of the compost treatments was attributed to a priming effect. The experiment showed that such a priming effect can cause exceptionally high rates of N mineralization from mature bio‐waste compost in a viticultural environment, which exceed the potential mineralization rates known for bio‐waste compost applied to arable soils in Germany.  相似文献   

3.
赵伟  梁斌  周建斌 《土壤学报》2015,52(3):587-596
采用盆栽试验和短期矿化培养相结合的方法,研究了施入15N标记氮肥(+N)及其与秸秆配施(+1/2N+1/2S)在3种长期(19年)不同培肥土壤(即:No-F,长期不施肥土壤;NPK,长期施用NPK化肥土壤;MNPK,长期有机无机肥配施土壤)中的残留及其矿化和作物吸收特性。结果表明,第一季小麦收获后,+1/2N+1/2S处理下三供试土壤和+N处理下的NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)中有82.6%~95.1%以有机态存,而+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N有47.7%以矿质态存在。经过28 d矿化培养后,与NPK土壤相比,MNPK土壤氮素净矿化量显著增加,增幅为39%~49%;NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)矿化量为1.23~1.90 mg kg-1,占总残留15N的2.78%~5.53%,均显著高于No-F土壤。与+N处理相比,+1/2N+1/2S处理显著提高了3供试土壤氮素净矿化量,但两施肥处理对NPK和MNPK土壤残留15N矿化量无显著影响。+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N的利用率为20%,显著高于NPK(9%)和MNPK(12%)土壤。两种施肥处理下,MNPK土壤残留15N的利用率均显著高于NPK土壤。短期培养期间土壤氮素矿化量和第二季小麦生育期作物吸氮量呈显著性正相关,而残留15N矿化量和第二季小麦吸收残留15N量间无显著性相关关系。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤残留肥料氮的矿化量及有效性。  相似文献   

4.
The application of manure compost is an effective way to increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield and nitrogen (N) fertility in drained paddy fields. We investigated changes in soil N mineralization during soybean cultivation using reaction kinetics analysis to determine the contribution of increased N mineralization after manure compost application (at a rate of 0 to 6?kg?m?2) on N accumulation and seed yield of soybean under drained paddy field conditions. The seed yield and N accumulation decreased markedly in the second and third year of the experiment, but soil N mineralization increased in both years. No decrease in soil N mineralization occurred even after two soybean crops. Soil N availability was not the main cause of decreased soybean yield in the second and third years. The differences in plant aboveground N content between plots with and without manure compost was similar to the increase in N mineralization caused by manure compost application in the second and third years. The application of 6?kg?m?2 of manure compost increased the amount of ureide-N and nitrate-N in soybean in the third year. Our results suggest that manure compost application increases soil N mineralization and soybean N2 fixation, resulting in increased N accumulation and seed yield. However, the soybean yield remained less than 300?g?m?2 in the second and third years (i.e., below the yield in the first year) at all levels of manure compost application due to the remarkable decrease of N accumulation in the second and the third crops.  相似文献   

5.
The steadily increasing utilization of bio‐waste compost in German viticulture requires a more detailed investigation of nitrogen (N) mineralization parameters for mature bio‐waste compost applied to vineyard soils. N mineralization kinetics were described with two superposing exponential equations. Long‐term aerobic laboratory incubation experiments of 12 soil‐compost substrates revealed that 5±2.8% of its total N content could be released from a rapidly decomposable fraction (half‐life period t50 = 41 d at 15°C) and another 60±2.9% from a slower decomposable fraction (t50 = 490 d). The remaining proportion (35%) is considered not to be released in the medium term. The obtained potentially mineralizable nitrogen of 65% of total compost N significantly differs from current fertilizer recommendations, which were adopted from calculations for agricultural conditions. For fertilizer recommendations in viticulture, we recommend the consideration of a higher N‐mineralization potential for organic fertilizers.  相似文献   

6.
Co‐digestion of crop biomass improves the traditional manure‐based biogas yield due to an increased content of easily degradable carbon compounds. In this study, the methane potential of three perennials (grass, legumes, and grass+legume) was determined using various amounts together with animal manure. The nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics in soil and the N‐fertilizer value of the derived digestates were subsequently tested in both a soil incubation study and a pot experiment with spring barley. Digestion of all tested perennials together with a manure‐based inoculum increased the cumulative methane yield four to five times compared to digestion of the inoculum alone, with the highest increases observed with pure grass. However, the methane potential decreased along with increasing grass biomass concentration. In the plant pot experiment, all tested digestates increased barley shoot biomass by 40–170%, to an extent statistically comparable to mineral N fertilizer. However, the application of the digestate originating from fermentation with pure grass resulted in lower plant growth and a more fluctuating soil mineral N content throughout the incubation study compared to the other digestates. Considering the high dry matter and methane yield ha?1, the possibility to substitute mineral N fertilizer inputs by leguminous biological N2 fixation capacity, and the digestate fertilizer value, the integration of grass–legume mixtures or sole legumes into anaerobic digestion systems as co‐substrate for manure seems to be promising. This could furthermore contribute to the diversification of cropping systems for bioenergy production.  相似文献   

7.
When fertilizing with compost, the fate of the nitrogen applied via compost (mineralization, plant uptake, leaching, soil accumulation) is relevant both from a plant‐production and an environmental point of view. In a 10‐year crop‐rotation field experiment with biowaste‐compost application rates of 9, 16, and 23 t ha–1 y–1 (f. m.), the N recovery by crops was 7%, 4%, and 3% of the total N applied via compost. Due to the high inherent fertility of the site, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was also low. In the minerally fertilized treatments, which received 25, 40, and 56 kg N ha–1 y–1 on average, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was 15%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. Although total N loads in the compost treatments were much higher than the N loads applied with mineral fertilizer (89–225 kg Ntot ha–1 y–1 vs. 25–56 kg Ntot ha–1 y–1; both on a 10‐year mean) and the N recovery was lower than in the treatments receiving mineral N fertilizer, soil NO ‐N contents measured three times a year (spring, post‐harvest, autumn) showed no higher increase through compost fertilization than through mineral fertilization at the rates applied in the experiment. Soil contents of Norg and Corg in the plowed layer (0–30 cm depth) increased significantly with compost fertilization, while with mineral fertilization, Norg contents were not significantly higher. Taking into account the decrease in soil Norg contents in the unfertilized control during the 10 years of the experiment, 16 t compost (f. m.) ha–1 y–1 just sufficed to keep the Norg content of the soil at the initial level.  相似文献   

8.
Although nitrogen (N) has the highest requirement for plant growth, N use efficiency (NUE) seldom exceeds 40%. NUE may be improved by integrated application of fertilizer N and enriched organic amendments. The present experiment aimed to test the extent of increase in NUE by integrated application of fertilizer N farmyard manure (FYM) and rock phosphate enriched compost (RPEC). Mineralization kinetics and N release from FYM and RPEC were studied by an incubation experiment. Results revealed that maximum potentially mineralizable N as well as N release (283.9, 186.7 mg kg?1 soil, respectively) were from RPEC + fertilizer N treated soils, followed by FYM + fertilizer N. Maximum yield, N uptake, and N recovery were obtained from RPEC + fertilizer N treated soils followed by FYM + fertilizer N. Soils treated with RPEC had shown significantly higher dehydrogenase activity than FYM treated soils. Thus, RPEC might increase yield as well as NUE over FYM. N uptake by plant at maximum tillering stage and flowering stage of wheat correlated positively (R2 > 0.85) with the decay rate (k and kN0) parameter of incubation experiment suggesting their relevance as indicators of plant available N.  相似文献   

9.
Given high mineralization rates of soil organic matter addition of organic fertilizers such as compost and manure is a particularly important component of soil fertility management under irrigated subtropical conditions as in Oman. However, such applications are often accompanied by high leaching and volatilization losses of N. Two experiments were therefore conducted to quantify the effects of additions of activated charcoal and tannin either to compost in the field or directly to the soil. In the compost experiment, activated charcoal and tannins were added to compost made from goat manure and plant material at a rate of either 0.5 t activated charcoal ha?1, 0.8 t tannin extract ha?1, or 0.6 t activated charcoal and tannin ha?1 in a mixed application. Subsequently, emissions of CO2, N2O, and NH3 volatilization were determined for 69 d of composting. The results were verified in a 20‐d soil incubation experiment in which C and N emissions from a soil amended with goat manure (equivalent to 135 kg N ha?1) and additional amendments of either 3 t activated charcoal ha?1, or 2 t tannin extract ha?1, or the sum of both additives were determined. While activated charcoal failed to affect the measured parameters, both experiments showed that peaks of gaseous CO2 and N emission were reduced and/or occurred at different times when tannin was applied to compost and soil. Application of tannins to compost reduced cumulative gaseous C emissions by 40% and of N by 36% compared with the non‐amended compost. Tannins applied directly to the soil reduced emission of N2O by 17% and volatilization of NH3 by 51% compared to the control. However, emissions of all gases increased in compost amended with activated charcoal, and the organic C concentration of the activated charcoal amended soil increased significantly compared to the control. Based on these results, tannins appear to be a promising amendment to reduce gaseous emissions from composts, particularly under subtropical conditions.  相似文献   

10.
Winter lettuce response to the application of composts from the solid fraction of dairy cattle slurry was assessed in combination with mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer throughout a randomized block experiment under greenhouse conditions. Lettuce yield did not increase with mineral N fertilizer, possibly because the lettuce was preceded by a heavily fertilized tomato crop, and the amount of mineral N (114 kg ha?1) in the soil at the beginning of the experience was greater than the amount of N (64–89 kg ha?1) accumulated in the lettuce shoots of all of the treatments. In contrast, lettuce yield and N uptake increased with compost application, suggesting other benefits in addition to N availability resulting from its use as a soil amendment. Therefore, dairy cattle slurry solid fraction mature compost can be recommended for vegetable production, and mineral N recommendation is suggested to pursue previous soil mineral N analysis.  相似文献   

11.
长期施肥对栗褐土有机碳矿化的影响   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
【目的】 土壤有机碳矿化是土壤中重要的生物化学过程,与土壤养分的释放、土壤质量的保持以及温室气体的形成密切相关。本文以 25 年长期定位施肥试验为依托,对栗褐土土壤有机碳矿化速率、有机碳累积矿化量的动态变化进行研究,为科学管理土壤肥力、增加栗褐土碳汇、减少温室气体排放提供依据。 【方法】 田间试验开始于 1988,共设置 8 个施肥处理:不施肥 (CK);单施氮肥 (N);氮磷肥合施 (NP);单施低量有机肥(M1);低量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M1N);低量有机肥与氮磷肥合施(M1NP);高量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M2N);高量有机肥与氮磷肥合施 (M2NP)。于 2013 年玉米播种前,采集耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤样品,采用室内培养方法,对土壤碳矿化释放 CO2 的数量和速率进行测定,并利用一级动力学方程计算出土壤有机碳库潜在矿化势和周转速率。 【结果】 各肥料处理不同程度地提高了栗褐土总有机碳含量,以高量有机肥与化肥配施作用最为显著。与 CK 相比,M2N、M2NP 处理土壤总有机碳含量增加了 121.1%、166.8%。不同处理土壤样品培养有机碳矿化速率均在第一天达到峰值,随后急剧下降。5 d 后,下降趋缓,不同处理 CO2 产生速率趋于一致。培养期间,各处理矿化速率变化符合对数函数关系。长期施用不同肥料均可以提高栗褐土有机碳的矿化速率,其大小顺序为:有机肥与化肥配施 > 单施有机肥 > 单施化肥 > 对照。培养 57 d 后,各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量为 555.0～980.3 mg/kg,以 M2NP、M1N 的累积量较高,为对照的 1.77 倍、1.73 倍。长期施肥栗褐土有机碳矿化率呈下降趋势,以处理 M2NP 下降最明显,与对照相比,降低了 6.3 个百分点。施肥处理土壤的潜在矿化势均高于对照,M1N、M2NP 最高,为 923.7 mg/kg 和 926.4 mg/kg,较对照增加了 74.0% 和 74.5%。不同施肥处理均可明显提升土壤有机碳的周转速率,减少周转时间,其中处理 M1NP、M2NP 效果最为明显。 【结论】 长期施用化肥、有机肥及有机无机肥配施可有效促进栗褐土有机碳的积累,提高有机碳的矿化速率和周转速率,降低有机碳的矿化率 (累积矿化量占有机碳总量的比率),加强了土壤的固碳能力,以 M2NP 处理的效果更佳。   相似文献   

12.
In S Spain, the Andalusian olive oil industry generates annually 2.5–3.0 million tons of olive mill pomace, a by‐product which is comprised of the residues from the two‐phase oil‐extraction process. The agricultural policies of the EU have led to widespread interest in recycling these agricultural by‐products. Olive mill pomace might be evaluated as an organic fertilizer after composting, however, before wider use of composted olive mill pomace is advocated, characterization of the final product is needed. In this study, the physico‐chemical characteristics, net N mineralization, and the potential for N leaching of 7 out of the 11 olive‐mill‐pomace composts currently produced in the Andalusian olive mills were investigated. Compost of olive mill pomace differed in the proportions of raw materials co‐composted with the olive mill pomace, such as olive leaf material, manure, and straw. In all the composts tested, organic matter, total C and K were high with 60.5%, 30.7%, and 1.7% on average, respectively, whereas total P was low (0.4%) and with intermediate levels of N (1.5%). Compost pH (8.03), electrical conductivity (2.85 dS m–1), and germination index (65% on average) were adequate for agricultural use. Furthermore, principal component analyses revealed a clear relationship between the quality of the composts and the proportion of manure mixed with the raw materials. Net N mineralization was negative on average (–20 μg IN g–1) after 1 y, but positive after 2 y of incubation with up to 94% of available N from the total N added and the short‐term potential N leaching after compost application was negligible (less than 3.9% of added N) and much lower than the other N fertilizer with up to 80% added N leached. Overall, results of this study clearly show that these currently produced composts of olive mill pomace are suitable as soil improvers for agricultural purposes, but may not contribute significantly as a N fertilizer for up to 2 y after application.  相似文献   

13.
Inadequate nutrient and organic‐matter supply constitutes the principal cause for declining soil fertility and productivity in much of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). In a survey in Gare Arera, the central Ethiopian highland, farmyard manure (FYM) and compost enriched with ash were identified as underutilized organic nutrient sources. Mustard meal, a by‐product of mustard‐seed oil production, is also locally available. On‐farm experiments were carried out on two major soil types (Nitisol and Vertisol) to study effects of the organic fertilizers, synthetic fertilizer (urea + triple superphosphate) and an unfertilized control on the yield and yield components of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc) Trotter] and selected soil properties. Application of organic fertilizers at an N rate equivalent to that of urea produced grain yields of 82% and 99% of that produced with urea on Nitisol and Vertisol, respectively. The apparent N recovery from urea, mustard meal, FYM, and compost was, respectively, 31%, 25%, 16%, and 28% on Nitisol and 23%, 17%, 26%, and 21% on Vertisol. The mean agronomic efficiency for the organic and synthetic fertilizers on Nitisol was 20 and 24 kg grain (kg N)–1 applied, respectively, whereas on the Vertisol, it was 13 kg grain (kg N)–1 for both. On Vertisol, tef was most responsive to FYM and on Nitisol, it was most responsive to compost. Soil N and P contents increased due to organic‐fertilizer application. The results showed that compost enriched with ash is a good choice on Nitisol while FYM works well on Vertisol. Mustard meal can be applied on both soils.  相似文献   

14.
The combination of inorganic fertilizers and compost is a technique aimed at improving crop growth and maintaining soil health. Understanding the rate of nutrient release from enriched compost is important for effective nutrient management. A laboratory incubation study was conducted for 112 days to study the nutrient mineralization pattern of poultry manure compost enriched with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer nutrients in an Ultisol. Compost applied at the rate of either 5 or 10 g kg?1 was blended with N (50 kg N ha?1) and P (30 kg P ha?1). Carbon dioxide evolution and N and P mineralization were measured fortnightly. The bacterial and fungal populations were determined at the mid and end of the experiment. The combination of compost and inorganic N and P increased carbon (C) and P mineralization by 4?8% and 56?289%, respectively, over the application of either compost or inorganic N and P. However, P addition influenced the amount of C mineralized. Inorganic N and P, on the other hand, were better at increasing N mineralization than compost blended with inorganic N and P over a short time. The addition of compost stimulated bacterial and actinomycete populations, while fungal populations were unaffected. Actinomycetes and bacteria had similar and higher relationship trend with C (R2 = 0.24) and P (R2 = 0.47) mineralization and were key determinants in nutrient mineralization from compost in this Ultisol. Integrating compost with inorganic fertilizers improves nutrient availability through the growth and activities of beneficial microorganisms.  相似文献   

15.
The application of animal manure as a source of plant nutrients requires the determination of the amount and pattern of nutrient mineralization from manure.A laboratory incubation study was conducted to investigate the influence of lignite amendment and lignite type on carbon(C) and nitrogen(N)mineralization in raw(feedstock) and composted cattle manure following application to soil at 30 and 60 t ha-1.The mineralization of C and N was determined by measuring changes in CO2 evolution ...  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Because of erosion problems, an effort has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of tillage intensity on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling on a vertisol. Soil samples at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depth were collected from a split plot experiment with five different levels of tillage intensity on Houston Black soil (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellusterts). The experiment was a split plot design with 5 replications. The main plots were chisel tillage, reduced tillage, row tillage, strip tillage, and no tillage. The subplots were soil fertility levels with either high or low fertilizer application rate. Total N, total phosphorus (P), organic C, inorganic N, and C:N ratio were measured on soil samples as well as the potential C mineralization, N mineralization, C turnover, and C:N mineralization ratio during a 30 d incubation. Total P and organic C in soil were increased, with 0.9 and 0.8 kg P ha‐1 and 20.6 and 20.0 kg C ha‐1, for high and low soil fertility, respectively. Fertilizer application had no effect on either total N at the 0–10 cm depth, or on soil nutrient status below 10 cm. Potential soil N mineralization was decreased at the 0–10 cm depth and increased at the 20–30 cm depth by the high fertilizer treatment. Chisel tillage decreased total N and P in the 0–10 cm depth, with 1.4 and 1.6 kg N ha‐1 and 0.8 and 0.9 kg P ha‐1. However, chisel tillage increased total N and P at the 10–20 cm depth, with 1.3 and 1.2 kg N ha‐1, and 0.72 and 0.66 kg P ha‐1 for chisel tillage and no tillage, respectively. Tillage intensity increased C mineralization and C turnover, but reduced N mineralization at the 0–10 cm depth. The results indicate that intensively tilled soil had a greater capacity for C mineralization and for reductions in soil organic C levels compared to less intensively tilled systems.  相似文献   

17.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sewage sludge compost (SSC) alone and applied with chemical fertilizer on growth and heavy-metal accumulations in lettuce grown on two soils, a Xanthi-Udic Ferralosol and a Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosol. The treatments included control; nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer; sewage sludge compost applied at the rates of 27.54 (SSC), 82.62 (3SSC), 165.24 (6SSC) t hm–2; and coapplication treatment (1/2 SSC + 1/2 NPK), where the N, P, and K inputs from NPK fertilizer, SSC, and coapplication treatments were normalized to the local recommend rates. The SSC application increased the biomass; copper, zinc, and lead contents in lettuce; and soil total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals. However, SSC alone at the recommended rate caused less plant biomass than NPK fertilizer alone. Coapplication treatment obtained greater or similar biomass to NPK fertilizer alone and did not increase heavy-metal accumulation in soils and plants. The results demonstrated that SSC should be applied to soils with chemical fertilizers.  相似文献   

18.
A field experiment was carried out in northern Vietnam to investigate the effects of adding different additives [rice (Oriza sativa L.) straw only, or rice straw with added lime, superphosphate (SSP), urea or a mixture of selected microorganism species] on nitrogen (N) losses and nutrient concentrations in manure composts. The composts and fresh manure were applied to a three-crop per year sequence (maize–rice–rice) on a degraded soil (Plinthic Acrisol/Plinthaquult) to investigate the effects of manure type on crop yield, N uptake and fertilizer value. Total N losses during composting with SSP were 20% of initial total N, while with other additives they were 30–35%. With SSP as a compost additive, 65–85% of the initial ammonium-N (NH4-N) in the manure remained in the compost compared with 25% for microorganisms and 30% for lime. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) of fresh manure was lower than that of composted manure when applied to maize (Zea mays L.), but higher when applied to rice (Oriza sativa L.). The NUE of compost with SSP was generally higher than that of compost with straw only and lime. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of manure types for maize decreased in the order: manure composted with SSP?>?manure composted with straw only and fresh manure?>?manure composted with lime. For rice, the corresponding order was: fresh manure?>?manure composted with SSP/microorganisms/urea?>?manure composted with lime/with straw alone. The MFE was higher when 5 tons manure ha?1 were applied than when 10 tons manure ha?1 were applied throughout the crop sequence. The residual effect of composted manures (determined in a fourth crop, with no manure applied) was generally 50% higher than that of fresh manure after one year of manure and compost application. Thus, addition of SSP during composting improved the field fertilizer value of composted pig manure the most.  相似文献   

19.
The purpose of this research project was to 1) evaluate rate of compost application and 2) to compare compost with uncomposted raw material and inorganic fertilizer N application upon maize and soybean growth and productivity, and upon soil characteristics. During the first three years of the study, the source of uncomposted material and compost was food waste and ground newsprint. During years 4 to 9 of the study, the source of uncomposted material and compost was dairy cow manure and wood chips. Application rates in field site 1 were 0, 11.2, 22.4, 33.6 and 44.8 Mg ha?1 compost, 44.8 Mg ha?1 uncomposted material and 140 kg ha?1 fertilizer N (as urea). Application rates in field site 2 were 0, 22.4, 44.8, 67.2 and 134.4 Mg ha?1 compost, 134.4 Mg ha?1 uncomposted manure and 180 kg ha?1 fertilizer N (dry matter basis). The high rates of compost application significantly raised organic matter levels, and available P and K compared to inorganic fertilizer N. Uncomposted manure and increasing compost application rates significantly increased grain yield, number of kernels per plant and plant weight. Composting significantly reduced pathogen indicator bacteria concentrations. The data of this study suggest that on these high organic matter soils 22.4 Mg ha?1 to 44.8 Mg ha?1 are optimal compost application rates.  相似文献   

20.
This experiment tested whether it was possible to incorporate broiler litter (BL) or cattle farmyard manure (FYM) into a 7‐yr arable rotation on a sandy soil without causing an increase in nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) leaching. Four manure treatments (with adjusted fertilizer inputs), varying in frequency and timing of application, were imposed on the rotation and compared with a control that received inorganic fertilizer according to recommended rates. Over seven winters, the annual average NO3‐N leached from the inorganic fertilizer treatment (control) was 39 kg/ha in 183 mm drainage. Total manure N loadings over the period of the experiment ranged between 557 and 1719 kg/ha (80–246 kg/ha/yr) for the four treatments. Three of the four manure treatments significantly increased NO3‐N leaching over the rotation (P < 0.001). Annual applications of FYM (1719 kg/ha manure N or 246 kg/ha/yr) increased NO3‐N leaching by 39%. We hypothesize that this was due to increased mineralization of the organic N accumulating from repeated FYM applications. BL applied each year (1526 kg/ha manure N or 218 kg N/ha/yr) increased NO3‐N leaching by 52% above the control; BL applied 5 of 7 yr (972 kg/ha manure N or 139 kg N/ha/yr on average) and including inadvisable autumn applications increased leaching by 50%. BL applied in late winter or early spring every 2–3 yr (557 kg/ha manure N or 80 kg N/ha/yr on average) resulted in NO3‐N leaching similar to the control. This suggests that to avoid additional NO3‐N leaching from manure use in an arable rotation, manure should not be applied every year and autumn applications should be avoided; there are real challenges where manure is used on an annual basis.  相似文献   

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