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1.
A comparative micromorphological study was carried out on typical profiles of six soil types that represent major soil regions of Lower Egypt. The macro- and micromorphology of each soil profile is described and the main physical and chemical data are given. The mode of occurrence and organization patterns of the fabric elements (plasma, skeleton grains, and voids) and units (s-matrix, pedological features, and peds) are systematically discussed at the different fabric levels (plasmic fabric, plasma-skeleton grains fabric and basic, elementary, primary, and secondary structure). It was found that most of the soil profiles were apedal. The main pedological features were sesquioxidic and/or carbonate nodules and gypsic crystallaria. The plasmic fabric, in general, was argillasepic but was vo-or skel-masepic in the clayey soil types. The plasma-skeleton grains fabric was mainly porphyroskelic. The basic structure included vughy and planar types, and the elementary and primary structures included glaebular, crystallaric and subcutanic types. Only the heavy clayey horizons showed secondary structures such as platy to subrounded blocky peds. Micromorphological features are discussed in relation to soil-forming processes. 相似文献
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I. D. HILL 《European Journal of Soil Science》1970,21(1):184-187
Orientation diagrams are used to show differences in the orientation of birefringent domains in the S-matrix, and in sub-cutanic features of the vo-insepic fabric of two West Indian soils. Such orientation diagrams could prove useful in helping to characterize plasmic fabrics. 相似文献
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S. Pawluk 《Geoderma》1983,30(1-4):233-242
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This experimental study examines the relationship between texture and microfabric under isotropic stresses generated by wetting and drying. This can be achieved by observing and measuring the reorganization of microfabrics (plasmic fabrics and related distribution pattern, RDP). Microfabrics are produced in the laboratory by mixing montmorillonite with various proportions of sand and silt, and subjecting them to wetting and drying without confinement. Thin sections are cut to study their microfabrics. Results show broad and systematic variations in fabric with changes in texture. Fine matrix (silt plus clay in physical continuity) is developed in samples with low sand:silt ratio, and regardless of this ratio at high clay levels. Coarse porphyric and fine porphyric RDP are formed at low and high clay contents, respectively. Plasmic fabrics are represented mainly by insepic and weakly developed mosepic and masepic fabrics in the matrix in the form of small plasma separations with random orientation, and weak skelsepic plasma as embedded grain argillans. On the other hand, coarse matrix (sand grains in physical continuity) dominates the sandy samples which are associated with relatively thick and strongly birefringent free grain argillans giving well-developed skelsepic fabric. The RDP follows two major paths: beginning with orthogranic (very low clay content) along the iunctic sequence at low clay:silt ratio and along the chlamydic sequence at high ratio. The regularities in fabric development are interpreted in the light of the dynamic properties and behaviour of the active clay fraction in a clay-water system. The pedogenetic implications of the results are explored, and the term “erdic” fabric defined. 相似文献
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The genesis and micromorphology of three Harney soils from different precipitation regions (from 540 mm to 715 mm) (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiustolls) in the Smoky Hills of central Kansas were investigated. The objectives were to (1) examine the morphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics of Harney soils formed in loess; (2) determine the clay mineral distribution with depth and the origin of the clay minerals present; and (3) investigate the relationship between the clay mineralogy and other soil properties such as soil plasmic fabric, COLE values and fine clay/total clay ratios. Mineralogical and micromorphological techniques were used to evaluate the characteristics of the loess-derived soils. The first pedon was formed in 88 cm of Bignell loess over Peoria loess and the other two pedons were formed from Peoria loess. The chemical properties were similar for the pedons studied. Differences were observed in physical properties, especially in particle size distribution, oven-dry bulk density and coefficient of linear extensibility values. Although the soils were mapped in the same soil series, the geomorphic positions of the pedons and the nature of the parent material affected the characteristics of the soils. Smectite was the predominant clay mineral, especially in the fine clay fraction, regardless of the location in the precipitation gradient. The dominance of smectite increased in the C-horizons. This implies a detrital source of smectite in the B-horizons formed in both Bignell and Peoria loess units. The presence of randomly interstratified mica-smectite and the micromorphological observations of weathering biotite indicate that weathering also plays an important role in the mineralogy of Harney soils. The high content of clay mica in the surface horizons was caused by dust fall in the study area. Thick and continuous argillans were observed when FC/TC and COLE values were low and crystalline smectite was present. In the lower part of the soil profiles, the plasmic fabric was mostly ma-skelsepic (granostriated b-fabric) and smectite was more crystalline as indicated by sharper X-ray diffraction peaks. 相似文献
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D. McGARRY 《European Journal of Soil Science》1989,40(1):199-207
Changes in soil structure and fabric of a Vertisol in northern New South Wales, Australia following pre-sowing cultivation at two different soil water profiles (dry and wet) were investigated. Both the dry and wet cultivated plots had similar, intensive pre-sowing cultivation typical of commercial practice for irrigated cotton. For thin section analysis two profiles were sampled prior to this cultivation, and three from each of the dry and wet plots were sampled after cultivation. Samples were also available from soils in the area which had never been cultivated. All soils had porphyric fabric with vo-ma-skel-insepic plasmic fabrics and a wide range of pedological features. The cultivated soils had other pedological features not present in the 'never'-cultivated soils, i.e. zones within which the plasma exhibited a moderately- to strongly-striated orientation pattern. The more strongly-striated units included occasional, very fine to fine joint planes. These zones were domi-nantly equant to planar with sharp boundaries. Internally, they consisted of layer silicate plasma and mineral skeleton grains most commonly similar to the enclosing material. The proportion of these features differed between treatments especially in the 0.05-0.25 m layer. Soil cultivated dry, and land prior to cultivation had < 1 % of their area composed of zones of striated clay, compared to up to 17% in the wet cultivated soil. This may be related to a greater incidence of shearing of soil in a plastic state by tillage implements and tractor wheels. In the dry cultivated soil shear appears to be of minimal significance. 相似文献
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针对图像描述算法缺乏在农业领域中的应用,传统模型参数庞大的问题,该研究提出一种基于ResNet18特征编码器的图像描述算法,对作物患病类型进行识别并生成描述。首先,建立水稻病虫害图像描述数据集。其次,使用浅层ResNet18作为编码器,在保证特征提取能力的同时缩减网络模型大小,解码器使用融合了注意力机制的长短期记忆网络（Long Short Term Memory,LSTM）来生成图像描述。试验结果表明,改进后模型尺寸大小为原来的1/3,经过6 000次迭代后模型基本收敛,准确率达到98.48%。在水稻病虫害图像描述数据集上,改进编码器-解码器结构后的双语评估替换值（Bilingual Evaluation Understudy,BLEU）和METEOR（Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering）分别达到0.752和0.404,其余指标结果也明显优于其他模型,具有描述细致准确、鲁棒性强等优点,能够更好地适用于小规模数据集上的训练,可为农作物相似病害特征的自动化描述提供有益参考。 相似文献
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R. GREENE-KELLY 《European Journal of Soil Science》1973,24(3):277-283
Most methods for the determination of structure require the soil to be freed of water and yet to retain its original character. The methods of freeze-drying and critical point-drying are examined and it is concluded that they are not generally satisfactory. It is possible to preserve the soil fabric whilst water is slowly exchanged with an organic solvent (e.g. methanol or dioxan). The fabric is hardened and the degree of hardening is increased by subsequent exchange with certain water-immiscible solvents (e.g. diethyl ether). Some shrinkage must be tolerated when it is desired to remove the liquid from the fabric. The best method was found to be infiltration by liquid carbon dioxide and its removal above its critical temperature. Despite some shrinkage the fabric seems unchanged. 相似文献
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Hydrostructural characteristics of two African tropical soils 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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Micromorphology of soils derived from volcanic ash in Europe: a review and synthesis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Stoops 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(2):356-377
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由于影像信息提取过程蕴涵的诸多不确定性以及土地类别描述语境信息的含糊性影响,遥感数据的常规土地利用分类面临诸多困难与挑战。而模糊分类系统作为一种最为强大的软分类器,能处理、分析和表征遥感信息中传感器测量数据的不精确性、土地类别描述中的含糊性以及模型模拟中的不严密性,从而输出更能表达人类知识缺陷、更符合真实世界客观事实的分类结果,因此被认为是一种较好的土地利用遥感分类手段。本文以南京城市边缘带一样区为例,在采用地物导向分割技术对遥感影像分割的基础上,充分利用影像地物自身的光谱组合特征值以及其他空间形状、拓扑特征以及语境关系信息,按照模糊监督分类的过程来对研究区土地利用信息进行提取。研究结果表明基于遥感数据源的土地利用模糊分类系统可以获得比常规硬分类手段更为合理、信息含量更为丰富的输出结果。 相似文献
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针对传统的单尺度图像增强算法的不足,提出了一种基于Laplace多尺度分解的图像增强算法。该算法将图像分为由高频到低频若干个子图像,对每个频道的细节图像进行不同的非线性变换,使得图像中最细微的、对诊断有用的信息得到有效的增强,同时图像又不被过增强,再通过分解的逆过程重建图像。试验表明,该方法能有效提高图像中细节的清晰度并抑制噪声。 相似文献
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《CATENA》2001,43(3):231-249
The Purna Valley, a part of the Payanghat Plain, is an oval basin covering an area of about 1.9 Mha in central India. The soils are deep, calcareous, clayey and very dark greyish brown to dark brown in colour, and meet criteria for the Vertisols order of Soil Taxonomy. Cracks extend down to the slickenside zones in soils of the northeastern part of the valley, but cut through the slickenside zones in the soils of the southwestern part. Soils of the southwestern part are strongly alkaline with exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) of 5–26, whereas those of the northeastern part are moderately alkaline and have ESP values <5. Despite their similar coefficients of linear extensibility, volumetric shrinkage potentials, clay contents and amounts of fine clay smectite, the plasmic fabric of the slickenside horizons in soils of the northeastern part is porostriated, whereas in soils of the southwestern part, it is stipple-speckled to mosaic-speckled, indicating weak plasma separation. The soils have both pedogenic and nonpedogenic calcium carbonate, but those of the southwestern part have more pedogenic carbonate than those in the northeastern part. The semiarid climate removes Ca2+ ions from the soil solution by precipitating carbonate, and also causes the ESP and sodium absorption ratio to increase with depth. The lack of soil water in soils of the southwestern area is thought to be the reason for weak swelling of smectite, for larger amounts of pedogenic carbonate and for cracks cutting through the slickenside zones. The Vertisols of the southwestern part of the of the Purna Valley are, therefore, polygenetic because they exhibit distinctly different soil properties resulting from increasing aridity in the valley during the late Holocene. 相似文献
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在理论推导的基础上，提出并应用烟叶反射和透射图像获取烟叶内在的质量信息，并在实际分级试验中验证透射图像颜色特征的有效性。研究发现，透射图像的三个颜色特征H、S、I和相对应的反射图像特征相关性小，可以有效补充反射图像不能反映烟叶内在质量的不足。利用7个烟叶正组各5片烟叶，采用费歇尔线性逐步判别法筛选，获得反射和透射图像的色调作为识别参数，建立判别模型。研究结果表明，采用透射图像作为反射图像的补充可以提高烟叶分组识别的准确率，具有应用前景。 相似文献
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提供了采用数字图像处理方法快速分割含边框植物叶片的方法,分别采用局部阈值分割和最佳阈值分割获取二值图像,得到局部阈值分割效果较好的结论,最终得到了比较清晰的边框图像和叶片二值图像,为后续图像处理打下良好基础。 相似文献
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The disintegration of Biopol-coated cardboard, polylactide fabric and film was studied using three different procedures: adding the samples directly to the compost pile, and placing them in the pile in nylon bags as well as in steel frames. Cellulose-based sausage casing, polyethylene and Mater-Bi ZF03U were also tested in steel frames as reference samples. Direct addition of the samples to the compost pile had no detrimental effect on the decomposition of compost biowaste. The use of steel frames proved to be good a method for testing samples like packaging materials. Both polylactide samples and Biopol-coated cardboard degraded completely in the steel frames. The results showed that composting activity parameters should be followed during composting before any conclusions can be made about the compostability of the samples. The compost produced from the polymer samples showed no toxicity in the plant growth test with barley and radish seeds performed at the end of the experiment. 相似文献
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用冠层叶色偏态分布模式RGB模型预测大豆产量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索加色混色(Red-Green-Bule,RGB)模型偏态分布模式在大豆产量预测上的可行性,并验证其在不同肥料运筹、不同品种上的通用性,该研究选用曲茎和徐豆18两个大豆品种,设计了不同种植密度和氮肥水平的大田裂区试验,以无人机搭载数码摄像机,在花期及以后的2个重要生殖生长期采集大豆冠层数据。研究证实了大豆冠层数码图像的光学三原色RGB模型色阶遵循偏态分布,并利用偏态分析得到5类共20个叶色偏态参数。花期、荚期和鼓粒期的冠层叶色偏态参数普遍存在明显差异,其中表征叶色深浅的均值、中位数、众数从花期至鼓粒期呈现先降后升的变化趋势,而表征叶色偏向性的偏度和表征叶色集中度的峰度则普遍呈现相反的变化趋势。基于偏态参数构建的大豆产量预测模型的预测准确度平均达91.30%(建模组),对氮肥运筹验证组的预测准确度平均为87.33%,对不同品种验证组的预估准确度虽然低于建模组和氮肥运筹验证组,但也接近80%。这说明RGB模型偏态参数可准确地描述不同生育期大豆冠层叶色状况,基于偏态参数构建的产量预测模型有了更多的冠层颜色信息输入,对选用同品种但采用不同氮肥运筹措施和选用不同品种下的产量预测准确率均较高,可广泛用于不同生产条件的大豆产量预测,具有较好的适用性与较高的推广价值。 相似文献
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为了实现葡萄硬枝嫁接苗木切削面粗糙度的检测,该文基于光切法测量原理,搭建了切削面粗糙度图像检测系统,研究了特征提取的图像检测算法。为获取较长的取样长度,采用了图像拼接技术,并提出了一种自动制取匹配模板的方法,拼接算法测试结果表明:每多拼接一幅粗糙度特征图像,运行时间平均增加1.104 s,取样长度平均增加1 131.77μm;采用了模糊集合理论对拼接后的粗糙度特征图像进行灰度变换,可以有效保证图像分割后单侧边缘的完整;采用了人机交互的方式对粗糙度特征二值图像像素进行区域操作,可以滤除因切削面自身含有的导管腔、管胞腔而导致的缺陷轮廓,从而提高粗糙度计算的准确度;提出了一种逐列遍历图像提取单侧边缘的方法,通过对单侧边缘进行计算,可以得到粗糙度高度参数Ra与Rz的值。将该粗糙度图像检测算法与基恩士VK-X200形状测量激光显微系统进行了粗糙度检测对比试验,结果表明,该文提出的粗糙度图像检测算法测得Ra的相对误差为6.73%,在测量误差允许范围内,该文基于光切法测量原理的图像检测算法,用于检测葡萄硬枝嫁接苗木切削面粗糙度,具有较高的精度和良好的可行性,为进一步研究切削参数对切削面粗糙度以及对苗木嫁接成活率的影响提供了技术支撑。 相似文献