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1.
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2.
Summary

Between 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively.Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in ‘Granny Smith’ and 20 cm in ‘Gloster’ gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in ‘Granny Smith’ (10.75) and ‘Gloster’ (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both ‘Granny Smith’ (11.295 kg tree–1) and ‘Gloster’ (4.818 kg tree–1).The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.  相似文献   

3.
Summary

To determine the anatomical basis for differences in fruit size in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), the number and sizes of parenchymal cells were measured in four astringent cultivars and in wild D. lotus over a single season in Japan. Fruit weight at harvest correlated with the final number of parenchymal cells (r = 0.95*) and their size (r = 0.92*). There was also a correlation between fruit diameter and the number of cell layers at full bloom (r = 0.93*), which increased 1.7 – 1.9-fold during fruit development.The duration of cell division and the sizes of the cells at full bloom were similar among the cultivars, whereas mean parenchymal cell lengths increased by 7.7-, 6.7-, 5.4-, 5.0- and 3.8-fold from full bloom to harvest in ‘Otanenashi’ (average fruit diameter = 96 mm), ‘Hiratanenashi’ (77 mm), ‘Saijo’ (54 mm), ‘Tsurunoko’ (44 mm), and D. lotus (20 mm), respectively. The final size of tannin cells was larger in ‘Otanenashi’ and ‘Hiratanenashi’ than in the other cultivars, including the wild species.These results indicate that the size of fruit at harvest was determined by the number of cells at full bloom, and their expansion during fruit development.  相似文献   

4.
Flowers of apple cv Cox’s Orange Pippin were hand-pollinated with diluted or undiluted pollen of six dessert and five ornamental Malus cultivars. Subsequent examinations of pollen tube growth, fruit set and seed numbers showed that all were compatible with Cox, though some differences were found. Pollen of four of the five ornamental Malus cvs, viz. Golden Hornet, Hillieri, Winter Gold and Aldenhamensis, was as compatible with Cox as that of the dessert cultivars. No metaxenia effects on size, weight, colour, russet, acidity or sugar content were seen in the pollinated Cox fruit.  相似文献   

5.
Summary

We studied dry matter partitioning to fruit by establishing different patterns of fruit distribution between and within main branch units (scaffolds) on early (cv. ‘Alexandra’) and late (cv. ‘Suncrest’) maturing cultivars of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). The desired fruit loads were obtained by differential thinning of scaffolds and the commercial crop-load per tree was maintained. Each tree had four main scaffolds, one of these scaffolds was lightly thinned (High-crop scaffold), another one was heavily thinned (Low-crop scaffold) and the different fruit bearing stems (FBS) were alternately lightly thinned or heavily thinned in two scaffolds (Alternative-scaffold). Growth of fruits and of leafy shoots on all FBS were measured periodically from hand-thinning 30 and 50 days after full-bloom (DAFB) until harvest for cvs. ‘Alexandra’ and Suncrest, respectively. The mean fruit dry weight (DW) per FBS was strongly affected by fruit distribution between and within scaffolds in the late cv. ‘Suncrest’, indicating that branch autonomy was functional at the level of FBS in this case. In the early cv. ‘Alexandra’, mean fruit DW per FBS in each scaffold was similar, suggesting C-transfer between individual FBS. Branch autonomy could not be explained by fruit sink-strength being equal in both cultivars. In contrast to generative growth, vegetative growth was similar between scaffolds in both cultivars suggesting its independence from fruit sink removal.  相似文献   

6.
Summary

Ten apple cultivars (Malus domestica Bork) Ein Shemer, Anna, Rome Beauty, Tropical Beauty, Alexander, Orleans, Winter Banana, Black John, Starking Delicious and Red Delicious were evaluated for their suitability for tropical Zambian conditions. Winter Banana, Black John, Starking Delicious and Red Delicious, which were mostly high-chill cultivars, showed poor vegetative development: delayed budbreak, shoot growth and progressive loss of vigour and most of the trees died before maturity. Of the remaining low-chill cultivars, ‘Ein Shemer’ had the highest fruit yield at 49 6 2.3 kg tree21 and ‘Alexander’ the lowest (5.3 6 1.0 kg tree21). This response was due to the high number of fruits per tree, ‘Ein Shemer’ had up to 907 6 83.7 per tree whereas low yielding cultivars like ‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘Tropical Beauty’ had fewer than 106 6 25.3 fruits per tree. The individual fruit weight was inversely related to the total number of fruits per tree. It ranged from 58 6 5.1 g in Ein Shemer to 191 6 24.8 g in ‘Rome Beauty’.  相似文献   

7.
Summary

Development of wax platelets on the surface of ‘Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple fruit was investigated throughout the growing season using field emission scanning electron microscopy. At 5,000 and greater, wax crystalline structures appeared to be composed of microtubules (MT), aggregates of individual MT to form single platelets, and of one or more platelets. The thickness of a single wax platelet ranged from 116–128 nm, approximately the diameter of a single MT; whereas multiple-platelet aggregates ranged in thickness from 307–428 nm. Individual platelets, multiple platelet aggregates and MT were visible throughout fruit development, as well as on different apple cultivars. Examination of the cuticle from young fruitlets (receptacle diameter = 3 mm) of ‘Chinese Crabapple’ (M. hupehensis Rehd.), which develops without trichomes, best demonstrated early platelet formation. A model for wax platelet and cuticle development on apple is proposed based on these data.  相似文献   

8.
The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to determine the king versus lateral fruit thinning effects on yield and fruit quality of ‘Elstar’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Ultra Red’, ‘Topred’, and ‘Jonagold’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 rootstock in 2002-2003. Removal of the king fruit (KFR) treatment partially increased the yield in ‘Jonagold’, ‘Elstar’, and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars while the effects were different by years in “Starkrimson Delicious”. Leaving of the king fruit (KFL) treatment gave better results in the ‘Topred’ cultivar, and similar effects were obtained from both treatments in ‘Ultra Red’ cultivar. Non-significant differences were obtained from both treatments with respect to fruit weight in the ‘Topred’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars. Leaving of the king fruit treatment increased the fruit weight significantly in ‘Elstar’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars in 2002. The values of fruit flesh firmness (lb), total soluble solids content (%), pH, titratable acidity (%), total and invert sugar quantity (g/100 g?1) were not found to be significantly different between the treatments with a few exceptions. The ‘KFR’ treatment that removed the dominant effect of the king fruit can be recommended for the ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ cultivars because this treatment increased the yield and did not decreased the fruit weight significantly in these cultivars except for ‘Elstar’ in 2002. On the other hand ‘KFL’ treatment can be recommended for the ‘Granny Smith’, Topred’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars. Although this treatment decreased the yield of ‘Granny Smith’ it increased the mean fruit weight 45.6-62.7 g in the two experiment years. ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ did not show clear response to the treatments.  相似文献   

10.
The numbers of flowers, and the amount and viability of pollen they released, were recorded on six dessert apple and five ornamental Malus cultivars over several years. M. χ purpurea cv Aldenhamensis produced as much, and M. cv Hillieri, M. cv Golden Hornet and M. cv Winter Gold far more, live pollen per length of branch, per tree or per canopy volume than most of the dessert cultivars studied.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
We found that the corolla of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) could be conspicuously enlarged by the separate application of three cytokinins: forchlorfenuron (CPPU), N6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and zeatin. To obtain the same enlargement as that achieved by CPPU, approximately 30 and 900 times the concentration of BA and zeatin, respectively, were required. CPPU at 3.2 μmol/L increased the limb area of the corollas of 15 cultivars to between 1.3 and 2.4 times (1.8 times on average) the size of the control area. The increase was negatively correlated (R = 0.58) with the “genetic” limb area (i.e., that of the untreated plant). The enlargement of the corolla caused by cytokinin application was mainly attributed to an increase in cell number in most cultivars. This increase resulted from a high rate of cell proliferation and from prolongation of the cell proliferation phase during corolla development. This anatomical change caused by cytokinin application was similar to the anatomical difference among cultivars because genetic differences in limb area resulted mainly from differences in cell number.  相似文献   

13.
Plant growth regulators such as α?naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6?benzyladenine (BA) are commonly used for thinning apple fruits. NAs exhibits an auxin- and gibberellin-type biological activity, stimulate the uptake and translocation of auxins in plant tissue, as well as IAA synthesis and act as surfactants. It was assumed that NAs applied at the stadium of early fruit growth might cause fruit abscission in apple, similarly to NAA. The goal of the research was to test the presumed thinning effect of naphthenic acids on apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’. Three treatments were applied on both apple cultivars including 16.5?μL L?1 NAA, 200?μL L?1?BA and 2.63?mg L?1?potassium salts of NAs. Cortical cell size and the number of cell layers were measured in order to determine the contribution of cell size and cell division in early fruit growth, as affected by chemical thinning treatments. The effects of plant growth regulators NAA, BA and NAs on fruit set, fruit size and the anatomy of the fruit cortex highly depend on varietal differences. In ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set reduction by chemical thinning increases both the number of cell layers and cell size of apple fruit, while in ‘Red Delicious’ NAA inhibits fruit growth, while BA is ineffective. Cell growth promoting activity of NAA and NAs, accompanied by the decrease in fruit set and reduced competition among fruits within the canopy, results in a significant fruit weight increase at harvest. The research confirms the auxinic properties of NAs, and their assumed thinning activity.  相似文献   

14.
Summary

1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) was applied to apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees or to individual fruiting spurs between full bloom (FB) and 31 d after full bloom (DAFB; mean fruit diameter of 20 mm) to determine the effects of ACC on the ethylene released from detached spurs and on fruit abscission. The rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs increased 1 d after applying 50 mg l–1 ACC at full bloom or 16 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 10 mm), but ACC had a reduced effect on the rate of ethylene release when it was applied 31 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 20 mm). ACC reduced fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple in a concentration-dependent manner in 2009 and in 2010, but had no thinning activity on ‘Pink Lady’ in 2010. ACC at 200 mg l–1 resulted in the yellowing and abscission of ‘GoldRush’ spur leaves in 2009, but not in 2010. The effects of combining ACC and 5 mg l–1 naphthaleneacetic acid on fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple were additive. The application of 200 mg l–1 ACC when fruit are ca. 10 mm in diameter may therefore be a useful chemical thinning treatment for apple fruit.  相似文献   

15.
Trials were conducted on 11-year-old trees of ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) in Creston, British Columbia, to analyse the thinning effects of the blossom spray sodium 4,6-dinitro-ortho-cresylate (DNOC), and single and combination treatments of the post-bloom sprays naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), naphthaleneacetamide (NAD), and 1-naphthyl-(N-)methyl carbamate (carbaryl). DNOC was ineffective as a thinning agent when used alone. NAA did not significantly affect numbers of remaining fruit when used alone or with NAD or carbaryl. NAD showed significant thinning effects when applied alone or with carbaryl. Carbaryl was an effective thinning agent when used alone. The effects of carbaryl alone and carbaryl with NAD were found to persist after spacing the fruit on the branches by hand.  相似文献   

16.
Summary

‘Reinette du Canada’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), which has been declared a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product throughout the European Community, is severely affected by bitter pit during storage, but increasing demand for organic produce requires chemical post-harvest treatments to be replaced with organic practices. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum stage of fruit maturity to improve the storability of high quality ‘Reinette du Canada’ apple during storage without applying post-harvest treatments. Seasonal conditions influenced fruit quality and the occurrence of storage disorders in ‘Reinette du Canada’. Harvest maturity also influenced the quality of ‘Reinette du Canada’ apple during storage, with later harvests reducing the development of bitter pit and increasing the soluble solids content:titratable acidity (SSC:TA) ratio. This study suggests that the SSC:TA ratio was a useful parameter for determining the optimum harvest maturity for high acidity, ‘Reinette du Canada’ apple. High quality fruit were obtained after long-term storage when the SSC:TA ratio exceeded 11.0, and fruit firmness at harvest exceeded 90 N. If these thresholds were not achieved, the quality of harvested ‘Reinette du Canada’ apples may not be sufficient to market fruit with the PDO designation. The results of our study also suggested that skin hue angle (hº) measurements may provide a quick and useful index that could replace fruit firmness measurements in the future.  相似文献   

17.
A comparison of the non-invasive ‘intelligent firmness detector’ (IFD) with two standard destructive techniques for measuring fruit firmness of peeled fruit, viz. a hand-held (Bareiss) and the ART penetrometer, showed the least variation of the IFD or best reproducibility of SE of ?±?1–2 elasticity units with firm cv. ‘Braeburn’ apples, equivalent to conventional hand penetrometer values of ±?0.12 kg/cm2. Correlations of the IFD with hand-held values ranged from r 2?=?0.47–0.54 for cv. ‘Lucas’ pear, 0.55–0.75 for stored cv. ‘Elstar’ apple to 0.68 (ART) and 0.75 (handheld penetrometer) for retail cv. ‘Hayward’ kiwi fruit. Shrivelled fruit showed larger elasticity values possibly due to the firm ridges, which develop in the peel during shrinkage of those fruit. The IFD software corrects viz. removes artificially firm values, if the pressure sensor hits the pedicel rather than the fruit. A second comparison for total soluble solids (TSS/sugar/sweetness/taste) values of the non-invasive ‘intelligent fruit analyser’ (IFA) with conventional, destructive refractometry showed a good correlation with a coefficient of determination of r 2?=?0.87 with cv. ‘Elstar’. Non-destructive IFA sugar/TSS values were within ca. 4?% of those obtained by the destructive refractometer, e.g. an accuracy of ±0.6?% sugar/TSS in apple fruit with 14–17?% sugar. The work showed that
  1. non-invasive fruit firmness determination with the IFD requires only a single calibration for all fruit species and future measurements,
  2. non-invasive sugar determination with the IFA requires regression curves in the grading machine for each fruit species, cultivar, provenience and year, or alternatively a large number of stored values, and
  3. neither bruises nor heat damage were observed on fruit measured properly by the IFD or IFA.
  相似文献   

18.
Subject Index     
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,103(4):515-525
Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) is a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor with limited persistence and low toxicity that has recently been registered as a shoot growth retardant for apples in North America (Apogee®) and Europe (Regalis®). We investigated the response of six different pear cultivars (‘Rosemarie’, ‘Forelle’, ‘Packham's Triumph’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Early Bon Chretien’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’) to ProCa in the Western Cape, South Africa, over the period 1999–2003. ProCa treatments ranging from 50 to 250 mg l−1 were applied between one and three times per season and were compared with girdling and control treatments. ProCa application reduced shoot growth in all of the cultivars. ‘Forelle’, was least responsive and showed a reduction in 2002/2003 but not 2001/2002. ‘Rosemarie’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Packham's Triumph’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’ were most responsive, with shoot growth being reduced by up to 50% of the control for the latter two cultivars. The response to number of applications and ProCa concentration was not consistent across cultivars. ‘Early Bon Chretien’, for example, only responded to high ProCa concentration, whereas ‘Rosemarie’ was very responsive at the lowest ProCa concentration. ProCa application improved fruit set but decreased final fruit size in some of the cultivars, particularly in ‘Rosemarie’. It also caused a decrease in return bloom in ‘Forelle’ and ‘Packham's Triumph’. The response of different cultivars to girdling, in terms of shoot growth and fruit set was highly variable. Girdling tended to increase final fruit size and return bloom. ProCa shows potential as a shoot growth retardant for the pear cultivars investigated, but the response of reduced fruit size in some cultivars requires mitigation. Future research on combined girdling and ProCa treatments may be instructive.  相似文献   

19.
Differences in mature fruit size among olive cultivars are related to differences in ovary size at bloom, but it is not known whether cell number or size determines the variation in ovary size. In this study we measured cell size and number in equatorial cross-sectional areas of the principal ovary tissues (mesocarp and endocarp) in eight cultivars with very different fruit and ovary size. The results showed that cell number explained most of the differences in ovary size, while cell size was not related to ovary size, except for a weak (R2 = 0.33) correlation in the endocarp. Since sink strength is thought to be related to cell number, this finding supports the hypothesis that larger ovaries represent stronger sinks. The implications of greater sink strength with bigger ovaries are discussed. Within cultivars, while the cross-sectional areas of mesocarp and endocarp were similar, cell number was higher in the mesocarp but cell size was smaller compared to the endocarp.  相似文献   

20.
以高丛越橘(Vaccinium corymbosum)大果型品种'奥尼尔'和小果型品种'蓝雨'为试材,测定花芽膨大与果实发育期间生长曲线及成熟果实的部分生理指标;开展包含PLAC8保守结构域的FWL(fruit weight like)基因全基因组鉴定与序列分析,并应用实时荧光定量PCR法检测VcFWL/PLA C8基...  相似文献   

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