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1.
Kathrin Specht Rosemarie Siebert Ina Hartmann Ulf B. Freisinger Magdalena Sawicka Armin Werner Susanne Thomaier Dietrich Henckel Heike Walk Axel Dierich 《Agriculture and Human Values》2014,31(1):33-51
Innovative forms of green urban architecture aim to combine food, production, and design to produce food on a larger scale in and on buildings in urban areas. It includes rooftop gardens, rooftop greenhouses, indoor farms, and other building-related forms (defined as “ZFarming”). This study uses the framework of sustainability to understand the role of ZFarming in future urban food production and to review the major benefits and limitations. The results are based on an analysis of 96 documents published in accessible international resources. The analysis shows that ZFarming has multiple functions and produces a range of non-food and non-market goods that may have positive impacts on the urban setting. It promises environmental benefits resulting from the saving and recycling of resources and reduced food miles. Social advantages include improving community food security, the provision of educational facilities, linking consumers to food production, and serving as a design inspiration. In economic terms it provides potential public benefits and commodity outputs. However, managing ZFarming faces several challenges. For some applications, the required technologies are known but have not been used or combined in that way before; others will need entirely new materials or cultivation techniques. Further critical aspects are the problem of high investment costs, exclusionary effects, and a lack of acceptance. In conclusion, ZFarming is seen as an outside-the-box solution which has some potential in generating win–win scenarios in cities. Nevertheless, ZFarming practices are not in and of themselves sustainable and need to be managed properly. 相似文献
2.
Esther Sanyé-Mengual Isabelle Anguelovski Jordi Oliver-Solà Juan Ignacio Montero Joan Rieradevall 《Agriculture and Human Values》2016,33(1):101-120
Urban agriculture (UA) is spreading within the Global North, largely for food production, ranging from household individual gardens to community gardens that boost neighborhood regeneration. Additionally, UA is also being integrated into buildings, such as urban rooftop farming (URF). Some URF experiences succeed in North America both as private and community initiatives. To date, little attention has been paid to how stakeholders perceive UA and URF in the Mediterranean or to the role of food production in these initiatives. This study examines the promotion and inclusion of new forms of UA through the practice of URF and contributes to the nascent literature on the stakeholder and public perceptions of UA. It seeks to understand how those perceptions shape the development of new urban agriculture practices and projects. Barcelona (Spain) was used as a Mediterranean case study where UA and URF projects are growing in popularity. Through semi-structured interviews with 25 core stakeholders, we show that UA is largely perceived as a social activity rather than a food production initiative, because the planning of urban gardens in Barcelona was traditionally done to achieve leisure and other social goals. However, several stakeholders highlighted the potential to increase urban fertility through URF by occupying currently unused spaces. As a result, the positive valuation of URF depends on the conceptualization of UA as a social or food production activity. In turn, such conceptualization shapes barriers and opportunities for the development of URF. While most UA-related stakeholders (e.g., food co-ops, NGOs) preferred soil-based UA, newer stakeholders (e.g., architects) highlighted the economic, social and environmental opportunities of local and efficient food production through innovative URF. 相似文献
3.
转基因食品的风险问题自问世以来就备受争议与关注,消费者对转基因食品的感知风险直接影响其接受度和可持续发展。本研究依据武汉市372名消费者的调查问卷数据,运用SPSS 17.0和AMOS 7.0对消费者的转基因食品感知风险维度及其影响因素进行实证分析。结果显示消费者对转基因食品的感知风险处于中等偏高水平,未超过对普通食品的风险担忧程度。通过验证性因子分析证明了消费者对转基因食品的感知风险集中于性能风险、健康风险、环境风险和经济风险4个方面,影响消费者对转基因食品感知风险的因素包括产品因素、卷入程度和信任度3个方面,且这3个因素间存在相互关联性。因而,本研究分别从提高消费者对转基因食品的科学认知、卷入度以及对政府监管的信任度等3个方面提出了增强消费者对转基因食品信心的对策建议。 相似文献
4.
Jessica M. Bagdonis C. Clare Hinrichs Kai A. Schafft 《Agriculture and Human Values》2009,26(1-2):107-119
Interest in and initiation of farm-to-school (FTS) programs have increased in recent years, spurred on by converging public concerns about child obesity trends and risks associated with industrialization and distancing in the modern food system. A civic agriculture framework that more specifically considers civic engagement and problem solving offers insights about variations in the development and prospects for FTS programs. Drawing on comparative case studies of two emerging FTS initiatives in Pennsylvania—one in a rural setting and one in an urban setting—this article examines the role of internal and external “champions” in launching FTS programs and fostering civic engagement. Farm-to-school community stakeholders across the two cases framed FTS in broadly similar terms of (1) redressing poor food environments; (2) improving student nutrition, health and well-being; and (3) revitalizing rural community through support of local agriculture. However, specific concerns and emphases differed across the rural and urban cases, illustrating the significance of local context for such programs. The article concludes by discussing the importance of frame bridging and frame extension as strategies for expanding the FTS movement, and also ensuring programs that correspond to the specific circumstances and possibilities of their social and geographic settings. 相似文献
5.
Agriculture plays a key role in national economies and individual livelihoods in many developing countries, and yet agriculture as a field of study and an occupation remain under-emphasized in many educational systems. In addition, working in agriculture is often perceived as being less desirable than other fields, and not a viable or compelling option for students who have received a post-secondary education. This article explores the historical and contemporary perceptions of agriculture as a field of study and an occupation globally, and applies themes from the literature to analyze primary data from focus groups with international students studying for university degrees in the United States. The article analyzes students’ perceptions and experiences in four countries—Bangladesh, Nepal, Honduras and Haiti—in order to make recommendations about how best to address challenges and develop capacity in agricultural education and employment in low-income countries. 相似文献
6.
Melissa N. Poulsen 《Agriculture and Human Values》2017,34(1):135-148
Civic agriculture is an approach to agriculture and food production that—in contrast with the industrial food system—is embedded in local environmental, social, and economic contexts. Alongside proliferation of the alternative food projects that characterize civic agriculture, growing literature critiques how their implementation runs counter to the ideal of civic agriculture. This study assesses the relevance of three such critiques to urban farming, aiming to understand how different farming models balance civic and economic exchange, prioritize food justice, and create socially inclusive spaces. Using a case study approach that incorporated interviews, participant observation, and document review, I compare two urban farms in Baltimore, Maryland—a “community farm” that emphasizes community engagement, and a “commercial farm” that focuses on job creation. Findings reveal the community farm prioritizes civic participation and food access for low-income residents, and strives to create socially inclusive space. However, the farmers’ “outsider” status challenges community engagement efforts. The commercial farm focuses on financial sustainability rather than participatory processes or food equity, reflecting the use of food production as a means toward community development rather than propagation of a food citizenry. Both farms meet authentic needs that contribute to neighborhood improvement, though findings suggest a lack of interest by residents in obtaining urban farm food, raising concerns about its appeal and accessibility to diverse consumers. Though not equally participatory, equitable, or social inclusive, both farms exemplify projects physically and philosophically rooted in the local social context, necessary characteristics for promoting civic engagement with the food system. 相似文献
7.
农民工的职业是影响农民工市民化的关键所在,普通员工、中低层管理者、技工和经营者是农民工职业的四大基本类别,技工更是农民工职业上升过程中的主要方向。运用多项logistic模型分析个人特征、人力资本、社会资本、心理资本和城市环境对农民工职业上升及分化的影响,结果表明：25—40岁年龄段的新生代农民工是农民工职业上升的主力军,而体现农民工综合人力资本的学历和最能体现农民工心理资本的强烈进取心是农民工职业由普通员工上升为中低层管理者、技工和经营者等高端职业的共同的关键因素。企业组织内的社会资本和人力资本是农民工晋升为中低层管理者的重要条件,人力资本是农民工成长为技工的关键因素,而组织外社会资本、较强的风险承受力和处于不发达中小城市则是农民工成为经营者的关键因素。 相似文献
8.
龙世谱 《农业图书情报学刊》2010,22(8):5-7
对进一步做好我国农业信息引导与信息服务工作提出了若干建议。特别是对开发利用好西部生态建设信息资源与开发利用好西部特色农业信息资源,建设好西部重点生态建设项目数据库和西部特色农业项目数据库,开发利用好＂三农＂信息资源解决＂三农＂问题,壮大县级图书馆进而用县馆分馆制普及城乡图书馆,提出了若干重要建议。 相似文献
9.
新安江流域作为首个跨省生态补偿政策试点,其政策实施对于地区城市整体生态治理具有正向促进作用,分析新安江流域城市政策实施前、中、后期的景观生态风险时空演变趋势及驱动因素,可为该地区及同类区域生态治理及风险防范提供科学支撑。基于2000、2010、2020年三期土地利用遥感数据,寻求评价景观生态风险的最优尺度,分析其时空演变趋势,并借助地理探测器计算空间因子的影响程度。研究表明:研究区最优研究尺度为粒度70 m、幅度11 km;2000-2020年,研究区景观生态风险显著降低,较高以上风险区面积大幅缩减,生态风险呈显著的空间正相关性,且相关程度不断减弱,高值聚集区逐渐减少;研究区内土地利用强度与坡度对景观生态风险驱动效应最强,各因子交互探测时可显著提高解释能力。研究区各市景观生态风险空间差异显著,需加强对草地、水域景观整体性的维护,进一步加强新安江流域城市生态稳定性,同时应考虑地区用地结构及风险状况,针对性采取风险治理措施。 相似文献
10.
由于大水面淡水鱼养殖受多种客观或主观因素的影响,项目投资风险很大,因此在项目投资前对投资风险进行评估和后面的风险控制对淡水鱼养殖项目投资的成败有着极其重要的作用。在分析和研究东江水库淡水鱼养殖项目风险特点的基础上,对东江水库淡水鱼养殖项目的投资情况作实证案例分析,在此基础上提出适合我国国情的淡水鱼养殖投资项目的非系统风险评估指标及建立相应的风险评估模型,并就如何运用此模型,对项目投资的非系统风险进行了评估,为淡水鱼项目投资的非系统风险控制提供决策参考。 相似文献
11.
Controversies in food and agriculture abound, with many portrayed as conflicts between polarized viewpoints. Framing such controversies as dichotomies, however, can at times obscure what might be a plurality of views and potential common ground on the subject. We used Q methodology to explore stakeholders’ views about pesticide safety, agricultural worker exposure, and human health concerns in the tree fruit industry of central Washington State. Using a purposive sample of English and Spanish-speaking agricultural workers, industry representatives, state agencies, educators, and advocates (n?=?41), participants sorted 45 statements on pesticide use and perceived human safety risks in the tree fruit industry in 2011. We used PQMethod 2.33 statistical software program to identify viewpoints, based on differences between how participants sorted the statements. The results revealed three distinct viewpoints among 38 sorters that explained 52 percent of the variance. The viewpoints included the: (1) skeptics (n?=?22) who expressed concern over the environmental and human health impacts of pesticide use; (2) acceptors (n?=?10) who acknowledged inherent risks for using pesticides but saw the risks as known, small and manageable; and (3) incrementalists (n?=?6) who prioritized opportunities to introduce human capital and technological improvements to increase agricultural worker safety. We then brought representatives with these different viewpoints together to analyze the results of the Q study, and to brainstorm mutually acceptable improvements to health and safety in tree fruit orchards. In describing and analyzing this case study, we argue that Q methodology can serve as one potentially effective tool for collaborative work, in this case facilitating a process of orchard safety improvements despite perceived stakeholder polarization. 相似文献
12.
13.
随着我国经济持续稳健的发展与城市化进程的不断加快,建筑行业也迎来了新的发展
机遇。在大型工程项目施工建设过程中,由于未来充满着不确定因素和激烈的竞争,不可避免
的带来了各种风险,工程项目施工的复杂性、个性化和较长的生产周期也增加了项目施工的不
确定性。因此,工程项目施工风险管理成了提高项目施工成功率的关键因素,在整个开发系统
范围受到普遍重视。作为工程项目管理之一的风险管理是建筑企业获取最大经济效益和社会
效益的重要因素之一。这决定了建筑企业在做好投资控制、进度控制、安全生产、质量控制、文
明施工的同时, 相似文献
14.
Mary K. Hendrickson Jere L. Gilles William H. Meyers Kenneth C. Schneeberger William R. Folk 《Agriculture and Human Values》2014,31(4):665-672
The development and utility of genetically modified (GM) crops for smallholders around the world is controversial. Critical questions include what traits and crops are to be developed; how they can be adapted to smallholders’ ecological, social and economic contexts; which dissemination channels should be used to reach smallholders; and which policy environments will enable the greatest benefits for smallholders and the rural poor. A key question is how the voices of smallholders who have experience with or desire to use GM technologies enter the larger debate. Africa has the greatest number of smallholders and poor with the least exposure to GM crops. Because of the well-established use of GM crops in South Africa by commercial farmers, we formed a community of practice (CoP) involving smallholders, extension, researchers, non-profits and agribusiness in KwaZulu-Natal to examine the conditions under which GM crops are used by smallholders, how smallholders interact with GM technologies and what insights smallholders and other stakeholders can provide regarding these questions. One of the advantages of the CoP approach is that it brings stakeholders together in a non-hierarchical way that encourages new ways of thinking and new partnerships. Such interaction around a specific project can enhance the voice of smallholders in a variety of ways. In our project, smallholder participants have increased their knowledge and can make better decisions about GM technologies, which had been barriers for them. Notably, they have also improved their knowledge of maize production practices, accessed new practice networks, and met new researchers and resource providers. They are now being integrated into these networks in a way that should improve their livelihoods and make the wants and needs of smallholders better known. Such knowledge and experience has improved their voice in agriculture and rural development discussions. 相似文献
15.
西方早期的城市规划思想对我国近代城市规划具有重要的借鉴作用。介绍了西方"二战"前后城市规划思想理论的发展轨迹,以其中卫星城规划理论为例,详细介绍了卫星城的定义;梳理了其发展的过程,即"卧城—半独立卫星城—积极卫星城";说明了其特性;并介绍了该理论在西方———伦敦和巴黎城区中的有效应用。最后以上海和西安为例,介绍了卫星城理论在近代我国城市规划发展中的实践应用,并总结了卫星城在我国城市建设中的作用。希望对运用卫星城市规划理论指导实践提供参考,从而科学控制和疏散城市人口,促进城市和小城镇的功能定位及空间分布平衡,最终促进人居环境的可持续性发展。 相似文献
16.
本文以广州市某房地产项目为例，通过对水土保持防治责任范围、水土保持措施、水土保持
效果等验收结论的分析，论述分期建设项目水土保持设施验收工作的重点和难点。 相似文献
17.
A decline in public sector extension services in developing countries has led to an increasing emphasis on alternative extension approaches that are participatory, demand-driven, client-oriented, and farmer centered. One such approach is the volunteer farmer-trainer (VFT) approach, a form of farmer-to-farmer extension where VFTs host demonstration plots and share information on improved agricultural practices within their community. VFTs are trained by extension staff and they in turn train other farmers. A study was conducted to understand the rationale behind the decisions of smallholder farmers to volunteer their time and resources to train other farmers without pay and to continue volunteering. Data were gathered through focus group discussions and individual interviews involving 99 VFTs. Findings of the study showed that VFTs were motivated by a combination of personal and community interests that were influenced by religious beliefs, cultural norms, and social and economic incentives. Altruism, gaining knowledge and skills, and social benefits were the most frequently mentioned motivating factors for becoming VFTs.3 years after starting, the income earned from selling associated inputs and services was also a main motivating factor. There were no significant differences between motivating factors for men and women VFTs. The findings point to the fact that VFTs work effectively without being paid, but investments in human, social, and financial capital are crucial to keeping them motivated. These factors are key to ensuring the sustainability of farmer-to-farmer extension programs beyond the projects’ lifespan. 相似文献
18.
Karen L. Webb David Pelletier Audrey N. Maretzki Jennifer Wilkins 《Agriculture and Human Values》1998,15(1):65-75
Several different evaluation issuesare perceived as important by people involved withinnovative projects intended to improve local food andnutrition systems; particularly the establishment oflocal food policy coalitions. Several such coalitionshave been formed in North America, Europe, andAustralia with the goal of improving community foodsecurity and promoting sustainable local food systems.Pioneer coalitions have served as models, yet therehas been little systematic evaluation of thesemodels. A qualitative study was conducted to identifyfactors that may hinder evaluation efforts. In grouptelephone interviews, we sought the views ofacademics, project organizers, and funders, a total of24 key informants. Pressures to evaluate were assessed differently bythe three groups of key informants. Academics felt thefocus of evaluation should be on the effectiveness ofthe process used to discuss issues and formulatepolicies and plans. Project organizers and fundersperceived a need to assess project impact andoutcomes. A lack of suitable evaluation models andmethods was viewed as a formidable barrier. The use ofinappropriate methods and premature impact evaluationwere noted as potential threats to projectsustainability. External constraints and resourcelimitations were also said to inhibit evaluationefforts. It appears that several other factors may also beimpeding progress in conducting more (and more useful)evaluations including: (1) the apparent negativeconnotation of evaluation and the limited benefitsexpected from evaluation by stakeholders, (2) a lackof consensus about important evaluation questions,(3) insufficient evaluation expertise among projectorganizers, and (4) inadequate appreciation ofincreasing accountability pressures. 相似文献
19.
This study examines factors associated with the decision of Malaysian youth to participate in a voluntary urban agriculture program. Urban agriculture has generated significant interest in developing countries to address concerns over food security, growing urbanization and employment. While an abundance of data shows attracting the participation of young people in traditional agriculture has become a challenge for many countries, few empirical studies have been conducted on youth motivation to participate in urban agriculture programs, particularly in non-Western settings. Drawing on the theories of planned behavior and the functional approach to volunteer motivation, we surveyed 890 students from a public university in Malaysia about their intention to join a new urban agriculture program. Hierarchical regression findings indicated that the strongest predictor of participation was students’ attitude toward urban agriculture, followed by subjective norms, career motives and perceived barriers to participation. The findings from this study may provide useful information to the university program planners in Malaysia in identifying mechanisms for future students’ involvement in the program. 相似文献
20.
以昆明市翠湖公园为例,验证环境偏好、恢复性评价与健康效益评估三者间现有结构关系模型,为未来建设具有健康效益的公园景观提供理论依据。结果表明:环境的易识别性和景观的复杂性是城市公园游览者对公园环境产生偏好的重要影响因素,兼容性对于城市公园的环境恢复性效果影响最显著,镇定情绪项更能反应游览者的健康效益评估;环境偏好、恢复性评价与健康效益评估三者间为显著正向影响关系,即游览者的环境偏好对恢复性评价有显著正影响,游览者的恢复性评价对健康效益评估有显著正影响;游览者的环境偏好对健康效益评估既有显著正影响,且两者之间也存在恢复性评价作为中介产生的间接效应。 相似文献