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1.
本实验按 0 .6 mg/ kg BW单剂量对健康仔猪口服亚硒酸钠溶液后 ,首次系统地研究了其在血液中药物代谢动力学。实验结果表明 :血液动力学特征符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,其理论方程为 :C=0 .0 82 0 e- 0 .0 4 2 1 t 0 .10 5 0 e- 0 .0 0 1 4t- 0 .1870 e- 2 .2 541 t。主要动力学参数为 :吸收半衰期 (t1 / 2 Ka)为 0 .30 75 h;达峰时间 (tmax)为 2 .15 17h;消除半衰期 (t1 / 2β)为 5 10 .2 70 6 h;曲线下面积 (AU C)为 75 .14 6 0 mg/ L· h;表观分布容积 (Vd)为 5 .5 74 2 L/ kg。根据单剂量药动学参数 ,计算多剂量给药参数 ,为临床治疗制订给药方案。先导剂量 (D* )为 1.2 2 6 2 mg/ kg BW,维持剂量(D0 )为 0 .6 m g/ kg BW,给药间隔 (τ)为 4 80 h,平均稳态血药浓度 (с)为 0 .15 6 6 μg/ m l  相似文献   

2.
本实验按0.6mg/kgBW单剂量对健康仔猪口服亚硒酸钠溶液后，首次系统地研究了其在血液中药物代谢动力学。实验结果表明，血液动力学特征符合一级吸收二室开放模型，其理论方程为：C＝0.0820e^-0.0421t 0.1050e^-0.0014t-0.1870e^-2.2541t。主要动力学参数为：吸收半衰期（t1/2Ka)为0.3075h，达峰时间（tmax)为2.1517h；消除半衰期（t1/2β）为510.2706h，曲线下面积（AUC）为75.1460mg/L.h；表观分布容积（Vd)为5.5742L/kg。根据单剂量药动学参数，计算多剂量给药参数，为临床治疗制订给药方案，先导剂量（D^*)为1.2262mg/kg BW，维持剂量（D0）为0.6mg/kgBW，给药间隔（τ）为480h，平均稳态血药浓度（c)为0.1566μg/ml。  相似文献   

3.
选用健康雏鸭作试验动物,通过人工复制硒缺乏模型,研究亚硒酸钠在雏鸭体内的药物代谢动力学。结果表明:亚硒酸钠在低硒雏鸭血液中的代谢动力学过程符合一级吸收二室开放模型,其动力学方程为:C=-0.0439e-2.6925t+0.1085e-0.0053t-0.0646e-0.1174t。其主要动力学参数为:吸收半衰期(T12Ka)为5.9026h,达峰时间(Tmax)为23.03h,消除半衰期(T12β)为131.13h,曲线下面积(AUC)为19.93mgL·h,表观分布容积(Vd)为7.60389Lkg。根据单剂量给药参数计算多剂量给药参数,为临床制定给药方案,首次先导剂量(D)为1.7046mgkg·BW,维持剂量(D0)为0.8mgkg·BW,给药间隔为120h,血药平均稳态浓度(C)为0.1664μgmL。这一结果为临床科学合理地用药预防雏鸭缺硒病提供了试验依据。  相似文献   

4.
恩诺沙星在眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药物代谢动力学   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  
应用反相高效液相色谱法 (RP- HPL C)研究了恩诺沙星在眼斑拟石首鱼 (Sciaenops ocellatus)体内的药物代谢动力学。实验数据经 DAS药代动力学分析软件分析后得出 :腹腔注射组血浆的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型 ,动力学方程为 :C =4 .92 5 e- 1 .4 52 t +2 .730 e- 0 .0 75t ,其主要药代动力学参数 :AU C37.5 33mg· L- 1· h、Cmax 4 .74 7mg/ L、Tmax0 .75 0 h、t α0 .4 77h、t β9.2 92 h、Vd/ F 1 .6 76 L / kg、t Ka0 .1 70 h、Ka 4 .0 81 / h、K 6 .71 4 / h、K1 0 0 .1 91 / h、K1 2 0 .76 9/h、K2 1 0 .5 6 6 / h;灌服组血浆的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型 ,动力学方程为 :C =6 .4 82 (e- 7.0 92 t- e- 1 0 .356 t) ,其主要药代动力学参数 :AU C1 5 .80 5 mg· L- 1 · h、Cmax2 .770 mg/ L、Tmax1 .5 0 0 h、t α4 .989h、Vd/ F2 .0 72 L/ kg、Ka7.0 92 /h、K 1 0 .35 6 / h。结果表明 ,腹腔注射给药比灌服给药吸收快 ,血药浓度达峰时间短于灌服给药 ,但血药浓度峰值明显高于灌服给药 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,血浆中恩诺沙星的回收率为 94 .5 79%。  相似文献   

5.
《畜牧与兽医》2016,(3):84-88
本文对鲫以15 mg/kg·bw的剂量单次口灌甲砜霉素进行药物动力学参数模拟研究,以15 mg/kg·bw的剂量连续口灌给药3 d进行药物残留研究。结果表明甲砜霉素的药—时曲线均较符合有吸收一室开放模型,10℃水温条件下甲砜霉素在鲫体内的主要药物动力学参数为:吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)4.63 h;峰浓度(Cmax)5.71μg/m L;达峰时间(Tmax)10.94 h;消除半衰期(t1/2β)13.68 h;表观分布容积(Vd/F)1.53 L/kg;清除率(CLb)0.08 L/(h·kg);药时曲线下面积(AUC)195.99μg·h/m L。25℃水温条件下甲砜霉素在鲫体内的药物动力学参数为:吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)2.72 h;峰浓度(Cmax)5.60μg/m L;达峰时间(Tmax)6.98 h;消除半衰期(t1/2β)9.87 h;表观分布容积(Vd/F)1.6 4L/kg;清除率(CLb)0.12 L/(h·kg);药时曲线下面积(AUC)130.16μg·h/m L。不同水温条件下甲砜霉素在鲫鱼各组织中的代谢明显不同,表现为水温升高甲砜霉素消除则加快,水温降低甲砜霉素消除则变慢。结果还显示在两个温度下,甲砜霉素在鲫鱼主要组织中消除均较慢,在给药72h后,仍可在在皮肤、肌肉、肾脏组织中检测到甲砜霉素。同时,皮肤中的药物代谢速率相对于其他组织较慢,因此,建议把皮肤作为甲砜霉素药物残留的靶组织。若以15 mg/kg·bw的剂量连续口灌给药甲砜霉素后,建议甲砜霉素在鲫鱼体内的休药期定为:在10℃至少为10d,在25℃至少为6 d。  相似文献   

6.
采用高效液相色谱法,在(23.1±0.8)℃水温条件下,对环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶两种抗菌药物在健康大菱鲆体内的代谢动力学规律进行了比较研究。结果显示,单次口服环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶后,药物在血浆中的经时过程均符合一级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程分别为CCIP=14.811e-0.337t+4.028e-0.063t-18.839e-0.616t、CSM2=64.981e-0.141t+4.59e-0.004t-69.571e-0.19t;静脉注射这两种药物后,药物在血浆中经时过程均符合无级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程分别为CCIP=21.784e-1.098t+1.514e-0.043t、CSM2=33.028e-5.687t+8.674e-0.013t。口服相同剂量(20 mg/kg)药物后,对血浆的药代动力学参数进行比较,环丙沙星的Tmax(6 h)、Cmax(5.385μg/mL)、t1/2Ka(1.125h)、t1/2α(2.057 h)和t1/2β(11.028 h)均小于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药(8 h、13.990μg/mL、3.647 h、4.923 h和173.407 h),且F(60.57%)大于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药F(47.13%)。证实环丙沙星在大菱鲆体内的吸收、分布、消除速度,达峰时间均快于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药,且比磺胺二甲嘧啶给药吸收完全。根据本实验的结果,环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶的合理给药方案分别为28.01 mg/kg和18.32 mg/kg,均为每日1次给药,连用3～5 d。  相似文献   

7.
实验研究了30日龄肉鸡按55.38mg/kg·bw剂量灌服10%硫酸锰溶液后不同时间采血,应用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定血药浓度,经微机处理得出血药浓度及药动学参数,血药浓度-时间曲线符合一级吸收一室开放模型,最佳药时方程:C=80.8013(e-0.0709t-e-0.4402t)。主要药动学参数:t1/2Ka为1.5747hrs,t1/2Ke为9.7698hrs,tp为5.6617hrs,Cmax为48.3581ug/L,AUC为967.9305(μg/L)·h。根据单剂量给药参数,计算出多剂量给药参数。τ定为12h,(C∝)max为95.997μg/L,为80.6609μg/L,(C∝)min为4.0668μg/L,D为3.2794mg/kg·bw,D0为1.8789mg/kg·bw,R为1.7454。  相似文献   

8.
磺胺间甲氧嘧啶在猪体内的药代动力学及生物利用度   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
健康猪只5头,按50 mg.kg-1剂量分2个阶段分别给猪静注、肌注,研究其在猪体内的药代动力学规律。采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中的药物浓度。采用3P97药代动力学程序软件处理药时数据。结果静注药时曲线符合一室开放模型,其理论方程为C=139.6 e-0.24 t,V(c)为(0.38±0.02)L.kg-1,AUC为(537.7±37.6)μg.h.mL-1,t1/2Ke为(2.84±0.08)h,CL(s)为(0.09±0.005)L.kg-1.h-1。肌注药时数据符合一室开放模型,其理论方程为C=19.2(e-0.04 t-e-0.73 t),t1/2Ka为(0.87±0.14)h,t1/2Ke为(16.3±1.9)h,C(m ax)为(15.4±0.6)μg.mL-1,AUC为(427±43)μg.h.mL-1,F为(79.5±8.0)%。表明本制剂肌注后在猪体内吸收较好,具有较长的半衰期,为一种长效制剂。以化脓链球菌为例,肌注剂量有效浓度维持时间为72 h。  相似文献   

9.
氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin)在鲤鱼体内的药代动力学   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
应用 HPL C法测定了单次混饲口服氧氟沙星 (10 mg/ kg)后 ,鲤鱼体内不同时间的血浆药物浓度。利用 MCPKP药代动力学软件分析数据 ,其药代动力学特征符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,动力学方程为 C=3.2 94 31(e- 0 .0 4 34 1 t-e- 1 .1 1 474 t )。主要药代动力学参数 :吸收半衰期 (T1 /2 ka) 0 .6 2 16 7h,半衰期 (T1 /2 k) 15 .96 4 0 5 h,最高血药浓度 (Cmax)2 .775 89mg/ L ,出现最高血药浓度时间 (TPP,血药浓度时间曲线下面积 (AUC) 72 .934mg/ L· h,血浆治疗浓度维持时间 TCP(ther) 5 .4 4 10 h。结果表明 ,氧氟沙星在鲤鱼体内吸收较迅速 ,达峰时间较短 ,血药峰浓度高 ,消除缓慢 ,保持有效杀菌浓度时间长 ,适用于鱼类细菌性疾病的预防和治疗  相似文献   

10.
为研究盐酸沙拉沙星在蛋鸡体内血液动力学 ,选用成年健康蛋鸡 6 5只进行试验。按 10mg/kg体重口服给药后 ,测定血清中盐酸沙拉沙星的含量。结果表明 :盐酸沙拉沙星在血液中经时过程符合一级吸收一室模型 ,其理论方程为Cb=1.0 36 (e-0 .173 5t-e-2 .0 57t)。Ka 为 1.6 0 2 5h-1、Cmax为 0 .74 2 9μg/mL、tmax为 1.5 80 7h。由抗生素后效应及药动学参数 ,建议临床给药口服方案为 10 .12mg/kg。  相似文献   

11.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

12.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

13.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

14.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

15.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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16.
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.  相似文献   

17.
Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein  相似文献   

18.
A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

19.
Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L3) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L3 developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.  相似文献   

20.
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