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1.
湿地在全球气候变化中扮演着重要作用,当湿地排水后,地表水位下降,湿地土壤有氧层增加,CO2排放速率增加,CH4排放速率减少,进而影响全球温室气体的浓度。本文综述了国内外有关湿地排水对土壤CO2、CH4、N2O温室气体和土壤碳储量影响的研究进展,指出了应加强研究的方向,可为湿地恢复和碳管理的研究提供参考。 相似文献
2.
采用静态箱—气相色谱(GC)法,对大青山地区华北落叶松人工林夏季(6～8月)土壤CO2和CH4通量进行原位测定,研究了夏季土壤温室气体通量和昼夜变化规律及其与温度的关系.结果表明:大青山华北落叶松人工林6、7、8月土壤CO2排放通量平均值分别为296.7、727.7、461.2 mg/m2·h;不同月份的CO2通量昼夜变化均呈现昼高夜低的现象.大青山华北落叶松人工林土壤为大气CH4的汇,6～8月土壤月均CH4吸收通量均值大小顺序为8月＞7月＞6月;各月CH4吸收通量昼夜变化表现为单峰型,最大吸收通量出现在白天.9:00和19:00这2个时间区域内进行土壤呼吸观测,经矫正后可以代表6～8月大青山华北落叶松人工林土壤CO2和CH4气体通量值.温度是影响CO2和CH4通量的重要因子. 相似文献
3.
椰壳活性炭作为电极材料和吸附剂的应用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
制备了高比表面积的椰壳活性炭,对其结构性质进行了表征并测定了以椰壳活性炭为电极材料的双电层电容器的充放电性质和循环伏安性质.实验结果表明:以椰壳活性炭为电极材料的双电层电容器具有良好的充放电性能,电极比电容达164 F/g.以椰壳活性炭为吸附剂测定了NH3、CO2、CH4、N2、O2和H2在298K的吸附等温线.椰壳活性炭对不同气体的吸附性能存在很大差异,其对NH3的吸附远远大于对CO2、CH4、O2、N2和H2的吸附.以平衡吸附量的比值为参考,椰壳活性炭是适用于NH3/N2、NH3/O2及NH3/空气这些气体混合物中NH3吸附分离的优良吸附剂,可用于NH3/CH4气体混合物中NH3的吸附分离并具有吸附分离CO2/N2、CO2/O2及CO2/空气这些气体混合物中CO2的潜力. 相似文献
4.
以可燃性气体为目的产物,在450~600℃低温条件下对木屑进行微波催化热解。考察了热解温度、催化剂种类以及催化剂用量对微波热解可燃气产量和热值的影响,并分析热解过程中各气体组分的变化趋势。结果表明:催化剂的加入可有效提高气体产率,不同催化剂对气体产率的影响顺序为:K2CO3Na OHNa2CO3Mg OCa ONa H2PO4Na2HPO4。在热解温度550℃、K2CO3用量(以木屑质量计)20%的条件下得到高产量的中热值可燃性气体,气体产率为62.65%,低位热值14.05 MJ/m3;且K2CO3作为催化剂时可得到较高的H/C的气体。 相似文献
5.
由人类活动所造成的大气中温室气体浓度急剧增加而引起的全球气候变暖和环境变化已引起全世界的广泛关注。氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的一种温室气体,在大气中含量较低却十分稳定,具有较大的增温潜能(其单分子的增温潜能是CO2的310倍)和较快的浓度增加速率(以每年0.25%的速率增加)(IPCC,2007)。N2O可吸收红外线,减少地球表面通过大气向外层空间的热辐射,导致地球表面温度增加。N2O能参与大气中许多光化学反应,破坏臭氧层(Crutzen,1970),导致到达地球表面的紫外线明显增加,给人类健康和生态环境带来多方面的危害。 相似文献
6.
阔叶红松林土壤CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究凋落物对CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响,从2002年9月3日到2003年10月30日,采用静态密闭箱技术对长白山阔叶红松林两种类型土壤生态系统的CO2,N2O和CH4的通量进行测定。两种土壤类型分别为表层有凋落物覆盖和没有凋落物覆盖。研究结果表明,凋落物对CO2,N2O和CH4通量有显著性影响(P<0.05)。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的日变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的日变化趋势相似,且CO2,N2O和CH4的日通量峰值都出现在18:00。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的季节变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的季节变化趋势也相似,但在一年之中,CO2和CH4的峰值出现在六月,N2O的峰值却出现在八月。研究结果还表明有凋落物样地CO2,N2O的日排放通量和年均排放通量明显大于无凋落物样地中两种气体的排放通量,但有凋落物样地的CH4日吸收通量和年均排放通量却小于无凋落物样地的CH4吸收通量。 相似文献
7.
《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2019,(12)
为了揭示降水变化对森林土壤CO2、N2O、CH4通量的影响,本研究以南亚热带红锥和马尾松人工林为研究对象,设置穿透雨减少50%和不减雨(对照),2013—2015年开展野外降水控制实验,结果表明:穿透雨减少仅导致红锥雨季土壤CO2排放通量比对照显著增加了39.1%,而对红锥全年和旱季土壤CO2排放通量、以及红锥全年、旱季和雨季土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收通量均无影响。对马尾松而言,穿透雨减少对其全年、旱季和雨季土壤CO2排放、N2O排放和CH4吸收通量的影响均不显著。另外红锥土壤温室气体排放通量大于马尾松,在减雨处理下更加明显。相关分析表明,红锥和马尾松土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm土壤温度呈指数正相关,与5 cm土壤温、湿度呈二元线性正相关;红锥和马尾松土壤N2O排放通量与5 cm土壤温、湿度的线性关系不显著;红锥土壤CH4吸收通量与5 cm土壤湿度和5 cm土壤温、湿度呈显著的线性负相关,而马尾松土壤CH4吸收通量与5 cm土壤温、湿度的线性关系不显著。总之,短期降水减少可能导致红锥雨季土壤CO2排放显著增加,然而不会改变马尾松土壤CO2、N2O和CH4通量。未来降水减少可能扩大红锥和马尾松土壤温室气体排放通量的差异。 相似文献
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10.
以松木屑为试验原料,在自行设计的间歇式高温高压反应釜中进行超临界水气化制甲烷的实验。考查了反应温度、反应压力、松木屑浆料质量分数、粒径以及4种常用碱性催化剂和4种常用金属催化剂对松木屑在超临界水中气化制甲烷效果的影响。结果表明,反应温度对甲烷产量有重要影响,450℃时甲烷产量最高;反应压力的升高能促进松木屑气化,使甲烷产量变高;高质量分数的松木屑浆料不利于气化制甲烷,粒径对于甲烷产量和气化效率没有明显影响。在反应温度450℃、压力34 MPa,松木屑质量分数5%、粒径4.75~8.00 mm条件下碱性催化剂对甲烷产量的影响顺序为KOH>K2CO3>Na2CO3>Ca(OH)2,金属催化剂对甲烷产量的影响顺序为Ni>Co>Fe>Cu。8种催化剂中KOH效果最好,甲烷的摩尔分数、产量以及气化效率分别达到了38.5%,13.7mol/kg和84.7%,所得可燃气体的热值达到14 248.04 k J/kg。这些工作为生物质超临界水气化制甲烷的制备工艺完善和工程放大奠定了一定的实验基础。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
15.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
16.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
17.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
19.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献