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1.
ABSTRACT

This study examines a participatory forest management program and its impacts on forest conditions in Gebradima Forest, southwest Ethiopia. Vegetation data were collected from both participatory forest management (PFM) and nonparticipatory forest management (non-PFM) forest blocks. A total of 54 plots (27 from each forest block) measuring 20 m × 20 m were employed to collect species composition and structural data. Results indicated that a total of 51 different woody plant species (49 at PFM and 43 at non-PFM blocks), representing 31 families were recorded, with 41 species were shared for both forest sites. Species diversity and evenness were higher in the forest with PFM (H´ = 3.29, E = .85) compared to the forest without PFM (H´ = 2.97, E = .79). The overall mean values of tree/shrub and seedling density per hectare, diameter class (≤ 20 cm) were also significantly (p < .05) higher in PFM forest than non-PFM forests. However, no significant variations were observed in sapling density per hectare and basal area between the two studied forest blocks. It can be concluded that PFM had a positive effect on forest conditions compared with a similar forest without PFM. Hence, it is important to scaling up PFM in neighboring forests.  相似文献   

2.
半干旱地区杨树丰产栽培技术研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用正交试验设计,对杨树人工林丰产栽培技术进行8a的试验研究,结果表明:4m×2m小区蓄积最高,4m×4m小区蓄积连年增长量最高;含碳酸盐黑钙土的干旱地区施磷肥最好;整地深度50～60cm为宜;最佳组合为每穴施磷肥150g、4m×2m密度、整地50～60cm。  相似文献   

3.
We estimated forest biomass carbon storage and carbon density from 1949 to 2008 based on nine consecutive forest inventories in Henan Province,China.According to the definitions of the forest inventory,Henan forests were categorized into five groups: forest stands,economic forests,bamboo forests,open forests,and shrub forests.We estimated biomass carbon in forest stands for each inventory period by using the continuous biomass expansion factor method.We used the mean biomass density method to estimate carbon stocks in economic,bamboo,open and shrub forests.Over the 60-year period,total forest vegetation carbon storage increased from34.6 Tg(1 Tg = 1×10~(12)g) in 1949 to 80.4 Tg in 2008,a net vegetation carbon increase of 45.8 Tg.By stand type,increases were 39.8 Tg in forest stands,5.5 Tg in economic forests,0.6 Tg in bamboo forests,and-0.1 Tg in open forests combine shrub forests.Carbon storageincreased at an average annual rate of 0.8 Tg carbon over the study period.Carbon was mainly stored in young and middle-aged forests,which together accounted for 70–88%of the total forest carbon storage in different inventory periods.Broad-leaved forest was the main contributor to forest carbon sequestration.From 1998 to 2008,during implementation of national afforestation and reforestation programs,the carbon storage of planted forest increased sharply from 3.9 to 37.9 Tg.Our results show that with the growth of young planted forest,Henan Province forests realized large gains in carbon sequestration over a 60-year period that was characterized in part by a nation-wide tree planting program.  相似文献   

4.
依据17龄意大利214杨随机区组设计的不同密度,根据树高和胸径生长量用林业统计软件进行蓄积计算,用不同密度下的立木蓄积量来确定最佳的造林密度。试验结果表明,4m×6m试验密度尽管单株蓄积不是最高的,但公顷蓄积是最大的,为260．74m^3·hm^-2,该密度林分林木符合大径材标准的株数最多,为87株。因此4m×6m密度是较为丰产的最佳密度。  相似文献   

5.
Loss of canopy cover by forest harvesting generally increases the average surface runoff volume and sediment. Selective cutting (single and group selection method) is the most usual forest harvesting method in the Hyrcanian forests in the north of Iran. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of selective logging technique on the hydrological behavior of runoff and sediment in the Kheyrud forests located in northern Iran over 1 year. Four treatments were implemented: natural forest without harvesting (C), forest with selective harvesting (H) and area without canopy cover (WC) and skid trail (S). Three types of data were measured in each plot including soil chemical and physical properties, runoff and sediment load after each rainfall. The results indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in runoff generation and sediment production with respect to the treatments cover. The runoff in all treatments showed relatively similar response to rainfall, while the highest runoff and sediment were observed in skid trails, and the area without canopy cover (1.13 and 0.62 mm, and 1.2 and 0.51 g m?2), averagely. In contrast, the natural forest without harvesting and the forest with selective harvesting treatments exhibited the lowest amounts of runoff (0.2 and 0.44 mm) and sediment (0.1 and 0.17 g m?2), averagely. Implementation of low logging technique was useful to control the effects of logging on the runoff and sediment yield.  相似文献   

6.
Stands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) originating from natural regeneration can be extremely dense with high mortality, poor growth form and low volume production. Although costly, respacing (pre-commercial thinning) can reduce resource competition for the remaining trees, altering the final crop produced. Three experiments were established to examine the effect of respacing 1–2 m tall trees to different target densities. The impact on stand growth and yield was measured 11–17 years after respacing, and the longer-term impact was modelled to year 50. Unrespaced control treatments self-thinned at a similar and constant rate at two sites. At the third, extremely high initial density resulted in a higher rate of self-thinning and lower density after 11 years. Wider respacing treatments resulted in larger mean tree diameter, but there was no significant effect of respacing on stand volume 11–17 years after respacing; greater diameter growth did not compensate for low tree number. Results indicate a volume penalty associated with delaying respacing until trees were 4 m tall, but this treatment was unreplicated. Modelled stand volume in year 50 was higher for the 2.6 m × 2.6 m respacing treatment than for the 1.8 m × 1.8 m, 2.1 m × 2.1 m or 3.3 m × 3.3 m treatments. However, open-grown conditions may reduce timber quality compared to closer spacing treatments. The results are presented using a stand density management diagram for Sitka spruce growing in Canada and support recent suggestions that British stands have a shallower size–density relationship than Canadian stands.  相似文献   

7.
Canopy fuel characteristics that influence the initiation and spread of crown fires were measured in forty representative Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Greece. Aleppo pine canopy fuels are characterized by low canopy base height (CBH) (2.0–6.5 m), while available canopy fuel load (CFL) (0.63–1.82 kg/m2) and canopy bulk density (CBD) (0.07–0.22 kg/m3) values are similar to those of other conifers worldwide. Regression equations for the estimation of canopy fuels were developed based on common stand parameters. Stand basal area was the best-fitted predictor for the estimation of CFL and CBD at stand level, explaining 77 and 74 % of the observed variation, respectively. Regression analysis failed to provide any significant estimates for the CBH. Prediction of canopy fuel characteristics based on stand basal area can be useful in fuel management and fire prevention planning since it and can be easily incorporated into existing forest inventory systems and can be used for the Kyoto protocol requirements of carbon changes in Aleppo pine forests located in Greek sites.  相似文献   

8.
Forest ecosystems play a major role in atmospheric carbon sequestration and emission. Comparable organic carbon stock estimates at temporal and spatial scales for all forest pools are needed for scientific investigations and political purposes. Therefore, we developed a new carbon stock (CS) estimation procedure that combines forest inventory and soil and litter geodatabases at a regional scale (southern Belgium). This procedure can be implemented in other regions and countries on condition that available external carbon soil and litter data can be linked to forest inventory plots. The presented procedure includes a specific CS estimation method for each of the following forest pools and subpools (in brackets): living biomass (aboveground and belowground), deadwood (dead trees and snags, coarse woody debris and stumps), litter, and soil. The total CS of the forest was estimated at 86 Tg (185 Mg ha?1). Soil up to 0.2 m depth, living biomass, litter, and deadwood CSs account, respectively, for 48, 47, 4, and 1 % of the total CS. The analysis of the CS variation within the pools across ecoregions and forest types revealed in particular that: (1) the living biomass CS of broadleaved forests exceeds that of coniferous forests, (2) the soil and litter CSs of coniferous forest exceed those of broadleaved forests, and (3) beech stands come at the top in carbon stocking capacity. Because our estimates differ sometimes significantly from the previous studies, we compared different methods and their impacts on the estimates. We demonstrated that estimates may vary highly, from ?16 to +12 %, depending on the selected methods. Methodological choices are thus essential especially for estimating CO2 fluxes by the stock change approach. The sources of error and the accuracy of the estimates were discussed extensively.  相似文献   

9.
Quantitative assessment of tree species diversity from sample plots in seven forest ranges of Nayagarh Forest Division in Odisha state in the Eastern Ghats of India was made during the period April, 2011 to November, 2013. A total of 120 transects(1000 m × 5 m) were laid in Nayagarh, Odogaon, Pancharida, Khandapada, Dasapalla,Mahipur, and Gania forest ranges and tree stems of at least 30 cm GBH were measured. The regeneration potential of trees was assessed from 5 m × 5 m sample plots located within the main transect. A total of 177 tree species belonging to 120 genera and 44 families were recorded from the study area. Shorea robusta, Buchanania lanzan, Lannea coromandelica, Terminalia alata and Cleistanthus collinus were the predominant tree species. The stand density varied in the range of 355.33–740.53 stems h~a)-1) while basal area ranged from 7.77 to 31.62 m~2 ha~(-1). The tree density and species richness decreased with increasing girth class. The highest number of species and maximum density was recorded in the girth class of 30–60 cm. The Shannon–Weiner and Simpson Indices with respect to trees with C30 cm GBH varied in the range of 2.07–3.79 cm and 0.03–0.37 cm respectively and the values of diversity indices are within the reported range for tropical forests of Indian sub-continent. The families, Dipterocarpaceae,Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae and Euphorbiaceae contributed to maximum species richness, stand density, and basal area. Regeneration of many tree species was observed to be poor. The present study provides baseline data for further ecological studies, forest management, and formulation of site-specific strategies for conservation of biological diversity in moist deciduous forests of Eastern India.  相似文献   

10.
Currently, information about the effect of forest management on biodiversity of subtropical plantation forests in Asia is quite limited. In this study, we compared the spider community structures and guild compositions of subtropical Cryptomeria japonica plantation forests receiving different degree of thinning (0, 25 and 50 %) in central Taiwan. The ground spider diversities and environmental variables were sampled/measured once every 3 months for 1 year before thinning and 2 years after thinning. Results showed that before thinning spider compositions did not differ significantly among three plantation forest types. Two years after thinning, spider species and family compositions of three plantation forest types differed significantly. In all three plantation forest types, the spider composition differed from year to year, indicating existence of temporal variations in spider diversity. Ground hunters (increased 200–600 % in thinned forests), sheet web weavers (increased 50–300 % in thinned forests) and space web weavers (decreased 30–50 % in thinned forests) were the major contributors of the observed spider composition differences among plantation forests receiving different treatments. The stands receiving thinning treatments also had higher illumination, litter decomposition rate, temperature and understory vegetation density. Thinning treatments might have changed the structures of understory vegetation and canopy cover and consequently resulted in abundance and diversity changes of these guilds. Moreover, the heterogeneity in understory vegetation recovery rate and temporal variation of spider composition might further generate spider diversity variations in subtropical forests receiving different degree of thinning.  相似文献   

11.
The structural diversity in urban forests is highly important to protect biodiversity. In particular, fruit trees and bush species, cavity-bearing trees and coarse, woody debris provide habitats for animals to feed, nest and hide.Improper silvicultural practices, intensive recreational use and illegal harvesting lead to a decline in the structural diversity in forests within larger metropolitan cities. It is important to monitor the structural diversity at definite time intervals using effective technologies with a view to instituting the necessary conservation measures. The use of satellite images seems to be appropriate to this end. Here we aimed to identify the associations between the textural features derived from the satellite images with different spatial resolutions and the structural diversity indices in urban forest stands(Shannon–Wiener index, complexity index, dominance index and density of wildlife trees).Rapid Eye images with a spatial resolution of 5 m 9 5 m,ASTER images with a spatial resolution of 15 m 9 15 m and Landsat-8 ETM satellite images with a spatial resolution of 30 m 9 30 m were used in this study. The firstorder(standard deviation of gray levels) and second order(GLCM entropy, GLCM contrast and GLCM correlation)textural features were calculated from the satellite images.When associations between textural features in the images and the structural diversity indices were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, very high associations were found between the image textural features and the diversity indices. The highest association was found between the standard deviation of gray levels(SDGLRAP) derived from RVIRAPof Rapid Eye image and the Shannon–Wiener index(Hh) calculated on the basis of tree height(R2= 0.64). The findings revealed that Rapid Eye satellite images with a spatial resolution of 5 m 9 5 m are most suitable for estimating the structural diversity in urban forests.  相似文献   

12.
Brazil has large stretches of degraded land, mainly occupied by pasture. Recently, the Brazilian government created a program providing financial support to recover these lands throughout the country by establishing agroforestry systems, among others. To select the most appropriate initial spatial arrangements and tree planting density for such systems, the plant growth and leaf area index (LAI) of a Eucalyptus camaldulensis clone were evaluated in five spatial arrangements: 3.6 × 2.5 m, and 3.3 × 3.3 m (monoculture), and (2 × 2) + 10 m, (3 × 3) + 9 m, and 9 × 3 m (silvopastoral systems), with 1,111, 918, 833, 556 and 370 plants per hectare, respectively. The arrangement did not affect plant height growth (p > 0.05) up to 50 months. The average diameter was affected by plant proximity in the planting line, being smaller (p < 0.05) in the arrangements (2 × 2) + 10 m, and 3.6 × 2.5 m, and by the number of lines in the rows, as the plants in the single line arrangement (9 × 3 m) attained the highest diameter. Individual volumes of high initial density stand were lower than in the silvopastoral systems. The arrangements (2 × 2) + 10 m, 3.6 × 2.5 m, and 3.3 × 3.3 m did not differ (p > 0.05) in volume per hectare, which was higher (p < 0.05) than for the other arrangements studied. LAI decreased with age and it was higher (p < 0.01) in the monoculture as compared to the silvopastoral systems. The silvopastoral system can be established in the (2 × 2) + 10 m arrangement for high biomass production besides having the additional benefit of financial returns from the pasture, as compared with the monoculture. The 9 × 3 m arrangement is preferable for large diameter log production.  相似文献   

13.
Width is one of the key parameters of a shelterbelt. Traditional methods to acquire this width are mainly based on field measurement, which is impractical for monitoring shelterbelts at regional scale. There are many studies analyzing linear objects, but they are not directly applicable to width detection of such objects. In this paper, we analyzed relationships among vegetation fractions retrieved from SPOT5 remote sensing imagery with 10 m × 10 m spatial resolution, shelterbelt area, and shelterbelt width in one pixel. Based on this analysis, we developed a method for recognizing shelterbelt width from a remote sensing image of central western Jilin Province, China. The result was validated by field measurement data and measurement from an aerial image of 0.5 m × 0.5 m spatial resolution. Mean absolute error was 2.40 and 2.73 m respectively, suggesting that the proposed method is feasible and its accuracy is acceptable. The study provides a valuable method for monitoring shelterbelt width across large spatial scales and an accurate input parameter for the recognition of shelterbelt porosity from remote sensing data in future research.  相似文献   

14.
This study demonstrates a simple method to gather information from old demonstration trials. It was undertaken in the context of a 32-year-old thinning trial in a naturally regenerating stand of Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. in a community forest in the Sindhupalchok district of Nepal. The trial was established by the Nepal–Australia Forestry Project in 1983 and the only documentation of the trial is a report of measurements undertaken in 2005. The site has been relatively untouched, apart from the collection of non-timber forestry products (NTFPs) by the Community Forest User Group (CFUG) that manages the site. The 1983 project had 6 treatments including: pruning, selective thinning, and mechanical harvesting. The impacts of the six treatments were measured by pairing the treatment plots with comparison plots at the same position on the slope in the surrounding forest. Measurements taken were: height, diameter at breast height, canopy cover, and species distribution and count to compare with the area of forest outside the treatment plots using the slope position as strata. Evidence of a remaining treatment effect from 1983 was found for only two of the original thinning treatments. These treatments were the most intensely thinned, and had either positive or negative impacts on S. robusta growth, depending on their position on the slope, indicating the overriding influence of slope position. Using information from measurements taken in 2005 and 2015, it is recommended: that a 4 m × 4 m target spacing should be used as the basis for silvicultural treatments for regenerating S. robusta forests; this density be maintained with planned removal of regenerating saplings; this target be modified with sensitivity to the position on slope; and it should be a staged harvest done in coordination with the community’s annual needs.  相似文献   

15.
An increased understanding of the importance of forest diversity for ecosystem services such as medicine, wood, climate control, etc., has lead to greater interest in the study of forests. This study aims to analyze the diversity, composition, and distribution pattern of tree species in Pachamalai Reserve Forest in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu State. Data were collected in the quadrant method, where 10 × 10 m2 plots at different altitudes from 230 to 930 m with 50-m regular intervals were plotted. A total of 73 tree species belonging to 35 families with the density of 1,372 individuals were enumerated from 3 ha. Overall, the most dominant tree species family was Fabaceae (21 species). The highest number in terms of density of tree species was observed for Pongamia pinnata and the most dominant on the basis of basal area was Tamarindus indica. The species inventory was calculated by Shannon-Weiner index (3.916), Simpson index (0.0206), and Margalef index (9.9667). With the increasing altitudinal gradient, the maximum species richness was observed in the middle elevation zone from 580 to 780 m. The results from the study could be helpful for monitoring and sustaining the forest resources, and important in preventing the loss of biodiversity and mitigating climate change.  相似文献   

16.
Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is a moderately shade-tolerant species that co-occurs with hardwood tree species in many forests of the eastern United States, as well as in pure stands. The species is valued for its timber, as well as for wildlife and recreation. Regeneration of this species is somewhat unpredictable and often occurs in patches of similarly-aged cohorts. We described the regeneration patterns of this species and examined their relation to environmental variables within hardwood forests of southwestern Virginia, USA. An average of 5.3 white pine patches per ha were observed in this study. The majority of patches consisted of saplings (85%), with 9% of patches in pole size classes, and 6% in seedling size classes. The average density of patches was 43.5 stems with an average age of 20 years. The size of patches averaged 80.6 m2. The total density of seedlings and the number of regeneration patches of all sizes of regeneration (seedlings, saplings, and poles) in plots was related to the surrounding density of large white pine trees (potential seed trees). The density of seedlings or patches was not significantly related to current vegetation cover or soil surface cover variables, but more than half of regeneration patches were located in or adjacent to old canopy gaps, most of which were old logging gaps. While seedling regeneration may occur within the understory of these forests near seed trees, advancement to the sapling and pole stage appears to be associated with canopy gap formation.  相似文献   

17.
Shelterbelt systems play an important and long-term role in ecological stability and food security. Today, shelterbelts are threatened by anthropogenic destruction, plant diseases, and insect pests. Determining the continuity of shelterbelts is essential for the management and maintenance of complete and stable shelterbelt systems. In this paper, we acquired SPOT 5 images with a 10 m × 10 m spatial resolution, and, based on a GIS method, we generated belt waveforms using a waveform data collector. We then developed a waveform recognition model for belt continuity based on waveform recognition theory. Finally, we identified a minimum threshold value for the identification of belt gaps, and conducted belt continuity recognition in the study area. The results were compared with data calculated from aerial images with a 0.5 m × 0.5 m spatial resolution. When belt gaps were <10 m, recognition was poor, but when belt gaps were between 10 and 20 m, the mean absolute error was 3.8 %, and when belt gaps were >20 m, the mean absolute error was 2.7 %. We propose that this method provides a powerful new tool for the investigation and management of shelterbelt systems.  相似文献   

18.
采用1.4m×1.4m、1.1m×1.2m、1m×1m、0.5m×0.5m等4种株行距进行马尾松造纸工艺林造林,通过7年的定位观测表明,1.1m×1.2m的造林株行距是定向培育马尾松造纸工艺林的较适合密度。  相似文献   

19.
The main aim of this study was to evaluate methods for fixed area and distance sampling in the Zagros open forest area in western Iran.Basic forest management and planning required appropriate quantitative and qualitative information.Two sampling methods were compared on the basis of the actual means of characteristics derived from the 100 % survey.In total,37 sampling plots were systematically installed with a grid of 100 m 9 100 m in the study area.Density,crown canopy,and basal area of the stands were measured.The 100 % survey showed that tree density above 12.5 cm diameter at breast height was 68.04 stem ha~(-1),basal area was 15.16 m~2ha~(-1) and crown canopy percentage was 35.71 % ha~(-1).The values for the traits determined by the two sampling methods differed significantly(P=0.05).When the time required for the methods was compared,transect sampling required less than systematic-random sampling.Therefore,the transect sampling method was the more economical method for the Zagros open forests.The transect sampling method was statistically defensible and practical for quantitating characteristics of the Zagros open forests.  相似文献   

20.
Disturbances that create gaps can shape the structure and function of forests. However, such disturbance regimes in Asian tropical montane rainforests remain largely unquantified. Least studied are typhoon disturbances that are attributable to climate change. We investigated gap characteristics in terms of size, age, and gapmaker to quantify the gap disturbance regimes in an intact old-growth tropical montane rainforest on Hainan Island,China. The intensity of typhoons has increased since 1949,and typhoon winds blow mostly(45.5%) from the northeast corner of Hainan Island, resulting in a higher frequency of gaps in the northeast. A total of 221 gap-makers(trees that fell to create canopy gaps) and 53 gaps were observed in a 3.16 ha old-growth rainforest. Most canopy gaps(85%)were 200 m~2. The average size of canopy gaps was smaller in the rainforest than in other tropical forests, while the average size of expanded gaps was similar to those in other tropical forests. The maximum age of gaps was 23.5 years indicating that gaps had more rapid turnover than other parts of tropical forests. The frequency distribution of gap-makers followed a lognormal distribution with a distinctive peak at three gap-makers, which was different from the inverse J-shaped curve typical of other tropical forests. Gaps were recorded mainly on slopes between 20° and 35° and wood density of gap-makers was between 0.6 and 0.7 g cm~(-3). Our results suggest that small-scale disturbance was the dominant agent of gap formation in this old-growth rainforest that is subject to increasing typhoon disturbances.  相似文献   

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