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1.
以海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林因2012年左右台风干扰形成的林窗样地为研究对象,开展土壤甲烷通量的原位观测试验,测定林窗和林下凋落物质量、土壤温度、土壤含水量、酶活性及其他土壤理化指标,运用最佳结构模型研究土壤甲烷通量与环境因子的关系,分析林窗土壤甲烷通量变化特征、影响因素及其与林下的差异。结果表明:海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林表现为甲烷吸收,林窗和林下的年平均甲烷通量分别为(-0.37±0.26)和(-0.36±0.24)nmol·m^-2·s^-1,林窗和林下的土壤甲烷通量月变化特征无显著差异(P>0.05),呈现旱季高雨季低的特征。土壤甲烷通量的最佳结构模型表明,全年和旱季的林窗与林下土壤甲烷的主要调控因子均为土壤含水量,但雨季土壤甲烷调控作用最强的因子是土壤温度。结果表明,因台风形成的6个林窗短期对土壤甲烷通量没有显著影响,但林窗和林下的土壤甲烷通量具有旱季大于雨季的季节变化特征。 相似文献
2.
采伐方式对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
比较3种采伐方式(重复采伐、径级择伐和采育择伐)对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复群落中物种多样性、群落结构和功能群组成的影响。结果表明:3种方式采伐后(20～25年)的山地雨林恢复群落物种丰富度呈增加趋势,主要表现为小径级(胸径<10cm)的长寿命先锋种增加;与老龄林相比,径级采伐和采育择伐没有增加伐后林中成年树的物种丰富度;3种采伐恢复林中幼树和小树的物种累积速度低于老龄林;森林采伐后恢复群落中的个体密度显著高于老龄林,但胸高截面积显著低于老龄林;伐后林群落中胸高截面积减少最多的为采育择伐,其次为径级择伐和重复采伐;森林采伐恢复群落内长寿命先锋种的物种丰富度、个体密度和胸高截面积均增加,而后期耐荫种物种丰富度变化较小;采育择伐在短期降低了森林木材蓄积量,但没有显著改变群落中功能群组成,因而能够在相对较短的时间内恢复到干扰前的水平。 相似文献
3.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):223-235
Abstract In this study, I defined a gap as a small opening formed in a forest canopy (area < 0.1 ha) and tried to synthesize gap-disturbance regimes of primary mature stands in different forest types of Japan, such as warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved (4 stands in 3 localities), cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved (10 in 5) and subalpine evergreen coniferous (3 in 1) forests. Mean percentage of the total gap area within the total forested area (percentage gap area) in each forest type was 17.0% in warm temperate (number of surveyed gaps was 161), 13.8% in cool temperate (278 gaps), and 8.0% in subalpine (100 gaps) forests. Mean gap density (ha-1) and mean gap size (m2) were 19.5 and 77.1 in warm temperate, 16.4 and 92.0 in cool temperate, and 19.1 and 41.9 in subalpine forests, respectively. These figures indicate that gap density is not substantially different among the forest types, but the mean gap size of subalpine forests is smaller than the other two, resulting in lower percentage gap area of this forest type. The gap size distributions were similar among the forest types; smaller gaps were much more frequent than larger ones, and gaps > 400 rrr were rare in warm temperate and cool temperate forests. In subalpine forests gaps > 200 m2 were rare. Gaps formed by multiple gapmakers comprised 19.9% of all gaps in warm temperate, 9.9% in cool temperate, and 44.9% in subalpine forests, which implies that gap formation by simultaneous tree fall or gap enlargement is more frequent in subalpine forests. Canopy trees died less often by uprooting in every forest type; dominant mode for the death of canopy trees was by leaving standing-dead or with broken trunks in every forest type. Since typhoons are obviously a chief agent of forest disturbance in Japan, frequency or magnitude of typhoon disturbance may influence these differences in the gap-disturbance regimes. In addition to the disturbance, tree architectures seem to affect some of these differences; narrower crown size of conifers compared with broad-leaved trees is considered one major cause for smaller gap size of the conifer forest. 相似文献
4.
Michinari Matsushita Daisuke Hoshino Shin-Ichi Yamamoto Naoyuki Nishimura 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(1):134-142
Structures and dynamics of old-growth coniferous stands are affected by several types of disturbances including typhoons. We report the forest dynamics of four old-growth Chamaecyparis stands in central Japan that differ in the disturbance history of typhoons over a period of 23 years. The stem number, basal area and mortality were examined. In a predominant stand of C. obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl., 24 % of the C. obtusa canopy trees died, mainly as a result of the severe damage of a strong typhoon that caused a single tree-fall gap and the following gap enlargements. In this stand, the total basal area decreased to 76.5 % of the initial value, although the mortality declined in recent years. In contrast, the other three stands decreased only slightly in the stem numbers (0.0–5.6 %) and increased in the basal areas of C. obtusa canopy trees. It is confirmed that the stand-level ingrowths of 300-year-old C. obtusa canopy trees could contribute to the increase in the stock of each stand. Our results support an idea that the dynamics of old-growth Chamaecyparis forests were greatly affected by typhoons. The stand structures will be gradually changed (with the processes of gap dynamics) and C. obtusa will continue to be dominant, potentially over hundreds of years. 相似文献
5.
Guddappa Mahalingappa Devagiri Anil Kumar Khaple Siddagangaiah Mohan Puttanaik Venkateshamurthy Sanjay Tomar Arkalgud Nagaraja Arunkumar Geeta Joshi 《林业研究》2016,27(4):799-810
Canopy gaps play a significant role in maintaining structure and composition of tropical forests. This study was carried out in tropical evergreen forests of central Western Ghats in India to understand the influence of canopy gap size and the relationship of gap regime attributes to diversity measures and regeneration. The average gap size in the study area was found to be 396 m2 and around half of gaps were 4–8 years old. Gaps created by natural single tree fall were smaller in size but significantly higher in number. Diversity and regeneration of woody species were compared with canopy gaps and intact vegetation. Species richness and diversity was higher in gaps than in intact vegetation. Macaranga peltata, a shade intolerant species dominated gaps while intact vegetation was dominated by shade tolerant Kingiodendron pinnatum.Gap size significantly influenced species diversity and regeneration. Gap area and age were significantly and negatively correlated with diversity measures but positively correlated with regeneration. Among all the attributes of gaps, regeneration was significantly positively correlated with light intensity. Gaps maintained species diversity and favored regeneration of woody species. In addition to gap size and age, other gap ecological attributes also affected species diversity and regeneration. 相似文献
6.
采用地统计学的方法,对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林土壤物理性质小尺度空间异质性进行了研究,结果表明:(1)土壤各物理性质空间异质性明显,其半方差函数可以用指数模型、高斯模型和球状模型拟合,变程变化范围为10.810 48.650 m,块金值与基台值比值范围为10.2%87.8%,表明各物理性质有不同程度的空间自相关性;土壤孔隙度和持水特性有较大的块金值,说明存在小尺度(<10 m)的空间异质性;(2)普通克里格插值及绘制物理性质空间分布轮廓图表明,土壤各物理性质在空间分布上具有斑块性,各物理性质在不同土壤深度的空间分布有一定的一致性,地形是影响土壤物理性质空间分布格局的一个主要原因。 相似文献
7.
Understanding how species-specific disturbances affect the dynamics of mixed forests is becoming increasingly important due to rapidly changing disturbance regimes. This study estimated the effect of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) mortality on the disturbance processes in two mixed beech stands of the Western Carpathians that were affected by a bark beetle outbreak. We evaluated the size distribution, fraction of canopy and expanded gaps, the characteristics of gapmakers and the contribution of different species to gap size. The measured canopy gap fraction was <5%, and most canopy gaps were small (<100 m2). Spruce was the most abundant gapmaker, and its share among gapmakers was 3–6 times higher than its share in the canopy. We found that the increase in spruce mortality due to the outbreak resulted in a fine-scale mortality pattern. However, spruce gapmakers did not contribute much to gap area size, as shown by a weak correlation between the number of spruce gapmakers and the area of expanded gaps. Diameter distribution of living versus recently dead trees showed that beech mortality occurred disproportionately in large size classes. However, dead spruce trees were equally frequent in all diameter classes, which means beetles did not exclusively attack larger trees in these stands during the outbreak. We conclude that spruce mortality may have influenced successional processes by giving a competitive advantage to two other species that were not affected by the outbreak, provided that a high deer browsing intensity does not hinder the regeneration of new seedlings.
相似文献8.
测定了海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林不同择伐强度经营试验初期土壤 C、N含量及其储量 ,结果表明 :原始热带山地雨林土壤 C、N背景值分别为 10 8.91t· hm-2 、9.58t· hm-2 ,表层 50 cm土壤 C储量占深 10 0 cm土层 C储量的 77.6 % ,相应的 N储量占 73.8% ;30 %、50 %择伐强度经营 5个月后林地土壤 C储量分别比原始林降低 4 .5%和 5.3% ,但 30 %强度经营林地土壤 C/N接近未采伐的原始林。结果可作为对热带山地雨林选取持续经营模式的动态参考指标 相似文献
9.
Stanislav Kucbel Peter Jaloviar Milan Saniga Jaroslav Vencurik Vladimír Klimaš 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(3):249-259
The old-growth forest remnants of Western Carpathians provide a unique possibility to study the disturbance regimes of forest
ecosystems without human influence. This study investigated the gap dynamics in beech-dominated old-growth forest Badínsky
prales in Central Slovakia. Considering the decline of silver fir in last decades, the study analyzed the main characteristics
of disturbance regime with the emphasis on the role of fir. On a 5-ha research plot, the dominant tree species was beech,
the proportion of fir reached about 10%. However, a significantly higher proportion of fir (>30%) was observed in the coarse
woody debris. In total, 45 canopy openings were recorded. Canopy gaps and expanded gaps covered 11.3 and 37.9% of the forest
area, respectively. Despite the highest frequency of small gaps <100 m2, their proportion of the overall gap area reached only 20%, what suggests the important role of intermediate and large gaps
in the gap dynamics as well. The analysis of gapmakers’ crown projections confirmed a rather low contribution of fir (14.6%)
to the gap formation despite its relatively intensive mortality. A high variability of the next generation age between the
gaps (6–44 years) was recorded what suggests a large temporal variation of the disturbance events. The lateral expansion of
adjacent trees was found to be the determining process for the closure of small canopy openings. The intermediate and large
gaps are more likely closed by the height growth of natural regeneration and understory trees that are present on the majority
of the area. 相似文献
10.
The impact of natural disturbances on the canopy (trees ≥14 m high) and sapling stratum (>0.3 and ≤14 m high) composition was studied in nemoral old-growth forests located within the southern boreal zone in Central Russia (Central Forest Reserve, 32°29′–33°01′E, 56°26′–56°31′N). I hypothesized that the current disturbance regime does not allow the maintenance of current spruce abundance in the canopy, and, as a result, there is a continuous shift in the canopy composition towards a greater abundance of deciduous species. Three 300×20 m2 transects were established to estimate the proportions of stand under non-closed unexpanded canopy gaps. Data on sapling composition of 49 canopy gaps were used to analyze pattern of gap refuting in these forests. Additionally, data from three forest inventories showed changes in canopy composition over a period from 1972 to 1990.
The current status of nemoral forests is characterized by the high proportion of stand area under treefall gaps (71%). The loss of spruce from the canopy caused by treefalls (53% of the total basal area of gap-makers) was slightly greater than its canopy abundance (45%). Canopy gaps of all sizes encouraged spruce regeneration which might be due to a decrease in sapling mortality and/or more active recruitment of spruce seedlings. After a gap was formed, the presence of spruce in sapling strata increased. However, within both small (<200 m2 in size) and large (>200 m2) gaps, tall (>6 m) spruce saplings did not reach the level of its abundance in the tree canopy. In gaps, tall (>6 m) saplings of lime (Tilia cordata) and elm (Ulmus glabra) grew more quickly than those of spruce and maple. These data suggested a decrease in canopy spruce and an increase in deciduous species in the near future which supported the original hypothesis. Analysis of forest inventory records revealed similar changes in the canopy structure over the past two decades. However, the observed high proportion of stand area under gaps implies that for the next few decades large areas of nemoral communities will be occupied by relatively young stands. This may, in turn, decrease the frequency of large-scale treefalls revegetated mainly by deciduous saplings. 相似文献
11.
海南霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙幼苗库动态规律研究 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
分析了海南岛霸王岭自然保护区热带山地雨林林隙内树种的种类组成、数量动态以及林隙年龄和林隙面积对树种组成及数量的影响。结果表明 :热带山地雨林林隙树种组成十分复杂 ,数量分布极不均匀 ,种间差异较大 ,2 7个林隙中共有乔木 116种 ,其中数量较多的 10个种的个体数量占到总个体数量的 4 7 0 3% ,而个体数量较少的 5 8个种的个体数仅占总个体数的 6 0 2 %。林隙面积大小对树种幼苗的种类组成和数量有较大影响 ,幼苗种密度和个体密度随林隙面积的增大而减小 ;幼树和成树在不同大小林隙中的种密度和个体密度变化不大。成熟林隙明显比早期林隙和中等年龄林隙有较大的幼苗个体密度和种密度 ,不同年龄林隙内幼树和成树的个体密度变化也不大。幼苗向幼树的转化率在大林隙和成熟林隙内明显高于小林隙和幼龄林隙。依据林隙树木幼苗数量变化的差异 ,可将林隙填充者分为 4种不同类型。 相似文献
12.
通过对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙更新生态位的研究表明：同一树种在不同大小和年龄级林隙内的优势度不同，不同树种在同一大小和年龄级林隙内的优势度不同。根据树种在不同大小级林隙内的生态位宽度的变化，可分为生态位幅度宽、中等、较小和狭小4类；根据树种在不同年龄级林隙内的生态位宽度的变化，可分为对林隙时间生态资源利用充分、利用较充分、利用不充分和利用很少的4类树种。不同的树种或树种组对不同大小和年龄阶段林隙生态资源利用的不一致性，表明热带山地雨林中不同树种的林隙大小级生态位和林隙时间段生态位是相对分离的。分析表明，海南岛热带山地雨林中有很大一部分树种是属于低密度、狭生态位的树种。从物种多样性的角度来看，大量低密度、狭生态位树种的存在表明热带山地雨林是一种较为脆弱的生态系统类型。 相似文献
13.
Canopy gaps and regeneration in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands, northern Iran 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Virgin beech Fagus orientalis forests in northern Iran provide a unique opportunity to study the disturbance regimes of forest ecosystems without human influence. The aim of this research was to describe characteristics of natural canopy gaps and gap area fraction as an environmental influence on the success of beech seedling establishment in mature beech stands. All canopy gaps and related forest parameters were measured within three 25 ha areas within the Gorazbon compartment of the University of Tehran’s Kheyrud Experimental Forest. An average of 3 gaps/ha occurred in the forest and gap sizes ranged from 19 to 1250 m2 in size. The most frequent (58%) canopy gaps were <200 m2. In total, canopy gaps covered 9.3% of the forest area. Gaps <400 m2 in size were irregular in shape, but larger gaps did not differ significantly in shape from a circle. Most gaps (41%) were formed by a single tree-fall event and beech made up 63% of gap makers and 93% of gap fillers. Frequency and diversity of tree seedlings were not significantly correlated with gap size. The minimum gap size that contained at least one beech gap-filling sapling (<1.3 m tall) was 23.7 m2. The median gap size containing at least one beech gap-filling sapling was 206 m2 and the maximum size was 1808 m2. The management implications from our study suggest that the creation of small and medium sized gaps in mixed beech forest should mimic natural disturbance regimes and provide suitable conditions for successful beech regeneration. 相似文献
14.
分析了西双版纳山地雨林和季节雨林土壤节肢动物群落的组成、分布特征及多样性状况。 2块样地 2次取样 ,共获取大、中小型土壤节肢动物 6 6 0 6个 ,分属 2 3目。蜱螨目、鞘翅目、弹尾目、膜翅目仍是 2林地土壤节肢动物群落组成共有的优势类群 ,但它们在不同样地生境中构成的数量比例不同 ,而常见和稀有类群组成较为复杂且样地间的差异更为突出 ,总体表现出季节雨林具有更多的热带成分 ,山地雨林则界于热带和亚热带之间。土壤节肢动物类群总数、个体总数及重要生物类群 (个体数量在 10 0 0个·m- 2 以上 )的分布 ,表现为山地雨林 (2 2类 ,4 974个 )多于季节雨林 (19类 ,16 32个 ) ,垂直分布结果表明 2类林地均具明显的表聚现象。从多样性尺度看 ,山地雨林密度 -类群指数高于季节雨林 ,这与 2林地土壤条件的优劣相符合 相似文献
15.
Methods for studying treefall gaps: A review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
As silvicultural objectives have changed over the last several decades, managers are increasingly designing cutting regimes that mimic natural disturbance with the hopes that such systems will restore forests to a more natural condition while optimizing harvest yield. Treefall gaps, canopy openings caused by the death of one or more trees, are the dominant form of disturbance in many forest systems worldwide. These gaps play an important role in forest ecology by helping to maintain bio- and pedo-diversity, influencing nutrient cycling, and preserving the uneven-age nature of late-successional forests. In gap literature, there are inconsistencies with regard to gap terminology, methods for identifying and studying gaps, and modeling gap disturbances. From the papers reviewed, the size of treefall gaps ranges widely from 10 to >5000 m2; we suggest that the maximum gap size should be set at 1000 m2. Larger openings tend to have microclimates and return intervals significantly different than smaller treefall gaps. Two main definitions of treefall gaps exist: canopy gap: a ‘hole’ in the forest through all levels down to an average height of 2 m above ground and extended gap: canopy gap plus the area that extends to the bases of surrounding canopy trees. Although researchers have assumed a variety of gap shapes to simplify measuring gap size, gaps are often irregularly shaped and so we recommend that gap areas and shapes be determined from detailed field measurements. Gap age may be determined from tree ring analysis of released trees in or near the gap edge, the spacing of whorls on released saplings, or from decomposition of gap-making trees. Windthrow is the main cause of canopy gaps in a variety of ecosystems; other causes include insects, diseases, acidic deposition, drought, and climate change. Treefall-gap models have been developed to predict the following processes during gap making or infilling: (i) gap abundance, (ii) forest structure, (iii) spatial and temporal variations in light levels, (iv) canopy dynamics, and (v) soil nutrient and water regimes. We recommend a protocol for gap studies and identify future research topics. 相似文献
16.
Alvaro G. Gutiérrez Juan J. Armesto Juan-Carlos Aravena Martín Carmona Natalia V. Carrasco Duncan A. Christie María-Paz Peña Cecilia Pérez Andreas Huth 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Old-growth forests are ecologically relevant reservoirs of biodiversity and provide valuable and unique ecosystem functions in the landscape. However, what constitutes an old-growth stand is confusing because the definition depends largely on the forest type under study. Despite the ecological importance of old-growth temperate rainforests in southern Chile in comparison to other global forests, no attempts have been made to characterize them as a way to assess their structural variability. Here, we characterized old-growth stands of Valdivian and North Patagonian rain forest types located in Chiloé Island (Chile, 42°30′S) using inventory data from 23 permanent plots (0.1 ha each) located in rural landscapes and protected areas of northern Chiloé Island. For each stand, its age (average age of the oldest trees present in each stand) and disturbance regimes (evidence of recent human impact, e.g. cuttings or fires, and tree growth rates) were used as defining old-growth criteria. We characterized the structure (tree species richness, size-density distributions, vertical stratification and presence of snags) and floristic composition of each stand. Environmental variables (i.e. temperature, distance to coastline and elevation) were related to stand structure using multivariate constrained correspondence analysis. Old-growth forests were commonly characterized by (a) tree basal areas >80 m2/ha; (b) density of shade-tolerant tree species in the emergent and dominant canopy layer >36%; (c) higher tree species richness (>7 tree species) than successional stands; (d) presence of large canopy emergents (>80 cm dbh, >25 m tall); (e) high vertical heterogeneity; and (f) minimum stand ages older than 200 years. Old-growth forests showed a distinctive structural variability and floristic diversity influenced both by stand age and disturbance history of the stands. Structural variability was also related to environmental differences among sites (e.g. air temperature, distance to coastline, soil types). Old-growth forest features described here can offer a baseline for managers interested in maintaining and restoring old-growth forest structure in southern temperate rain forests. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):237-250
Abstract Processes and mechanisms of large-gap creation in an old-growth beech forest on Mt. Garyu in southwestern Japan by Typhoon 9119 are discussed. In the large gap of 4,100 m2, damaged trees were mostly Fagus crenataand the main cause of gap creation was uprooting of tall, large diameter, canopy trees. Also in the other parts of the beech forest, the main cause of gap creation was uprooting of canopy trees. The large gap was created by the sequential and domino-like fall of multiple canopy trees blown down by windstorms that followed the passage of the typhoon itself. In the large gap, it is possible that the windstorm which attacked and moved over the slope was strengthened by topography. In addition, the risk of gap enlargement will increase on steep slopes more than on gentle slopes when the up-slope is on the leeward of the wind. The large-scale disturbance caused by Typhoon 9119 as a catastrophic windstorm may influence the pattern and process in forest regeneration. 相似文献
18.
Shin-Ichi Yamamoto Naoyuki NishimuraTakeshi Torimaru Tohru ManabeAkemi Itaya Kazimierz Becek 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(5):886-893
Examining the actual state of canopy gaps in forests is critically important for evaluating forest community structure and dynamics, and for comparing gap disturbance regimes in different forests. We, therefore, re-examined our own previously published data from three studies of three different gap survey methods - the Belt transect method, the canopy coverage census method, and an aerial photography method - in order to ascertain how gap parameters (area, size and density of gaps, and related gap characteristics) obtained from these methods differ from each other. We found that the Belt transect method is easy to apply and practical in the field, and the method used for gap measurement is simple. Mean gap size and size distribution obtained using the Belt transect method were not different statistically from those of the other gap survey methods, and quantified gap parameters were in the range recorded for other forests of the world. For preliminary studies of gap dynamics in different forest types, an easy, speedy and workable gap survey method is needed. In addition, surveying a large number of gaps and a large area improve the accuracy of the method. We conclude that the Belt transect method is most suitable method for preliminary gap surveys in the field. 相似文献
19.
The impact of aspect on forest structure and floristics in some Eastern Australian sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aspect exerts a major influence on the structure and floristics of forests at upslope positions on steep ridges near the escarpment of north-eastern New South Wales. The vegetation of northwest facing sites differed from that of the southeast aspect in species richness and diversity, canopy cover, and canopy height, whilst differences between northeast and southwest aspects were significant for fewer attributes. The gross effect of aspect was in segregating eucalypt and rainforest communities. Aspect-induced differences in light, heat, moisture and edaphic conditions produced a sort of potential canopy species during recruitment. In the absence of substantial disturbance, the divergence of the structural character of developing forest canopies between aspects tends to enhance the floristic divergence in the subcanopy space. Although the study area is representative of a large region of forested steeplands in the hinterland of north-eastern New South Wales, the upper slope segments and four aspects studied can be expected to represent the extreme manipulation. In any event, it is unlikely that the extent of site divergence represented in these old-growth forests would be maintained under managed re-growth strategies. 相似文献
20.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2002,155(1-3):387-398
Tree seedling recruitment was monitored after various types of logging in mixed conifer and deciduous forests of northern British Columbia, Canada. Predicting tree seedling recruitment after disturbance is fundamental to understanding forest dynamics and succession and is vital for forest management purposes. Seedling recruitment success in multi-species northern latitude forests varied as a function of mature tree canopy cover, gap size and position in a gap. Recruitment was abundant within canopy gaps across a wide range of gap sizes (20–5000 m2), but recruit numbers dropped off rapidly under the closed forest canopy and in the open conditions of clearcuts. Inside canopy gaps, recruitment was similar by gap position in small gaps (<300 m2) but, in these northern latitude forests, exhibited a trend of increasing density from the sunny north to shady south end of larger gaps. This was true for all tree species regardless of their shade tolerance ranking. There was no evidence of gap partitioning by any of the tree species during the regeneration phase suggesting that adaptation to the subtleties of gap size during early recruitment are not well developed in these tree species. Favorable locations for emergence and early establishment of germinants were less favorable for growth and survival of established seedlings, i.e. the regeneration niches in these forests were discordant. Tree abundance and species diversity appears to be controlled more by differentiation among growth and survival niches than by the regeneration niches. From the perspective of forest management, abundant natural regeneration of all the dominant tree species of these mixed-species forests can be obtained after partial cutting. 相似文献