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1.
《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2019,(9)
城市森林群落是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,研究城乡梯度下城市森林群落林冠结构与林下光环境的关系对提高广州城市森林质量、创建珠三角国家森林城市群具有重要意义。采用经典群落学调查方法和半球面影像技术,定量研究了城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响,并筛选出对林下光环境影响较强的林冠结构因子。结果表明:1)市区、近郊和远郊森林群落的林冠结构参数没有遵循同一变化模式。3个城市森林群落林冠层的胸径在不同区域间差异不显著(P 0.05),但树高、林冠开度与叶面积指数在不同区域间均呈极显著差异(P 0.001)。2)沿城乡梯度,3个城市森林群落林下直射光、林下散射光和林下总光照的差异性均达到极显著水平(P 0.001),林下散射光与林冠结构的关系更密切。近郊和远郊的冠层林下光环境特征相似,均与市区差异显著。3)沿城乡梯度,城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响不一致。胸径和树高对林下光环境无影响,林冠开度的影响较小,但叶面积指数的影响较大。 相似文献
2.
为了探明森林群落冠层结构、光环境特性与林下植被生长型和生活型的关系,采用经典群落学调查方法和半球面影像技术,定量研究了在林下、林隙边缘和林隙中心这3种冠层结构下,植物生长型和生活型的数量特征及其对不同冠层结构参数的响应。结果表明:(1)不同冠层结构下,乔木和灌木的优势地位明显,草本与藤本在林下的生长优势最弱,而蕨类最适于在林隙边缘生长;不同冠层结构下的植物生活型均表现为先增后减,说明林隙边缘的生活环境更适合植物群落的生长。(2)Kruskal-Wallis分析表明,草本和灌木,以及小高位芽、矮高位芽和地上芽植物在不同冠层结构间存在显著差异(P0.05)。(3)CCA排序表明不同生长型和生活型植物对冠层结构参数的响应不一致。在林下和林隙中心,物种分布受到林冠开度、叶面积指数、林下直射光、散射光和总光照这5个冠层结构参数的影响;而在林隙边缘,物种分布只与林冠开度、叶面积指数和林下散射光有关。 相似文献
3.
以广东省东莞市大岭山森林公园33个乡土树种为研究对象,使用半球面影像技术和Li-6400光合仪分别获取林木冠层结构、光分布和光合作用指标,用方差分析和粗糙集理论进行评价。结果表明,林冠开度、叶面积指数、林下直射光、林下散射光、透光率和净光合速率均在各树种间存在极显著差异(p<0.0001),各指标在树种间的变化幅度也各不相同,其中林冠开度、林下直射光、林下散射光和透光率的变化幅度均超过了20%,分别为29.95%、20.40%、23.77%和22.56%,而叶面积指数和净光合速率的变化幅度分别为3.24和7.80。林冠结构和光分布均对林木净光合速率有重要贡献,但其影响程度不同。其中林冠开度最大,重要值为1/11,其余几项指标对光合作用的重要性相同,为2/33,略小于林冠开度的重要性。在评价林木冠层结构和光分布对净光合速率的综合影响力中,林冠开度贡献的权重最大,为0.27,林下直射光、林下散射光和透光率贡献的权重均为0.18。冠层结构和光分布对林木净光合速率的综合影响力在一定程度可指示冠层结构和光分布的合理性,与林木净光合速率大小不存在线性正相关关系,它只表明冠层结构和光分布对林木净光合速率的影响程度。 相似文献
4.
林冠是森林与外部环境相互作用最直接与最活跃的界面层,影响着森林的物理环境和生物环境。采用半球面摄影技术(Hemispherical Photography)、典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)和Kruskal-Wallis分析定量研究了森林群落冠层结构与立木分布及多度的关系。结果表明:(1)基于10 000 m2调查样地,南岭山地森林群落共有立木47科81属143种,枯立木多来源于林冠上层大树;(2)CCA排序结果显示,冠层结构各参数与立木分布均有一定相关性,叶面积指数、林冠开度与立木分布的关系尤为密切;(3)立木多度与活立木多度在林下散射光分组变量间差异显著(P<0.05),枯立木多度在林冠开度分组变量间的差异性显著(P<0.05),立木多度随林下直射光增强而减少。叶面积指数和林冠开度通过影响林下光照条件进而影响立木,尤其是枯立木的形成和多度。 相似文献
5.
森林冠层结构与功能及其时空变化研究进展* 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
林冠是森林与外界环境相互作用最直接和最活跃的界面层 ,同时 ,它本身又承载了森林生物多样性的主体部分。森林冠层研究的方法和技术在近些年取得了长足发展 ,从而促进了有关林冠结构与功能的研究。这些研究深化了人们对于林冠结构与光能截获以及群落干物质积累之间关系的认识 ,同时 ,对于森林冠层的物质循环和能量传输以及冠层内各营养级之间相互关系动态也有了更为深入的理解。考察森林冠层的结构与功能及其时空变化是深入理解整个森林生态系统的格局、过程及其运作机制的重要基础。 相似文献
6.
《林业资源管理》2021,(4)
为了探讨抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林及其目标树光环境的影响,在登封林场40a生栓皮栎人工林内设置了2块面积为1hm~2固定样地(分别为间伐和对照样地),采用半球面影像技术和植物冠层技术获取了全林及目标树冠层图像,比较分析了间伐和对照样地冠层结构和光环境指标差异规律。结果表明,间伐样地林冠开度和林下光照辐射显著低于对照样地(P0.05),而叶面积指数和光照消减率则显著高于对照样地(P0.05);林冠开度与林下光照呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),叶面积指数与林冠开度、林下光照呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);间伐样地径阶为14,16,18cm的目标树平均叶面积指数均显著低于对照样地相应数值(P0.05),但间伐样地径阶20cm的目标树平均叶倾角和漫射透射系数均显著高于对照样地相应数值(P0.05)。抚育间伐改善了林分的冠层结构,林下光照强度增强,目标树光合有效辐射增加,光合能力得到明显提升。研究结果对于栓皮栎人工林大径材培育和制定人工促进天然更新措施具有一定参考价值。 相似文献
7.
森林乔木冠层雨水再分配特征及机制研究综述 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
森林乔木冠层对降雨的再分配具有重要的水文生态意义,有助于定量评价不同区域、尺度、类型的森林冠层雨水利用效率,可为深入研究森林冠层变化对区域水分循环的调节作用提供科学依据。文中从森林冠层雨水截留、林内穿透雨、树干茎流和林下凋落物截留4个方面评述了近20年来国内外对森林乔木冠层影响雨水再分配的研究最新进展。研究认为,由于森林冠层雨水再分配的生态机理仍未明晰,因此建立精确度高的截留模型仍将作为此类研究的重难点之一;引入激光雷达技术获得森林冠层三维结构,以及多角度、多通道的多种传感器观测垂直空间多层次的森林冠层雨水再利用规律将会成为未来的研究方向之一;目前林冠雨水截留研究缺乏其与区域水文变化之间的关联性研究,将林冠雨水再分配研究的成果转化为区域水文问题的解决方案也将会是未来研究的趋势之一。 相似文献
8.
《竹子研究汇刊》2015,(2)
森林的冠层结构和林下光环境模拟是生态系统模型研究的热点。本文通过立地环境对勃氏甜龙竹林冠层结构和林下光辐射的影响研究,探讨丰产林分结构建立的新方法。结果表明:山顶与上坡地段(Ⅰ类立地)中,勃氏甜龙竹的生长状况较差,叶面积指数低,冠层透光率较大,林分开阔度、PPFD和光辐射立地系数高。中坡与下坡(Ⅱ类立地)的群落发育程度优于Ⅰ类立地,增加了树体对太阳辐射的截获量,群落透光率下降,林分郁闭度增大,林冠上层截获太阳辐射上升,消光系数较高。研究发现,CCA排序较好地解释了立地环境因子对冠层结构和林下光辐射的影响;立竹参数(除了丛数)与腐殖质层厚度有很好的一致性,腐殖质(养分)是立竹参数的根本;从CCA可以判断,Ⅱ类立地受到的腐殖质层厚度、林下盖度、立竹参数(除丛数)影响明显大于Ⅰ类立地。研究表明,选择中坡或者下坡栽培勃氏甜龙竹较为合适,建议在群落尺度上,勃氏甜龙竹林可以适当适量地栽种耐阴树种以增加群落的生境多样性和可占据生态位的多样性。 相似文献
9.
防火林带的树种组成与冠层结构可影响林带的防火功能。为评价中山市防火林带的树种组成
和冠层结构,对中山市防火林带树种进行了调查,并在防火林带中选取了9 个典型林带类型,建立标准
地,对其树种组成与冠层结构进行了对比研究。结果表明：中山市13 个镇区的生物防火林带共应用了31
个树种,隶属17 科24 属,豆科、山茶科和樟科树种最多,数量最多的有荷木Schima superba、马尾松
Pinus massoniana、台湾相思Acacia confusa、柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、米老排Mytilaria laosensis;以
针叶树为主的针叶林林冠开度最大,达38.07%,林下植物相对茂盛,分别以米老排和杨梅Myrica rubra
为主的阔叶混交林林冠开度最小,分别为12.36% 和13.88%。米老排与杨梅为主要树种的阔叶林林冠开
度比以马尾松为主的针叶林的林冠开度要小,阔叶林的冠层郁闭度较高;自然保护区核心区针阔混交林
的叶面积指数最大,达2.64,显著高于马尾松纯林和马占相思Acacia mangium、荷木和藜蒴Castanopsis
fissa 等阔叶混交林,为0.99 和1.65;山脚的荷木林地、荷木与马尾松的混交林和以米老排为主的阔叶混
交林的林下光照较弱,林下植被稀少,冠层结构较为疏散,是较好的防火林带。对现有防火林带的林分
改造,如增加经济林木、果树等阔叶树种,可进一步提高防火林带的防火作用。 相似文献
10.
在中山市长江库区水源林市级保护区内选择4种不同的林分类型,进行每木检尺和冠层影像拍摄,处理得到林下光照因子和辐射消减因子,分析不同林型对林下光照和辐射消减的影响。结果表明:不同林型对林冠结构和林下光照影响显著,针叶林与针阔混交林的林下光照接近,林冠较差,沟谷季雨林与常绿阔叶林接近,林冠较好;辐射消减在不同林型间差异显著,针叶林和针阔混交林辐射消减较差,常绿阔叶林和沟谷季雨林辐射消减较好;林下光照与辐射消减相关性强,特别是两个林冠结构因子与辐射消减关系密切。在进行林分改造时,建议选择叶片较大较厚,冠幅大而优美的常绿阔叶树种进行更新,天然起源的林分与常绿阔叶林的林冠结构较好,有效维持了森林生态系统稳定。 相似文献
11.
Light is the most common limiting factor in forest plant communities,influencing species composition,stand structure,and stand productivity in closed canopy stands.Stand vertical light structure is relatively simple under a closed canopy because most light is captured by overstory trees.However,wind disturbance events create canopy openings from local to landscape scales that increase understory light intensity and vertical light structural complexity.We studied the effects of an EF-1 tornado on horizontal and vertical(i.e.three-dimensional)light structure within a Quercus stand to determine how light structure changed with increasing disturbance severity.We used a two-tiered method to collect photosynthetic photon flux density at 4.67 m and 1.37 m above the forest floor to construct three-dimensional light structure across a canopy disturbance severity gradient to see if light intensity varied with increasing tornado damage.Results indicate that increased canopy disturbance closer to the tornado track increased light penetration and light structure heterogeneity at lower forest strata.Increased light intensity correlated with increased sapling density that was more randomly distributed across the plot and had shifted light capture higher in the stand structure.Light penetration through the overstory was most strongly correlated with decreased stem density in the two most important tree species(based on relative dominance and relative density)in the stand,Quercus alba L.(r=-0.31)and Ostrya virginiana(Mill.)K.Koch(r=-0.27,p<.01),and indicated that understory light penetration was most affected by these two species.As managers are increasingly interested in patterning silvicultural entries on natural disturbances,they must understand residual stand and light structures that occur after natural disturbance events.By providing spatial light data that quantifies light structure post-disturbance,managers can use these results to improve planning required for long-term management.The study also provides comparisons with anthropogenic disturbances to the midstory that may offer useful comparisons to natural analogs for future silvicultural consideration. 相似文献
12.
Influence of typhoon disturbances on the understory light regime and stand dynamics of a subtropical rain forest in northeastern Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Teng-Chiu Lin Steven P. Hamburg Yue-Joe Hsia Tzer-Ton Lin Hen-Biau King Lih-Jih. Wang Kuo-Chuan Lin 《Journal of Forest Research》2003,8(3):139-145
In 1996 and 1997 we examined the effects of typhoon disturbance on the understory light environment and sapling dynamics of the Fu-shan Experimental Forest, a subtropical rain forest in northeastern Taiwan. Mean understory light levels were approximately 30% of those in the open immediately following the two 1996 typhoons which affected the forest, yet in 1997, following two more typhoons, mean understory light levels were 10%–20% of those in the open. The decline of understory light levels to those present prior to the typhoons was more rapid in 1996 than in 1997, even though the two typhoons in 1996 were more intense than those in 1997. This difference might be the result of the timing of the typhoons. In 1996 the typhoons occurred earlier in the growing season, before August 1 rather than the middle and end of August in 1997. The regular defoliation caused by the frequent typhoons that impact Fu-shan (average of 1.4 per year) and the low stature of the forest (mean canopy height of 10.6m), results in much higher light levels beneath the canopy (9%–30% of levels in the open) than those found in most tropical and temperate forests. As a result, understory light levels are not limiting the distribution of canopy tree saplings within the forest and there is no evidence that canopy gaps play an important role in canopy tree regeneration within the Fu-shan Experiment Forest. This is in contrast with the pattern reported for some tropical forests. With frequent typhoons impacting northeastern Taiwan, the forests of this region are perpetually recovering from wind disturbances. 相似文献
13.
14.
Tsutomu Enoki Buntarou Kusumoto Shuichi Igarashi Kazuki Tsuji 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(1):97-104
We compared stand structure and plant species occurrence on the shoulders of 3-, 10- and 20-year-old roads in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to document temporal changes in edge effects of forest roads. We recorded 154 vascular species in the study plots, including 3 non-native species. We used generalized linear mixed models to analyze changes in forest structure and plant species composition in relationship to the distance from forest roads. The spatial patterns in stand structure at different distances from roads differed with road age. The large canopy openness on the edge of 3-year-old roads decreased with time after the construction. A progressive decrease in tree height on roadsides was observed after the road construction, suggesting tall trees could not withstand the dry and windy roadside environment. The edge effect on the canopy tended to be larger at higher elevation sites. The spatio-temporal pattern of species occurrence based on distance from roads differed by species. Typical pioneer species such as Schima wallichii and Eurya japonica increased along the edge, while less aggressive pioneer species and understory species decreased. As time passed after the road construction, some climax and understory species decreased at the forest edge, while other climax and understory species increased. The modeling methods proposed in this study could be applied to different roadside and edge study sites. 相似文献
15.
The large-scale conversion of old forests to tree plantations has made it increasingly important to understand how understory vegetation responds to such landscape changes. For instance, in some forest types a reduction in understory richness and cover is thought to result from the development of canopy closure in plantations, although there is a paucity of empirical data demonstrating this relationship. We used a 420-year forest chronosequence as a case study to assess the relationship between stand age, tree canopy cover and understory vascular plant richness and composition in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. The chronosequence consisted of six young managed (age 7–44) and nine older unmanaged (age 90–427) stands. All stands were similar in underlying geology, slope, elevation, and aspect. We found a non-linear relationship between stand age and richness, in which richness was highest in the youngest stands, reached a low in mid-aged stands (∼55 years), then increased in the oldest stands. We also found that percent tree canopy cover was correlated with total understory cover, richness, diversity, and species composition. In general, young stands were characterized by high shrub and graminoid cover and old stands were characterized by an abundant herb layer. Our work suggests that a major component of our study landscape is currently entering the forest stage (canopy closure) characterized by low levels of vascular plant species richness and cover. We use our results to discuss the potential effects of future forest management on understory plants. 相似文献
16.
Jörg Brunet Karin ValtinatMarian Lajos Mayr Adam FeltonMatts Lindbladh Hans Henrik Bruun 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(9):1863-1871
The herbaceous understory forms the richest stratum in temperate broadleaved forests in terms of plant diversity. Understanding the process of understory succession is thus of critical importance for the development of management guidelines for biodiversity restoration in post-agricultural plantation forests.We studied effects of stand age, forest fragmentation, and soil and canopy conditions on species richness and abundance of four species groups in the understory of post-arable oak plantations in southern Sweden: herbaceous forest specialists, habitat generalists and open-land species, and woody species.The group of forest specialists may approach the richness of continuously forested sites after 60-80 years in non-fragmented plantations, but many forest species were sensitive to habitat fragmentation. Open-land species richness decreased during succession, while the richness of woody species and of generalists remained stable, and was not affected by fragmentation. Abundance of generalists gradually decreased in non-fragmented plantations, probably due to competition from colonizing forest specialists. Soil pH in post-arable stands remained consistently higher than in continuously forested stands, which maintained differences in species composition. The development of a shrub layer seemed to imply a competitive advantage for forest specialists compared to generalist species.For successful recovery of a rich understory, we suggest that post-arable plantations should be established on loamy soils of intermediate to high pH proximate to older forest with source populations, and that a continuous overstory canopy cover of 70-80% is maintained by regular light thinnings and promotion of a shrub layer. 相似文献
17.
Variation in canopy structure, light and soil nutrition across elevation of a Sri Lankan tropical rain forest 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sisira Ediriweera B.M.P. Singhakumara Mark S. Ashton 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(6):1339-1349
Mixed dipterocarp forests are perhaps the single most important rain forest type in the wet tropics. Only a few studies have purposefully examined differences in resource availability across mixed dipterocarp forest landscapes by simply measuring the abiotic variables of light, soil nutrition and soil water availability in relation to forest structure. We sought to directly measure the environment of canopy gaps across elevation and geology—from lowland mixed dipterocarp forest (100 m amsl) to lower montane dipterocarp forest (1200 m amsl) in southwest Sri Lanka. Middle elevation gap sites (300–900 m amsl) were subdivided into valley, mid-slope and ridge topographic positions. Eighteen natural disturbances all of which were canopy openings caused by tree fall, were randomly selected within primary rain forest that ranged across 100–1200 m elevation. Plots were placed in gap centers and in adjacent understories and measurements taken of forest structure (basal area, canopy height, canopy cover index, CCI), shade (light sensors—photosynthetically active radiation [PAR], canopy hemispherical photographs—global site factor [GSF]) and soil nutrition (pH, exchangeable Al, K, Mg and Ca; Total N; and plant available P). Soil moisture was measured at bi-weekly intervals for five years across middle elevation sites only (300–900 m amsl). Stand basal area, mean canopy height, and canopy cover index all declined with increase in elevation. Understory PAR and GSF decreased with increases in canopy height, basal area and CCI. Size of canopy opening decreased with increase in elevation, but PAR and GSF increased. Valley sites had significantly greater levels of mean percent soil water content as compared to mid-slope and ridge sites of middle elevation sites. However, at the onset of the southwest monsoons in May all sites were similar. Differences were most pronounced during the dry season (December–April). No differences in soil moisture content could be found between gap and understory microsites. K and Ca in gap centers and adjacent forest understories increased with increase in elevation and change in associated geology. pH increased and Al decreased with elevation and associated geology but only for forest understory conditions. Results demonstrate strong differentiation in soil and light resources with elevation that appears related to size of tree-fall disturbance, stature of the forest, topographic position and underlying geology and soil-weathering environment. This suggests that forest management and conservation practices need to develop and tailor techniques and treatments (silviculture) to the forest that emulate and/or account for change in elevation, geology and topographic position. Further studies are needed to identify which are the primary underlying mechanisms (e.g. temperature, wind, soil nutrients, soil moisture availability) defining change in forest structure across elevation. 相似文献
18.
Gap formation in forests can have impacts on forest ecosystems beyond the physical boundary of the canopy opening. The extent of gap influence may affect responses of many components of forest ecosystems to gap formation on stand and landscape scales. In this study, spatial extent of gap influence on understory plant communities was investigated in and around 0.1 and 0.4 ha harvested canopy gaps in four young Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii) dominated stands in western Oregon. In larger gaps, the influence of gap creation on understory plant communities in surrounding forests was minimal. The area showing evidence of gap influence extended a maximum of 2 m beyond the edge of the canopy opening, suggesting that the area affected by gap creation did not differ greatly from the area of physical canopy removal. In smaller gaps, influence of the gap did not extend to the edge of the canopy opening. In fact, the area in which understory vegetation was influenced by gap creation was smaller than the physical canopy opening. Gap influence appears to be limited to areas where ruderal or competitor species are able to replace stress-tolerator species, likely due to elimination or reduction of these species by physical disturbance or competition. The limited gap influence extent exhibited here indicates that gap creation may not have a significant effect on understory plant communities beyond the physical canopy opening. This suggests a limited effectiveness of gaps, especially smaller gaps, as a tool for management of understory plant diversity, and perhaps biodiversity in general, on a larger scale. 相似文献