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1.
Ruiping Li Guanqing Cai Jing Wang Wei Ouyang Hongguang Cheng Chunye Lin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1806-1817
Purpose
The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.Materials and methods
Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.Results and discussion
Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.Conclusions
Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population. 相似文献2.
Salwinder S. Dhaliwal Gurpal S. Toor Ignacio A. Rodriguez-Jorquera Todd Z. Osborne Susan Newman 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(2):342-351
Purpose
Inorganic contaminants present a major challenge for the restoration of aquatic ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of trace metal contamination and investigate the influence of different plant communities on trace metal accumulation in the soils of the Florida Everglades.Materials and methods
Soil samples (n?=?117) were collected from 0 to 10-cm depth using a stainless steel coring device from sites with three dominant plant communities—cattail, sawgrass, and slough—of Water Conservation Area-2A (43,281 ha) of Florida Everglades.Results and discussion
The mean pH in soils collected from three plant communities was 6.75–6.82, whereas electrical conductivity was slightly greater in the sawgrass (0.69 dS m?1) than cattail (0.58 dS m?1) and slough (0.40 dS m?1). Mean reduction–oxidation potential was greatest in cattail (?113 mV) than sawgrass (?85.3 mV) and slough (?48.3 mV) soils. Among 11 trace metals (As, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn) found in soil samples, Na had the greatest contents and was greater in cattail (2070 mg kg?1) and sawgrass (1735 mg kg?1) than slough (1297 mg kg?1). Four trace metals (B, Cu, Mo, Ni) were significantly greater in cattail than sawgrass and slough. Whereas, Mn was significantly lower in cattail (31 mg kg?1) than both sawgrass (84 mg kg?1) and slough (51 mg kg?1). Cattail also had significantly lower Cr (1.97 mg kg?1) and Pb (10 mg kg?1) than sawgrass (Cr 2.5 mg kg?1; Pb 20.8 mg kg?1). As (<6.9 mg kg?1), Co (<1.3 mg kg?1), and Zn (<17.2 mg kg?1) were not significantly different among soils collected from three plant community-dominant sites. Contents of Cd and Se were below the method detection limits (Cd 0.01 mg L?1; Se 0.2 mg L?1) and are not reported.Conclusions
None of the trace metals in the soils exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency sediment toxicity thresholds. Results from this study provided baseline concentrations of trace metals, which can be used to measure the success of restoration efforts in Florida Everglades.3.
Nenad Grba Dejan Krčmar Franz Neubauer Srđan Rončević Marijana Kragulj Isakovski Jelena Molnar Jazic Božo Dalmacija 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(11):2610-2619
Purpose
The aim of this study was to obtain a complete picture of the geochemical character of the sediment in the eastern Posavina region, Serbia, an area which has thus far not been systematically investigated. Geological mapping and impact assessment were thus carried out for this area.Materials and methods
Sediments were sampled (from 0 to 0.5 m depth) in four locations in eastern Posavina between 2002 and 2014. Eight heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As and Hg) and a wide variety of organic parameters (16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mineral oils, selected pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) were monitored. Metals were analysed by flame and graphite atomic absorption spectrometry, and gas chromatography with mass detection was used for the PAH analyses. The origins of the monitored substances were classified using geoaccumulation index (I geo), ecological risk index (RI) and principal component analysis (PCA/FA).Results and discussion
The sediments all contained higher heavy metals concentrations than the upper continental crust (UCC), suggesting dynamic natural and anthropogenic processes in this unique region. Significant variations (RSD values from 13 to 190) were observed for Cd (0.001–80.00 mg kg?1), Hg (0.01–5.40 mg kg?1), mineral oil (2.00–1851 mg kg?1) and the sum of 16 EPA PAHs (0.003–5.57 mg kg?1). The I geo index classified the pollution risk due to Cr as strong, Cd, Zn and Hg as moderate to strong and Ni as moderate. Based on PCA/FA analysis, the parameters were grouped somewhat differently, with anthropogenic activity found to be responsible for much of the Hg, Cd and Cr pollution present in the sediments.Conclusions
The analysis revealed eight heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As and Hg), the sum of 16 EPA PAHs and mineral oil as parameters of great interest for this unique region. These parameters must be the focus of future monitoring programs, in support of appropriate remediation techniques and/or dredging activities, which are required in order to comply with the new Serbian regulations and the relevant EU recommendations.4.
Purpose
Heavy metal content in soils could be a consequence of geogenic and different anthropogenic sources. In ancient times, soils in the Mediterranean region were affected by agriculture and viticulture, whereas more recently, industry and traffic might contribute more to their pollution. The aim of the study is to determine the extent of multisource heavy metal pollution in soils within the Koper area.Materials and methods
Along the northern Adriatic Sea coast, around the port city of Koper/Capodistria, 24 topsoil samples were collected; sets of six samples representing four possible pollution sources: intensive agriculture, viticulture, port activities and industry. The parent material of the soil is mainly derived from the Eocene flysch weathered marls and calcarenites and the soil types are eutric. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by ICP-ES for oxides and several minor elements and by ICP-MS for heavy metals. The mineral composition of the selected samples was checked using X-ray powder diffraction. Different statistical analyses were performed on the normally distributed data.Results and discussion
The mean concentrations of all samples are: Cr 215 mg kg?1, Ni 81 mg kg?1, Zn 67 mg kg?1, Cu 44 mg kg?1 and Pb and Co 18 mg kg?1. The ANOVA showed significant differences only in CaO, C/TOT, P2O5, Co and Pb between those locations within reach of the different contamination sources. The observed average values of heavy metals are well below Slovenia’s Directive limit for Cu, Pb and Zn, close to but not above it for Co and above the action value for Cr and Ni. According to Igeo, soils from all the sampling locations are uncontaminated with Co, Ni and Pb, and uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Cu and Zn at one port location, and with Cr at all locations.Conclusions
The very high Cr and Ni levels could still be geogenic because soils developed on Eocene flysch rocks are enriched in both metals. Cr and Ni are not correlated because of their different levels of sorption and retention in carbonate soils. Cr was retained and concentrated in the sand fraction but Ni has been mobilised in solution. The only serious threat to the environment seems to be an illegal waste dumping area near the port. 相似文献5.
Analy Quiñonez-Plaza Fernando Toyohiko Wakida Juan Temores-Peña Diana Dolores Rodriguez-Mendivil Enrique Garcia-Flores Miguel Angel Pastrana-Corral Samuel Guillermo Melendez-Lopez 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(12):2873-2886
Purpose
A study was carried out to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Hg) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in road-deposited sediments (RDS) from Tijuana, Mexico, and identify their possible sources.Materials and methods
Thirty RDS samples were randomly collected during the dry season using a brush and dustpan and classified according to construction material, traffic intensity, and land use. Soil samples were collected from a nonurban area and their concentrations were used as background values. For TPH, the samples were quantified gravimetrically after Soxhlet extraction, whereas heavy metals were extracted by acid digestion and their concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.Results and discussion
The mean TPH concentrations for RDS were 4208 mg kg?1 and ranged from 1186 to 9982 mg kg?1. For heavy metals, mean concentrations were 31.8, 50.2, 17.1, 0.1, and 0.1 mg kg?1 for Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Hg, respectively. The Igeo results showed that RDS from Tijuana are moderately to strongly polluted with Pb and Cu and moderately polluted with Cr. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Pb, Cu, and Cr could have their origin in tire wear, brake pads, bearings, and bushings.Conclusions
The findings of this study revealed that RDS from Tijuana are polluted with TPH and heavy metals and that their principal sources are anthropogenic activities.6.
Rong Xiao Mingxiang Zhang Xinying Yao Ziwen Ma Feihai Yu Junhong Bai 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(3):821-830
Purpose
Heavy metal distribution in soils is affected by soil aggregate fractionation. This study aimed to demons trate the aggregate-associated heavy metal concentrations and fractionations in “sandy,” “normal,” and “mud” soils from the restored brackish tidal marsh, oil exploitation zone, and tidal mudflat of the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China.Materials and methods
Soil samples were sieved into the aggregates of >2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and <0.053 mm to determine the concentrations of exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), reducible (F3), organic-bound (F4), and residual fraction (F5) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.Results and discussion
The 0.25–2 mm aggregates presented the highest concentrations but the lowest mass loadings (4.23–12.18 %) for most metal fractions due to low percentages of 0.25–2 mm aggregates (1.85–3.12 %) in soils. Aggregates <0.053 mm took majority mass loadings of metals in sandy and normal soils (62.04–86.95 %). Most soil aggregates had residual Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and reducible Cd, Pb dominated in the total Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Sandy soil contained relatively high F4, especially of Cu (F4) in 0.25–2 mm aggregates (10.22 mg kg?1), which may relate to significantly high organic carbon contents (23.92 g kg?1, P?<?0.05). Normal soil had the highest total concentrations of metals, especially of Cu, Ni, and Pb, which was attributed to the high F3 and F5 in the <0.053 mm aggregates. Although mud soil showed low total concentrations of heavy metals, the relatively high concentrations of bioavailable Cd and Cu resulted from the relatively high Cd (F2) and Cu (F2) in the >2 mm aggregates indicated contribution of carbonates to soil aggregation and metal adsorption in tidal mud flat.Conclusions
Soil type and aggregate distribution were important factors controlling heavy metal concentration and fractionation in YRD wetland soil. Compared with mud soil, normal soil contained increased concentrations of F5 and F3 of metals in the 0.053–0.25 mm aggregate, and sandy soil contained increased concentrations of bioavailable and total Cr, Ni, and Zn with great contribution of mass loadings in the <0.053 mm aggregate. The results of this study suggested that oil exploitation and wetland restoration activities may influence the retention characteristics of heavy metals in tidal soils through variation of soil type and aggregate fractions.7.
Purpose
In view that soils are bodies and that processes such as storage and release of water, carbon, nutrients and pollutants, and aeration and rooting happen in these bodies, it is of interest to know the density of elements and compounds in soils. On the basis of soil bulk and element density of organic carbon (OC), N, and heavy metals in soils and of horizon thickness, stocks of these elements for garden soils were calculated.Materials and methods
Fourteen gardens in four allotments of the northwestern part of the Ruhr area, Germany were investigated. The research included 14 vegetable patches, 13 lawns, 2 compost heaps, and 1 meadow. Volume samples were taken. The soil analysis included pH, soil bulk density, and OC, N, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni contents.Results and discussion
The soils were from sandy loam to loamy sand. The pH was slightly acid and C/N ratio about 20. Soil bulk density was between 0.8 and 1.4 g cm?3 and mean bulk density was 1.1 g cm?3. Mean OC content was for compost 7.4 %, vegetable patches 5.2 % (0–30 cm depth), and lawns and meadow 5.8 and 5.2 % (0–5 cm depth). OC density for compost was 76 mg cm?3, vegetable patches 56 mg cm?3, and lawns 67 mg cm?3 (0–5 cm). Mean OC stock in 0–30 cm soil depth in vegetable patches was 16.4 kg m?2, lawns 15.5 kg m?2, and meadow 11.1 kg m?2. N contents were between 0.06 and 0.46 %. For compost, the mean was 0.39 %, vegetable patches 0.27 % (0–30 cm), lawn 0.28 %, and meadow 0.26 % (0–5 cm). Mean stock of N in 0–30 cm depth for vegetable patches was 0.84 kg m?2, lawn 0.76 kg m?2, and meadow 0.55 kg m?2. For heavy metals in compost, vegetable patches, lawn and meadow, Cd contents were in the range of 1.7 to 3.0 mg kg?1, Pb 49 to 152 mg kg?1, and Zn 52 to 1830 mg kg?1. The amounts stored per square meters in 30 cm depth were for Cd 0.6–1.1 g, Pb 15–52 g, Zn 41–440 g, Cu 4–39 g, and Ni 1–8 g.Conclusions
Allotment gardens have a high capacity to store CO2 as OC. Roughly, there will be 7–8 million tons of OC stored in the 1.3 million allotment gardens of Germany. The high amount of 8000 kg N ha?1 could damage the groundwater when released by wrong soil management. Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Ni amounts of 7.8, 1000, 300, 135, and 30 kg ha?1, respectively, are a lasting burden.8.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):390-407
The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers, laden with untreated waste from industrial sources, serve as sources of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purposes of this study were to identify the impact of wastewater irrigation on the level of heavy metals in the soils and vegetables and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Soil samples were collected from different distances from the canal. The average concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil were in the order zinc (Zn; 204 mg kg?1) > copper (Cu; 196 mg kg?1) > chromium (Cr; 175 mg kg?1) > lead (Pb; 131 mg kg?1) > nickel (Ni; 60 mg kg?1) > cadmium (Cd; 4 mg kg?1). The concentrations of all heavy metals in the study site were much greater than the background level in that area and exceeded the permissible levels of the Vietnamese standards for Cd, Cu, and Pb. The concentrations of Zn, Ni, and Pb in the surface soil decreased with distance from the canal. The results of selective sequential extraction indicated that dominant fractions were oxide, organic, and residual for Ni, Pb, and Zn; organic and oxide for Cr; oxide for Cd; and organic for Cu. Leaching tests for water and acid indicated that the ratio of leached metal concentration to total metal concentration in the soil decreased in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn and in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb for the ethylenediaminetetraaceitc acid (EDTA) treatment. The EDTA treatment gave greater leachability than other treatments for most metal types. By leaching with water and acid, all heavy metals were fully released from the exchangeable fraction, and some heavy metals were fully released from carbonate and oxide fractions. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the vegetables exceeded the Vietnamese standards. The transfer coefficients for the metals were in the order of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd = Cr > Pb. 相似文献
9.
Purpose
The metal concentrations and Pb isotopic composition in sediments and plants from the Xiangjiang River, China, were investigated to understand the contamination and potential toxicity of metals in sediments; to determine the accumulation and distribution of metals in plant tissues; and to trace the possible pollution source of Pb in sediments and plants.Materials and methods
Sediments and plants were collected from 43 sampling sites in the study region. After sediments were air-dried and passed through a 63-??m sieve, they were acid-digested and DTPA-extracted for determination of total and bioavailable metals. The plants were separated into roots, leaves, and stems; dried; cut into pieces; and digested with HNO3?CH2O2. Metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and Pb isotopic composition were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.Results and discussion
Maximum As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in sediments were 47.18, 55.81, 129.5, 161.6, 160.4, 430.7, and 1,098.8?mg?kg?1, respectively. The bioavailable fractions of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn had significant linear relationship with their corresponding total contents in sediments while no significant relationship was observed between bioavailable and total contents of Cr and Ni. In general, plant tissues showed higher As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations and lower Cr and Ni concentrations compared with sediments. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios decreased in the order of total > bioavailable > stems ?? leaves > roots. A strong linear correlation was observed between the 208Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/207Pb ratios of the plant tissues, sediments, and the possible pollution sources of Pb in the Xiangjiang River.Conclusions
As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn demonstrated higher contamination levels in sediments and plants compared with Cr and Ni. Cd had highest potential ecological risk. The Pb from anthropogenic sources with low 206Pb/207Pb ratios was preferentially associated with the bioavailable fractions in sediments and accumulated in roots. The Pb in plant tissues is mainly derived from the Pb in sediment and is taken up through the sediment-to-root pathway. 相似文献10.
Purpose
Arid and hyper-arid zones worldwide are reservoirs of chemical compounds, among them are various trace elements. With climate change, abnormal precipitation is occurring in arid and hyper-arid mountainous zones, which in turn is increasing the displacement of trace elements from mountainous to populated areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate trace element displacement of a sediment-laden flood in the Copiapó River Basin on March 24–25, 2015.Materials and methods
Sixty topsoil samples were taken from 20 agricultural fields. Soil organic matter content, pH, electrical conductivity, and particle size were determined according to accepted procedures in Chile. Samples were acid-digested to determine total Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn content by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Hydride generation AAS was used for As and Se determination, and Hg was quantified by cold vapor AAS. Detection limits were 0.2, 0.05, 0.1, and 5.0 mg kg?1 for Cd, Hg, Se, and Mo, respectively. Correlation and principal component analyses were made, and theoretical distribution functions were fitted to each element.Results and discussion
Metal concentration showed a strong correlation between SOM and particle size, explaining the first component from the principal component analysis. All trace elements correlated well between each other except for Mo and Se. Mo values were consistently below detection levels (<5.0 mg kg?1). Expected values for the elements were (95% of probability): 13–37 g Al kg?1, 10–50 mg As kg?1, <0.2–0.6 mg Cd kg?1, 13–25 mg Cr kg?1, 27–281 mg Cu kg?1, 27–40 g Fe kg?1, <0.05–6.5 mg Hg kg?1, 516–1.080 mg Mn kg?1, 7–24 mg Ni kg?1, 13–50 mg Pb kg?1, 0.2–0.6 mg Se kg?1, and 61–172 mg Zn kg?1. Concentrations of As, Cu, and Hg were consistently above national standards.Conclusions
The authors conclude that the trace element contents in sediments deposited by the event are within expected values based on soil data in Chile.11.
Feng-He Wang Bin Zhao Fan Zhang Jay Gao Hao-Tian Hao Shengtian Zhang 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(2):371-381
Purpose
The main objectives of the study were to (1) develop a one-step facile procedure for synthesizing a new chemical amendment agent with three chelating groups for solidifying multiple heavy metals, called sixthio guanidine acid (SGA), using guanidine hydrochloride and carbon disulfide as raw reactants and (2) assess its biodegradability, solidification effectiveness, and leachability in remedying soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals of various concentrations compared with other traditional amendment agents.Materials and methods
Polluted soil samples were collected near a metalliferous mining site of Qixiashan in the southeast of Nanjing, China. Their concentrations were determined at 22.15–320 mg kg?1 for As, 3.30–29.31 mg kg?1 for Cd, 115.66–158.65 mg kg?1 for Ni, 165.04–1677.06 mg kg?1 for Pb, and 355.6–2426.91 mg kg?1 for Zn. Biodegradability of SGA was assessed in accordance with GB/T 21831-2008 and OECD-301D. Total concentration of heavy metals was determined according to ISO11466:1995. A modified three-step sequential Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) extraction procedure was used to examine speciation of heavy metals in the soil sample, and concentrations of heavy metals were measured by using inductively coupling plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Leachate extraction tests were carried out before and after the soil sample was solidified with different amendments in accordance with HJ/T 557-2009.Results and discussion
It is found that the optimal conditions for SGA synthesis are a molar ratio of 4:1, a reaction temperature of 40 °C, and a reaction time of 2 h. Under such conditions, SGA yield is achieved as high as 91.5 %. The bioavailability and mobility of As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in highly contaminated soils can be reduced via using SGA. Our results indicate that SGA is nonbiodegradative and much more effective than other traditional chemical amendment agents in that it is highly effective in comprehensively solidifying As, Cd, Ni, and Pb.Conclusions
SGA has the potential for comprehensive in situ remediation of soils contaminated with several heavy metal elements of various concentration levels, and such findings may be used as a guide to design new chemical amendment agents for rehabilitating soils contaminated with heavy metals.12.
Pedro Tume Elizabeth González Robert W. King Lucas Cuitiño Núria Roca Jaume Bech 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(6):2335-2349
Purpose
The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the concentrations and background concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni in the urban soils of Talcahuano (Chile); (2) assess the level of contamination in the urban soils based on different pollution indexes; and (3) to identify natural or anthropogenic sources in order to obtain a spatial distribution of the pollutants.Material and methods
A total of 420 samples were collected from the study area as follows: 140 topsoil samples (TS) (0–10 cm), 140 subsoil samples (SS) (10–20 cm), and 140 deep soil samples (DS) (150 cm). The soils were characterized, and the concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni were analyzed by atomic absorption photospectrometry following aqua regia digestion. Correlations and principal component analysis combined with spatial analysis were implemented in order to distinguish the sources and their classification as geogenic or anthropogenic. Several simple and robust statistical methods were applied to datasets in order to explore their potential in the evaluation of a useful and robust background values. The degree of contamination along with the geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, and contamination factor were also evaluated.Results and discussion
The median concentrations obtained for various elements includes Ba 461 mg kg?1, Co 82.7 mg kg?1, Cr 134 mg kg?1, Mn 311 mg kg?1, and Ni 56.1 mg kg?1. In general, the concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni decrease with depth. Correlations and principal component analysis suggest that Cr, Mn, and Ni are contributed by external sources. The spatial distribution of Cr, Mn, and Ni in TS displays a spatial pattern extending along industrial environments and emission sources.Conclusions
The estimated background values determined with the iterative 2σ-technique includes 536 mg kg?1 for Ba, 95.9 mg kg?1 for Co, 208 mg kg?1 for Cr, 464 mg kg?1 for Mn, and 90.5 mg kg?1 for Ni. The geochemical index, enrichment factor, and the contamination factor register a moderate to considerable contamination in some soil samples.13.
Rachel R Hurley James J Rothwell Jamie C Woodward 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(11):2648-2665
Purpose
Manchester is often heralded as the first industrial city. Large volumes of physical and liquid contaminants were released into its river network throughout the industrial period up to the latter part of the twentieth century. Water quality has improved dramatically in recent decades, but, given their environmental significance, it is important to ascertain the extent to which a legacy of contamination persists in the modern bed sediments.Materials and methods
Fine-grained bed sediments were sampled at 40 sites in the Mersey and Irwell catchments. Sediments were wet sieved to isolate the <63-μm grain size fraction. Metal concentrations were determined using XRF. Particle size characteristics were also measured. Sediments were subjected to a five-step sequential extraction procedure to ascertain the environmental significance of metal concentrations. Alongside archival research of past industry, enrichment factors, multivariate statistical techniques and conditional inferences trees were used to identify sources of heavy metals.Results and discussion
Bed sediment-associated heavy metal(loid) concentrations were as follows: As (9.89–110 mg kg?1), Cr (76.5–413 mg kg?1), Cu (53.1–383 mg kg?1), Pb (80.4–442 mg kg?1) and Zn (282–1020 mg kg?1). Enrichment factors ranged from moderate to extremely severe, with Pb showing the greatest enrichment across the catchments. Chemical mobility was generally low, but metal(loid) partitioning identified the influence of anthropogenic sources. Statistical analysis highlighted a number of point sources associated with former industrial sites that operated during the industrial period. Conditional inference trees highlighted the role of the textile industry on Cu concentrations in addition to indicating the complexity of sources, fluxes and stores of sediment-associated contamination throughout the system.Conclusions
Fine-grained sediment-associated metal(loid)s in the Mersey and Irwell catchments are anthropogenically enriched. Concentrations also exceed sediment quality guidelines. A lack of distinct spatial patterning points to a complex network of contaminant inputs across the catchments, even in the headwaters. Whilst potential modern urban sources are likely to be important, spatial patterns and multivariate/data mining techniques also highlighted the importance of releases from former industrial sites as well as the reworking of historically contaminated floodplains and soils.14.
Agustín Gómez-Alvarez Diana Meza-Figueroa Jesús L. Valenzuela-García Arturo I. Villalba-Atondo Jorge Ramírez-Hernández 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2014,225(10):1-13
Spatial and seasonal mobilization trends of metals in surface water were evaluated in the US–Mexico San Pedro River (SPR). Water samples were collected at five sampling stations for the analysis of dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity, sulfates, and metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn). Quality of the water was characterized through Ecological Criteria of Water Quality (ECWQ) established in Mexico and Water Quality Criteria (Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)). High total metal concentrations were detected as follows: Fe?>?Cu?>?Mn?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cd. Metal concentrations were slightly higher in dry season than in rainy season: Cd (below detection limit (BDL)–0.21 mg L?1), Cu (BDL–13 mg L?1), Fe (0.16–345 mg L?1), Mn (0.12–52 mg L?1), Pb (BDL–0.48 mg L?1), and Zn (0.03–17.8 mg L?1). Low pH and dissolved oxygen values as well as high sulfate content were detected in both seasons. High values of metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn) were detected at station E1 representing pollution source, as well as at stations E2 (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn), E3 (Fe, Mn, Pb), and E4 and E5 (Fe, Mn). Detected concentrations exceeded maximum permissible established in ECWQ and Water Quality Criteria (EPA). Efflorescence salts on sediments in the dry season could increase levels of metals in water column. This study provides valuable information on the potential mobility of metals in surface water of SPR located in an arid environment where transport processes are strongly linked to climate. The information derived from this study should help the regional and national authorities to address present environmental regulations. 相似文献
15.
José Martín Soriano-Disla Ignacio Gómez José Navarro-Pedreño Manuel M. Jordán 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(4):687-696
Purpose
Our main aim objective was to evaluate the transfer of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to barley (Hordeum vulgare) grown in various soils previously amended with two sewage sludges containing different concentrations of heavy metals. This allowed us to examine the transfer of heavv metals to barley roots and shoots and the occurrence of restriction mechanisms as function of soil type and for different heavy metal concentration scenarios.Material and methods
A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the transfer of heavy metals to barley grown in 36 agricultural soils from different parts of Spain previously amended with a single dose (equivalent to 50 t dry weight ha?1) of two sewage sludges with contrasting levels of heavy metals (common and spiked sludge: CS and SS).Results and discussion
In soils amended with CS, heavy metals were transferred to roots in the order (mean values of the bio-concentration ratio in roots, BCFRoots, in brackets): Cu (2.4)?~?Ni (2.3)?>?Cd (2.1)?>?Zn (1.8)?>?Cr (0.7)?~?Pb (0.6); similar values were found for the soils amended with SS. The mean values of the soil-to-shoot ratio were: Cd (0.44)?~?Zn (0.39)?~?Cu (0.39)?>?Cr (0.20)?>?Ni (0.09)?>?Pb (0.01) for CS-amended soils; Zn (0.24)?>?Cu (0.15)?~?Cd (0.14)?>?Ni (0.05)?~?Cr (0.03)?>?Pb (0.006) for SS-amended soils. Heavy metals were transferred from roots to shoots in the following order (mean values of the ratio concentration of heavy metals in shoots to roots in brackets): Cr (0.33)?>?Zn (0.24)?~?Cd (0.22)?>?Cu (0.19)?>?Ni (0.04)?>?Pb (0.02) for CS-amended soils; Zn (0.14)?>?Cd (0.09)?~?Cu (0.08)?>?Cr (0.05)?>?Ni (0.02)?~?Pb (0.010) for SS-amended soils.Conclusions
Soils weakly restricted the mobility of heavy metals to roots, plant physiology restricted the transfer of heavy metals from roots to shoots, observing further restriction at high heavy metal loadings, and the transfer of Cd, Cu and Zn from soils to shoots was greater than for Cr, Ni and Pb. Stepwise multiple linear regressions revealed that soils with high sand content allowed greater soil-plant transfer of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. For Cd and Ni, soils with low pH and soil organic C, respectively, posed the highest risk. 相似文献16.
Martyna A. Rzętała 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(10):2458-2470
Purpose
Cadmium (Cd) is considered a toxic element and its concentrations are relevant to human health and the environment. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the bottom sediments of water bodies (artificial lakes and ponds) in the Silesian Upland in southern Poland are contaminated with Cd; an attempt was also made to determine the factors that condition spatial differences in the concentration of this element between individual water bodies in the region.Materials and methods
Measurements of the Cd content in bottom sediments were carried out in 35 water bodies in southern Poland in 2011 and 2012. Depending on the surface area and morphometric characteristics, from two to nine samples representative in terms of sediment thickness were collected in each water body. Cadmium concentrations were determined for 92 0.25 g aliquots using the TD-ICP method.Results and discussion
Cadmium content in all samples (0.7–580.0 mg kg?1) was higher than the natural range of concentrations for this element in the Earth’s crust (0.1–0.3 mg kg?1) and the geochemical background for Poland (0.5 mg kg?1) and, with a few exceptions, was also higher than the preindustrial concentration (1.0 mg kg?1) and the regional geochemical background (2.5 mg kg?1). Adopting natural Cd concentrations in the Earth’s crust (0.1–0.3 mg kg?1) as the baseline for the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the sediments examined can be classified as extremely and heavily contaminated (and moderately contaminated in a small number of cases). The assessment of sediment quality based on Igeo, with the regional geochemical background (2.5 mg kg?1) adopted as the baseline, results in non-contaminated and moderately contaminated sediments being dominant with a far smaller number of heavily and extremely contaminated ones.Conclusions
In the case of several water bodies, Cd concentrations were at record levels that have not been found anywhere else in the world. On the basis of the Igeo, sediments of varying quality were found—from virtually uncontaminated to extremely contaminated. The Igeo index as an indicator of the quality of bottom sediments is a measure that requires careful interpretation, especially when different concentration levels regarded as natural are used for determining its value.17.
Anthropogenic Heavy Metal Pollution in the Surficial Sediments of the Keratsini Harbor, Saronikos Gulf, Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stavroula Galanopoulou Andreas Vgenopoulos Nikolaos Conispoliatis 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2009,202(1-4):121-130
The contents of ten elements [Cd, Pb, W, Zn, Mn, As, Se, Cr, Cu, and organic carbon (Corg)] have been determined in the surficial sediments of Keratsini harbor, Saronikos Gulf, Greece. The contamination of the sediments was assessed on the basis of geoaccumulation index and to corresponding sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) effects range low/effects range median. The results revealed highly elevated Cd, Pb, W, Zn, As, Se, Cr, Cu, and Corg values (Cd, 190–1,763 mg kg?1; Pb, 521–1,263 mg kg?1; W, 38–100 mg kg?1; Zn, 409–6,725 mg kg?1; Mn, 95–1,101 mg kg?1; As, not detectable–1,813 mg kg?1; Se, not detectable–58 mg kg?1; Cr, 264–860 mg kg?1; Cu, 195–518 mg kg?1; and Corg, 0.69–4.41%). The enrichment of metals in the sediments results from the contribution of the central Athens sewage outfall through which the waste of the Attica basin ends up in Keratsini harbor as well as from industrial and ship contaminants. 相似文献
18.
Purpose
The effects of municipal sludge compost (MSC) as a soil amendment are often studied in agricultural soil or topsoil contaminated with heavy metals. However, little is known about the effects of MSC amendments on plant growth and heavy metal bioavailability in subsoil. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of MSC application on plant growth and the mobility and bioavailability of Cd, Cu, and Zn in an amended soil-plant system.Materials and methods
A pot experiment was performed to evaluate the translocation of heavy metals to broad bean (Vicia faba L.) grown in loess subsoil previously amended with different application rates of MSC. The subsoil and MSC were homogeneously mixed to achieve six soil-amended treatments (total weight of 8 kg in each pot) in 0, 0.5, 2, 6, 15, and 30% mass ratios (MSC/total). Soil samples amended with MSC were aged for 60 days before sowing. Soil and plant samples were collected after 120 days of growth. Plant height was periodically measured until harvest. The total quantities of heavy metals and their different fractions were analyzed by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS).Results and discussion
Compared with the control soil (0% treatment), the average biomass growth rates from the 0.5 to 30% treatments ranged from 14.5 to 170.4% (increasing order), respectively. Cd (0.42–1.85 mg kg?1) and Cu (14.95–23.01 mg kg?1) mainly concentrated in the plant roots, and Zn (22.06–36.48 mg kg?1) mainly concentrated in the plant stems and leaves. Fortunately, the metal concentrations in the edible plant parts (0.03–0.1 mg kg?1) remained below the Chinese national standard thresholds (0.2 mg kg?1), possibly because of the alkaline soil pH (8.60–7.74), organic matter (7.4–65.9 g kg?1) bound to metals, and translocation of less metal to the edible plant parts by biochemical modulation.Conclusions
MSC can enhance subsoil fertility and promote plant development, especially in the 30% treatment. The mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals suggest that Cd is the element needing to be monitored during MSC application. High organic matter content and alkaline pH are the most important factors for controlling Cd levels. More work is required to determine the long-term impacts of sludge amendment on the soil and environment.19.
Cengiz Korkmaz Özcan Ay Coşkun Çolakfakioğlu Bedii Cicik Cahit Erdem 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(8):315
Edible muscle tissues of Solea solea, Mullus barbatus, and Sardina pilchardus marketed in Mersin were analyzed for their Cr (total), Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As (total), Cd, Sn, and Pb levels. Metal levels of the tissues were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometric (ICP-MS) methods. Muscle levels of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, and Pb were determined as 0.19–2.80, 0.08–3.88, 0.93–25.76, 0.03–0.63, 0.01–1.96, 1.28–45.95, 0.49–25.26, 0.14–4.03, and 0.02–1.37 mg kg?1 w.w., respectively. Cadmium levels were below detection limits in all the muscle samples taken. Mean metal levels of the tissues were compared with the provisional tolerable daily (PTDs) and weekly (PTWIs) intake limits. Mean metal levels taken by the consumption of analyzed tissues were below PTDs and PTWIs; hence, the fish species studied do not pose any risk for human consumption from the point of heavy metals. 相似文献
20.