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1.
通过田间试验,对夏玉米进行基施、喷施黄腐酸处理。基施量为86.63 kg/hm2,喷施量为63 kg/hm2、34.8 kg/hm2、22.8 kg/hm2,浓度分别为6%、3.3%及2.5%。在夏玉米主要生育时期测定叶片的净光合速率、叶绿素相对值含量(SPAD)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)等指标。结果表明,在各生育期,经黄腐酸处理后的玉米各生理指标均高于对照(CK)处理。叶面喷施6%浓度黄腐酸处理叶片光合速率及水分利用效率最高,最高值是CK处理的2.5倍,显著提高了叶片中IAA及ABA含量。喷施3次后,喷施高量黄腐酸(FA)增加了40%,喷施低量黄腐酸(FL)增加了70%,基施黄腐酸(FB)增加了27%。对夏玉米施用黄腐酸喷施处理的效果优于基施处理,且叶面喷施黄腐酸的最佳用量为63 kg/hm2。 相似文献
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提高土壤水分利用是黄土旱塬区农业可持续发展的重要目标。通过4年春玉米田间试验,研究秸秆深埋配合减氮对土壤剖面耗水和水分利用分布的影响,旨在为黄土高原旱作农业区水肥科学管理提供科学依据。试验于2017年4月至2020年9月在陕西长武中科院黄土高原农业生态试验站进行。试验设置4个处理：常量施氮(CON1,N250 kg/hm2),秸秆深埋配合常量施氮(CON2,N250 kg/hm2+秸秆),减量施氮(CR1,N200 kg/hm2)和秸秆深埋配合减量施氮(CR2,N200 kg/hm2+秸秆)。结果表明：(1)秸秆深埋处理提高春玉米产量9.80%～10.43%;减量施氮至200 kg/hm2并不降低春玉米产量,配合秸秆深埋处理显著提高春玉米产量。(2)土壤耗水量波动主要发生在100—200 cm土层,0—100 cm土层土壤耗水达到动态平衡;秸秆深埋显著降低土壤总耗水量(p<0.05),2017年和2019年秸秆深埋处理土壤总耗水量降低10.86,20.31 mm。(3)试... 相似文献
3.
不同质地土壤玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂效应的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为研究鉴选不同质地土壤秸秆还田适宜的秸秆腐熟剂,于2017—2018年在西辽河平原灌区中壤土和砂壤土秸秆还田配施人元腐熟剂和中农绿康腐熟剂,以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂为对照,共设置6个处理,测定玉米秸秆腐解率、玉米产量、玉米根系特性和土壤化学性状,研究不同秸秆腐熟剂对玉米产量及土壤特性的影响。结果表明:不同质地土壤2种腐熟剂秸秆腐解率间无显著差异;中壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为人元腐熟剂中农绿康腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂和人元腐熟剂显著高于秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,而2种腐熟剂处理之间无显著差异;砂壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为中农绿康腐熟剂人元腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂显著高于人元腐熟剂和秸秆还田不施腐熟剂。2年不同质地土壤中配施腐熟剂在根系特性、土壤化学性状方面表现为砂壤土配施中农绿康腐熟剂效果优于人元腐熟剂,而中壤土配施2种腐熟剂效果无显著性差异。 相似文献
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不同作物秸秆在旱地和水田中的腐解特性及养分释放规律 总被引：30，自引：3，他引：30
以水稻、小麦、玉米秸秆和油菜、蚕豆青秆为研究对象,采用尼龙网袋法,研究了不同秸秆翻埋入旱地和水田后的腐解特性及养分释放规律,以期为紫色丘陵区农业秸秆循环利用和秸秆还田技术提供理论依据。结果表明:秸秆翻埋还田后,5种供试秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期(0~60 d)快、后期(60~360 d)慢。经过360 d的腐解,旱地秸秆累积腐解率为52.88%~75.80%,表现为油菜水稻玉米小麦蚕豆趋势,且蚕豆青秆累积腐解率显著低于其余秸秆;水田中秸秆累积腐解率为45.01%~62.12%,表现为水稻玉米小麦油菜蚕豆趋势。5种秸秆在旱地和水田中养分释放率均表现为钾磷氮碳,在试验终点,旱地中秸秆碳、氮、磷和钾释放率分别为65.50%~87.37%、54.64%~69.72%、89.65%~98.96%和79.92%~96.63%,且油菜秸秆养分释放率高于其他4种秸秆;水田中秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾释放率变幅分别为49.95%~69.57%、32.89%~77.11%、90.70%~96.80%、77.45%~90.47%。总体表现为秸秆在旱地土壤中的累积腐解率和养分释放率均大于水田,旱地油菜和水稻秸秆较易腐解,水田水稻和玉米秸秆较易腐解释;秸秆中钾素释放速率较高。 相似文献
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不同施氮量下潮土中小麦秸秆腐解特性及其养分释放和结构变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
6.
为筛选出适宜东北寒冷区快速腐解秸秆的腐熟剂,通过网袋腐解试验明确施入3种秸秆腐熟剂对玉米秸秆生物量及养分释放的影响。结果显示:经过100 d的腐解,玉米秸秆生物量失重率随着时间的延长逐渐增加,玉米秸秆失重率为57.1%~64.1%,其中以施用3号秸秆腐熟剂的玉米秸秆生物量失重率最高,为64.1%。施入不同秸秆腐熟剂后玉米秸秆氮、磷、钾释放率分别为35.1%~57.2%、44.2%~59.6%、77.4%~89.7%,其中以3号腐熟剂的秸秆磷、钾素释放率最高。各处理有机碳矿化率呈相同的趋势,均随时间的延长逐渐增加,取样末期有机碳矿化率在65.3%~69.1%之间,且各处理间差异不明显。综上,以3号秸秆腐熟剂腐解秸秆的效果最好。 相似文献
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有机肥等氮替代化肥对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
有机肥替施部分化肥是实现我国化肥零增长并保持作物高产稳产的重要途径之一。以等养分条件为基础,研究不同比例有机肥等氮替代基施化肥对玉米产量以及氮素吸收利用的影响,为云南红壤坡耕地有机肥的合理利用及玉米施肥结构的调整提供科学依据。通过田间小区试验,分别设置不施肥处理(CK)、施用100%化肥处理(NPK)及4个基施有机肥等氮替代化肥处理,替代率分别为10%(T1),20%(T2),30%(T3),40%(T4),分析玉米产量、吸氮量以及氮肥利用率等指标在不同施肥处理下的变化情况。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,不同比例有机肥替代化肥的处理能在一定程度上提高玉米籽粒、秸秆生物量,玉米籽粒产量提高达6.07%～19.53%,秸秆生物量提高达2.16%～21.76%,且有机肥替代30%的化肥处理下的玉米籽粒产量和秸秆生物量最高,分别达到7 653 kg/hm2,16 530 kg/hm2,较其他施肥处理有一定的显著性; 有机肥替代化肥的处理均提高了玉米籽粒和秸秆的吸氮量,各施肥处理下的玉米地上部氮素平均积累量从大到小依次为T3(292 kg/hm2)>T2(248 kg/hm2)>T1(212 kg/hm2)>T4(203 kg/hm2)>NPK(176 kg/hm2)>CK(52 kg/hm2),T3处理较NPK,T1,T2,T4处理下的玉米地上部分吸氮量分别提高了39.90%,27.37%,15.01%,30.38%; 与NPK处理相比,有机肥替代化肥的处理均提高了氮肥偏生产力、氮肥贡献率、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥的农学利用率,提高比例分别为5.00%～21.80%,2.44%～9.48%,20.48%～94.02%,7.54%～32.86%,且T3处理下的各氮素利用率指标均显著高于其他施肥处理。综上,有机肥与化肥配施可提高玉米的籽粒产量和生物产量,且提高玉米的吸氮量及氮素利用效率,且以有机肥等氮替代30%基施化肥的配施效果最好,可作为云南红壤坡耕地玉米增产和氮肥增效的合理施肥模式。 相似文献
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【目的】相比于普遍的树脂包膜材料，新型水基聚合物包膜材料具有环境友好、成本低等特点。我们研究了水基聚合物包膜尿素在氮肥减量和一次性基施条件下，满足山东省夏玉米全生育期氮素营养供给和实现夏玉米稳产高效的可行性。【方法】采用田间释放率测定方法，研究供试水基聚合物包膜氮肥(WF)和树脂包膜氮肥(PF)的控释性能，计算理论最佳掺混比例。于2018—2020年在山东青州和桓台开展3年田间试验，设置常规用量(N 225 kg/hm2)和减施30%氮量(N 157.5 kg/hm2)两个氮素水平，分别采用普通尿素(BF)、水基聚合物包膜尿素(WF)、树脂包膜尿素(PF)、WF和PF按1∶0.52质量比例掺混(MF) 4种氮肥，以不施氮肥为对照(CK)，共9个处理。普通尿素采用基施加追施方法，包膜尿素均为一次性基施。测定了土壤氮含量、土壤有机质含量、氮素利用率、氮素累积吸收量和夏玉米产量。【结果】WF、PF两种包膜尿素在青州和桓台2个试验点的总释放率分别超过了90%和80%,WF的田间释放率高于PF且其释放特征更符合夏玉米生育前期对氮素的需求。同一氮肥用量下... 相似文献
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[目的]秸秆还田量影响秸秆腐解、后茬作物生长和温室气体排放。研究不同秸秆还田量下,利用鱼蛋白作为激发剂促进秸秆分解、提高土壤有机碳积累的效果,为秸秆和鱼蛋白资源的合理高效利用提供理论依据。[方法]采用室内培养试验方法,设置秸秆还田量、有机激发剂种类及其在总激发剂中的占比3个因素。秸秆还田量包括适量(7500 kg/hm2)和高量(10500 kg/hm2)两个水平;供试有机激发剂包括猪粪、鱼蛋白;猪粪、鱼蛋白激发剂添加量占尿素氮量的比例分别为50%、100%(分别记为P50、F50、P100、F100),以两个秸秆还田量不添加激发剂处理为对照,共10个处理。激发剂总量按照调节投入秸秆碳氮比为35:1所需要的氮量计算,其中50%和100%的氮量由猪粪、鱼蛋白提供,培养期为60天。培养期间测定CO2和N2O排放速率及累计排放量。培养结束时,测定土壤养分含量、细菌和真菌丰度以及酶活性。[结果]高量秸秆还田虽然可增加土壤中有机碳的积累,但土壤CO2排放量以及单位输入碳的排放量均高于适量... 相似文献
10.
基于长期定位试验的松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆腐解特征研究 总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6
为了研究松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆的腐解特征和养分释放规律,该试验采用尼龙网袋法,设置埋土和覆盖地表2种玉米秸秆还田方式,进行连续4 a的定位观测。结果表明:1)还田玉米秸秆的腐解速率和养分释放率都表现为埋土处理大于覆盖地表。秸秆腐解主要集中在还田的前3年,3 a累计腐解率达到91.70%和81.96%,其中第1年腐解率分别为60.63%和45.53%。2)还田玉米秸秆中养分释放的快慢顺序为KPCN。埋土和覆盖处理秸秆中钾的释放主要在还田第1年,释放率达到了96.26%和84.04%;而磷、碳和氮的释放则主要集中在还田前3年,其中磷释放率为92.03%和83.29%;碳释放率为90.96%和82.06%;氮释放率为91.70%和81.96%。3)还田玉米秸秆中半纤维素的腐解速度快于纤维素,木质素最慢。其中埋土和覆盖处理秸秆半纤维素2 a腐解率为88.78%和86.30%;纤维素2 a腐解率为80.42%和70.86%;而木质素3 a累计腐解率为78.63%和66.48%。 相似文献
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Gas production in sanitary landfills is a subject of much concern because of the potential hazards of CH4 combustion and of groundwater contamination by CO2. This study investigated the pattern of sanitary landfill gas production and the factors which affect it. A basis for study was prepared by examining factors which influence gas production in soil and sewage sludge digesters. The factors studied included moisture content, temperature, pH, alkalinity, Eh, and nutrition. It was then undertaken to determine whether or not this information was applicable to the landfill. A pattern for landfill gas production was proposed based on the assumption that an anaerobic environment would be achieved and maintained after refuse placement. Four phases were identified: I. Aerobic; II. Anaerobic Non-Methanogenic; III. Anaerobic Methanogenic Unsteady; and IV. Anaerobic Methanogenic Steady. The duration of these phase and the relative amounts of gases produced within each phase were studied. An investigation of information available on factors affecting gas production in sanitary landfills also was made. It was found that, in general, the principles developed from the study of gas production in other media were applicable to the landfill environment. It was found that gas production increases with increased moisture content but that conditions of high infiltration are often conducive to reduction in gas production apparently caused by modifications to the microbial environment. There appears to exist a typical pattern of temperature variation within the landfill with a peak temperature being reached during the initial phase of aerobic decomposition. The magnitude of this peak is related to the refuse temperature at placement. Subsequent temperatures are lower and tend to fluctuate with season. Optimum temperatures for gas production are in the range of from 30°C to 35°C, however, landfill temperatures are often lower than this. Optimum levels of pH and alkalinity exist which maximize gas production rates. The types and amounts of gas produced are influenced by refuse composition. A scheme was proposed to illustrate how the various factors influence landfill gas production and how these may interact. Those factors over which some control may be exerted during landfill design and operation were identified. 相似文献
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A theory is proposed for the decomposition of a heterogeneous substrate, in which the heterogeneity is described by a continuously varying quality variable, q. Two microbial properties, efficiency in substrate utilization, e(q), and rate of substrate utilization, u(q), depend on the quality variable and decrease with decreasing substrate quality. General results of the theory can be displayed either in terms of time or quality. It turns out that the quality representation is both more general and more lucid. Only very weak specifications of the functions u(q) and u(q) are necessary to determine whether the decomposition process will end after a finite time and whether all substrate eventually will become mineralized. The final nitrogen-to-carbon ratio is shown to be independent of these two functions but depends on the initial nitrogen concentration and quality of the substrate. Using specific functions for u(q) and u(q) it is possible to derive a number of models used to describe decomposition and the variation in the critical nitrogen-to-carbon ratio with specific decomposition rate of the substrate. The theoretical predictions are compared to a number of decomposition experiments. 相似文献
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Different groups of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were enumerated in decomposing alder litter (Alnus glutinosa) and the underlying soil. Unspecific media with soil extract were used for total counts and media with single carbon compounds or different nitrogen compounds for specific functional groups.The numbers of aerobic, amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria were high after litter fall and decreased towards the end of decomposition. The fluctuations in the anaerobic groups of organisms were mainly influenced by moisture. The numbers of denitrifiers in the soil were highest during decomposition of litter in the winter, while the numbers of ammonifiers in litter were always high. 相似文献
18.
Ethylene production and decomposition in soils 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Six soils differing in texture and use were investigated for their ability to produce and decompose ethylene. In addition,
changes in methane and CO2 concentrations were monitored. The effects of organic amendments and different water tensions were studied, and a method
using low concentrations of acetylene as an inhibitor of ethylene degradation was tested. Possible reduction of acetylene
to ethylene was identified by the use of CO or NH4
+-N, of which the latter turned out to be the more reliable method. This reduction only occurred in a grassland soil. Under
aerobic soil conditions, gross ethylene production rates of up to 4.7pmol g–1 h–1 could be measured. Highest ethylene production and lowest ethylene decomposition was detected in a spruce forest soil. Fine
textured soils produced more ethylene than coarse textured soils. Amended soils produced more ethylene at –100kPa and –5kPa
than at 0kPa water tension. Ethylene decomposition was most effective in soils from deciduous woodlands and reached rates
of up to 137pmol g–1 h–1. Parallels between ethylene and methane decomposition were observed. The addition of 5mgg–1 glucose and 1mgg–1 methionine not only promoted ethylene production but also inhibited ethylene decomposition.
Received: 4 April 1997 相似文献
19.
Alassane Sissoko 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(4):543-550
Organic carbon (OC) is generally low in Alabama (U.S.A.) soils and varies considerably with cropping systems. Information on decomposition rates of the added C is a prerequisite to designing strategies that improve C sequestration in farming systems. Different models including exponential models have been used to describe OC mineralization in soils as well as to describe its potential as CO2 to be released into the environment. We investigated the decomposition of broiler litter added to ten non-calcareous soils (Appling, Troup, Cecil, Decatur, Sucarnoochee, Linker, Hartsells, Dothan, Maytag, and Colbert soils). A non-linear regression approach for N mineralization was used to estimate the potentially mineralizable OC pools (Co) and the first-order rate constant (k) in the soil samples. Results showed that the non-amended soils have distinct differences in their ability to release their native OC as CO2 and can be divided into four groups depending on their potentially mineralizable C (Co) and their ability to protect stable organic matter. Sucarnoochee soil represents the first group and contains a moderate amount of OC (11.4 g C kg−1) but had the highest Co (7.30 g C kg−1 soil). The second distinct group of soils has Co varying between 5.50 and 5.00 g C kg−1 soil (Decatur, Hartsells, Dothan, and Maytag). The third group has Co between 5.00 and 4.00 (Appling, Cecil, and Linker). The fourth group has Co less than 4.00 g C kg−1 soil (Troup and Colbert). Half-life of C remaining in non-amended soils varied from 26 days in Maytag soil to 139 days in Cecil soil. The OC in these non-amended soils represents a very stable form of organic C and thus, not easily decomposed by soil microorganisms. In the broiler litter-amended soils, the Co varied from 3.82 g C kg−1 in Appling soil amended with broiler litter 1-7.04 g C kg−1 soil in Maytag amended with broiler litter 2. Decomposition of the added OC proceeded in two phases with less than 31% decomposed in 43 days. Potentially mineralizable organic C (Co) was related to soil organic C (r = 0.661**) and soil C/N ratio (r = 0.819*). 相似文献
20.
F. Engelstad 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,12(2):137-140
Summary Decomposition of garden refuse was studied in containers with and without the earthworm species Eisenia andrei and Lumbricus rubellus. The reduction of cellulose and hemicellulose was greater where earthworms were present. Respiration was similar regardless of the presence of earthworms, whereas dry matter reduction, on average, was greatest without earthworms. The earthworm biomass decreased during the 58 days of the experiment; E. andrei increased in biomass, whereas L. rubellus died out. 相似文献