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1.
The introduced cultivar ‘Schwarz-21’, a source of resistance, was crossed with the large-podded local cultivar ‘Virginia Bet Dagan No. 4’. Selection of the progeny for larger pods led to reduced resistance levels. The combination of intermediate resistance and use of the inexpensive biocide metham (Vapam) led to low pod rot incidence. 相似文献
2.
The pathogenicity of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes to caterpillars of the giant looper,Boarmia selenaria (Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), was determined under laboratory conditions. High mortality (over 80%) was achieved, in a petri dish bioassay, with a minimum of 20,000 infective juveniles (IJ) ofSteinernema carpocapsae (Filipjev) (=Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser), strain ‘All’. The LD50 was 4250 IJ per caterpillar. Similar results were obtained withS. carpocapsae, strain ‘Mexican’,Steinernema sp., strain ‘CR’;Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, strain ‘HP88’; andHeterorhabditis sp., strain ‘IS’. The first and second instars were the most susceptible stages to nematode infection. A laboratory model assay indicated that 80–90% of the caterpillars were killed when they migrated to the soil to pupate; this occurred when IJ were applied to sandy and heavy soils at a concentration of 400 IJ/cm3 soil. A greenhouse test reconfirmed the effectiveness of utilizing the entomopathogenic nematodes in an “ambush” system against caterpillars migrating to the soil. 相似文献
3.
T. Shimomura Jeanne Dijkstra 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1975,81(3):107-121
Callose depositionwas studied in relation to the development of local lesions using various virus-host combinations. Fluorescent spots due to callose formation at the initial sites of infection could be detected several hours before local lesions appeared in the combinationsNicotiana glutinosa — tobacco mosaic virus; ‘Samsun NN’ tobacco and ‘Pinto’ bean — tobacco mosaic virus and tobaco necrosis virus; ‘Pinto’ bean — cowpea mosaic virus. The fluorescent spots enlarged with time, and covered the lesion areas. Following the development of lesions the fluorescence decreased and was then to be seen only around the lesions. It eventually disappeared when the necrosis of cells in the lesions was complete. Strong callose fluorescence was also seen in veins near the lesions. In some cases fluorescence remained after local lesions had turned completely brown. When ‘Samsun NN’ tobacco was studied with tomato spotted wilt, tobacco rattle and tomato black ring viruses, which produce systemic necrosis as well as local lesions on the inoculated plants, similar callose fluorescence could be detected prior to local lesion formation. Here also, the fluorescence was clear during the early stages of lesion formation and grew weaker as lesion formation progressed, though in these cases no fluorescence was seen in veins near the lesions. The relation between callose deposition in and outside the local lesions and the restriction of virus movement from these tissues is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Seed potatoes were grown in Israel during summer (June-October) at Ramat haNegev (the Negev plateau). This is the hottest season in the semi-arid climate prevailing in the region. Because of the high temperature, no tuberization occurred in cv. ‘Up-to-Date; and ‘Draga’ and ‘Cara’ showed a marked yield reduction. Reasonable yields were, however, obtained at Ramat haNegev during summer growth with the cvs. ‘Désirée’, ‘Blanka’, ‘Spunta’ and ‘Alpha’. At Bet Dagan (coastal plain) Désirée grown during summer met with many problems and yields were negligible, probably because of the higher night temperature as compared with Ramat haNegev. Growth during summer in Ramat haNegev offers the advantages of relative isolation from other potato fields (potatoes are not grown in summer) and low aphid activity, in contrast to the common growing seasons — spring and autumn. Insecticide application and planting high quality seeds — imported elite or Class A — in summer, reduced potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) infection to an average of 4.5% in 1984 and 1.8% in 1985, in comparison with an average of 20.8% in 1979, when poor quality seeds were used and no insecticides were applied. Infection with potato virus Y (PVY) was 1.7% in 1984 and 0.1% in 1985. The yielding capacity in spring 1980 of seed potato produced at Ramat haNegev in the summer of 1979, was significantly lower than that of imported and Golan Heights seed. This is attributed mainly to the high level of virus infection of the former seeds. PLRV-free seed potatoes from the same batch yielded similarly to imported seed potatoes or seed potatoes from the Golan Heights. This was reconfirmed in the 1985 experiment in which Ramat haNegev seeds were much less infected with PLRV and produced yields similar to the imported and Golan ones. Seed potatoes from Ramat haNegev behave like young seeds when planted in the spring. Therefore, their yielding capacity probably increases the earlier the harvest and the longer the subsequent growing period. 相似文献
5.
Mixtures of cymoxanil with mancozeb (Mancur) or with mancozeb plus oxadixyl (Pulsan, Sandocur-M) were effective in controlling either metalaxyl-sensitive (MS) or -resistant (MR) isolates ofPseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumbers (cv. ‘Elem’) in growth chambers. Metalaxyl+mancozeb (Ridomil-MZ) and oxadixyl+mancozeb (SAN-518) mixtures were effective against the metalaxyl-sensitive but less so against the metalaxyl-resistant isolate. Fungicide mixtures were far more effective in controlling either the sensitive or the resistant isolates than were the individual components applied alone, thereby representing significant levels of synergistic interactions. Increased efficacy of mixtures relative to their combined components (synergy factor) was calculated by the Wadley method. Mixtures containing cymoxanil showed high synergy factors against the resistant isolate, whereas Ridomil-MZ and SAN-518 did not evince this phenomenon. We concluded that cymoxanil mixtures might be suitable for the control of downy mildew incited by a metalaxyl-resistant isolate ofP. cubensis. 相似文献
6.
Guangfei Zhou Derong Hao Yuxiang Mao Qiuli Zhu Guoqing Chen Huhua Lu Mingliang Shi Xiaolan Huang Zhenliang Zhang Junyu Zhao Lin Xue 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,150(4):1083-1090
Southern corn rust (SCR), a fungal disease caused by Puccinia polysora Underw., can result in severe yield loss in maize (Zea mays L.). Identification of resistant germplasms and understanding the genetic basis of resistance would aid maize disease-resistant breeding. In this study, 253 maize inbred lines were used to evaluate the resistance to SCR at two locations in China from 2015 to 2016. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using the Maize SNP3K Beadchip. Based on mixed linear model, seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with partial resistance to SCR were identified at P < 1.77 × 10?5, including three SNPs aligned with previously reported genomic regions. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.76) between partial resistance to SCR and the number of resistant alleles was observed. Several highly resistant germplasms harboring resistant alleles were identified, such as, ‘43.7’, ‘DH02’, ‘Zheng39’, ‘T2’ and ‘JH3372’. This research will increase our understanding of the genetic basis of partial resistance to SCR and provide important guidance for SCR resistance breeding. 相似文献
7.
Peronospora radii de Bary 1863, a new record in Israel, was found in January 1985 to be the cause of a downy mildew of cultivated marguerite daisies, cv. ‘Scheine von Nizza’ (a cultivar ofArgyranthemum frutescens: Anthemideae: Compositae), grown in an unheated greenhouse in the Coastal Plain. The same fungal species was found in February 1986 on the very common, wildChrysanthemum coronarium (Anthemideae), 13 km distant from the previous year’s location. Conidia of the fungus on ‘Nizza’ leaves had average dimensions similar to those on ‘Nizza’ flowers, but differed in variance (minimal and maximal length and width) and 40% of them had papillate apicesvs 4% in conidia from flowers. The average length and width of conidia from both leaves and flowers of ‘Nizza’ were slightly above those already described forP. radii in the literature. The conidia fromCh. coronarium had average lengths, widths and quotients significantly higher than those from ‘Nizza’ and from the previously published data, extending the range to 43.8 x 24.3 μm, quotient: 1.83vs the highest published averages of 34.2 x 23.74 μm, quotient: 1.70. OnCh. coronarium, the dimensions of conidia had great variance within samples from the same plant and differed significantly even between plants at the same time and location, showing this fungus to have more variability than was previously known. Oospores, known elsewhere for this species, were not found in Israel. The disease was successfully transmitted from diseasedCh. coronarium to healthyCh. coronarium and ‘Nizza’(A. frutescens) but not to another, white-flowered cultivar ofA. frutescens, when all these different plants were transplanted and grown together in physical contact. Isozyme analysis, performed on conidial samples ofP. radii from leaves of both species of hosts and flowers ofCh. coronarium, corroborated that the pathogen was the same on each host and on both petals and leaves. The disease was eradicated by chemical treatment in the commercial greenhouse and also disappeared without treatment in infected plants kept over summer in a dry, airconditioned glasshouse. 相似文献
8.
F. Mansour 《Phytoparasitica》1984,12(3-4):163-166
Chiracanthium mildei L. Koch (Araneae: Clubionidae) spiders, from two populations, were collected and reared in the laboratory. One originated from a citrus grove at Kibbutz Afeq and the other from an experimental cotton field at the Newe Ya’ar Experiment Station. Laboratory evaluation indicated that the Afeq strain was more tolerant to malathion than the Newe Ya’ar strain (resistance factor of x3.3). When spiders of the Afeq strain were exposed to chlorypyrifos (Dursban) and malathion residues, chlorpyrifos was much more toxic. 相似文献
9.
The efficacy of cymoxanil, Pulsan (oxadixyl + mancozeb + cymoxanil, 1:7:0.4) and Sandocur-M (oxadixyl + mancozeb + cymoxanil, 1:7:2) in controlling late blight was examined in potatoes (cv. ‘Alpha’). Nine oxadixyl-sensitive and seven oxadixyl-resistant isolates ofPhytophthora infestons from six countries were tested. ED90 values of cymoxanil ranged between 64 and 467 mg a.i./l. No relationship was observed between sensitivity to cymoxanil and sensitivity to oxadixyl. Isolate S6A (1305) from California was the most sensitive to cymoxanil (ED90 = 64 mg/l), whereas isolate R11 from Israel was the least sensitive (ED90 = 467 mg/l). Most isolates from Israel were less sensitive (ED90 = 151–467 mg/l) than isolates from Switzerland, the Netherlands, Ireland, Mexico or California (ED90 = 64–152 mg/l). Three-way mixtures of cymoxanil with mancozeb and oxadixyl were more inhibitory than cymoxanil alone, regardless of the isolate. Sandocur-M was, for most isolates, more effective than Pulsan. The correlation coefficient between sensitivity to cymoxanil and sensitivity to Sandocur-M was 0.67, while that between cymoxanil and Pulsan was 0.76. 相似文献
10.
Hideo Ishii Yutaka Kimura 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,150(2):507-513
Phytoplasma suspected symptoms of little leaf, flat stem, witches’ broom and leaf yellowing were recorded on the four legume species, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) and mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) in the states of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Kerala from 2014 to 2016. DNA specific fragments of approximately 1.3 kb were amplified from symptomatic samples of cowpea, pigeon pea, lentil and mung bean in nested PCR assays by using two sets of universal phytoplasma nested specific primers P1/P7 followed by 3Far/3Rev. No DNA amplifications were observed in any of the non-symptomatic legume samples with same primer pairs. Pair wise sequence comparison, phylogeny and virtual RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA sequences of the four legume species confirmed the association of four different groups and subgroups of phytoplasmas in the present study. The mung bean witches’ broom at Delhi was identified to be associated with strain related to ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ (16SrII-D), pigeon pea little leaf at Faizabad, UP with strain related to ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’ (16SrIX-C), lentil witches’ broom at Faizabad, UP with ‘Ca. P. trifolii’ (16SrVI-D) and cow pea flat stem disease at Kerala with ‘Ca. P. cynodontis’ (16SrXIV-A). Association of ‘Ca. P. cynodontis' (16SrXIV-A) infecting cowpea, ‘Ca. P. trifolii’ (16SrVI-D) in lentil and phytoplasmas strain related to ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’ (16SrIX-C) infecting pigeon pea are the new reports to the world. 相似文献
11.
12.
The potential use of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes against the beetleMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was determined under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Infective juveniles (IJ’s) of the nematodeHeterorhabditis sp., Hp88 strain, mixed with soil at a concentration as low as 50 IJ’s/cm3 soil, resulted in 86% control. No increase in control was obtained with higher nematode concentrations. Soil surface application of the nematodes at concentrations of 160 and 640 IJ’s/cm2 was sufficient to obtain 87% and 86% mortality, respectively, even at a depth of 40 cm below the soil surface. TheHeterorhabditis sp. Hp88 strain was found to be the most pathogenic to the beetle grubs at 25°C. Lower control levels of 30-47% were achieved byHeterorhabditis sp. HL81 strain,S. feltiae ‘All’ strain and 5.bibionis CR strain. The nematodeHeterorhabditis sp. BS strain did not have any effect on insect mortality. However, at a temperature of 16°C, the HL81 strain ofHeterorhabditis sp. was the most effective. Grubs 3-5 wk old were found to be the most susceptible developmental stage of infection ofHeterorhabditis sp. Hp88 strain. Pupae, which were exposed to the nematodes in the same experimental regime, were not affected. The results obtained in the present study suggest thatM. matrida is an attractive candidate for biological control by entomoparasitic nematodes. 相似文献
13.
Insecticides commonly used in cotton fields in Israel against lepidopterous pests were tested against eggs, as well as against 2nd-instar larvae and adults raised from eggs ofSpodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) collected in cotton fields in the Bet She’an Valley. Methomyl, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, monocrotophos, ethyl parathion, and methyl parathion were effective against eggs even at low doses, profenofos and phosfolan were less active, and azinphos-methyl was ineffective. The doses needed for 90% kill (LD 90 ) of the 2nd-instar larvae were 8.5, 35, 280, 1300 and 3400 g a.i./1000 m 2 for chlorpyrifos, methomyl, profenofos, methyl parathion and ethyl parathion, respectively; monocrotophos was inactive against 2nd-instar larvae even at relatively high doses. The LD 90 of adults was reached with 16, 32, 1700 and 6100 ga.i./l000 m2 of chlorpyrifos, methomyl, ethyl parathion and profenofos, respectively. Only chlorpyrifos and methomyl gave successful control of all three stages of the insect tested, at doses close to those generally used with aerial applications. 相似文献
14.
J. Halperin 《Phytoparasitica》1986,14(2):119-135
Data are presented on the occurrence of Braconidae (Hymenoptera parasitica) parasitizing insects associated with forest and ornamental trees and shrubs in Israel. Fifty-five genera of plants are listed, the richest in braconid fauna being tamarisk (9 species); acacia, pistachio and poplar (8 species each); carob and oak (7 species each). Of the 95 species of insect hosts mentioned, 53 are Lepidoptera, mostly Gelechiidae (7 species), Pyralidae (6 species), Noctuidae (5 species), Gracillariidae, Tortricidae, Geometridae, Lymantriidae and Lycaenidae (3 species each); 44 are Coleoptera, mostly Cerambycidae (13 species), Scolytidae (12 species), and Bostrichidae (9 species); three are Diptera. Of the 92 species of braconids listed, of which only 65 have been fully named, 56 develop in Lepidoptera, mostly Noctuidae (15 species), Gelechiidae (11 species) and Pyralidae (9 species); 33 species develop in Coleoptera, mostly Cerambycidae (12 species, Bostrichidae (10 species) and Scolytidae (5 species); and three species develop in Diptera. Thirty-eight species are new to the fauna of Israel; at least three of them are new to science,viz., Gnaptodon, Gildoria andDendrosotinus titubatus Papp. 相似文献
15.
M. Wysoki 《Phytoparasitica》1979,7(2):101-106
A list is given of the beneficial insects introduced into Israel during 1971–1978 by the Institute of Plant Protection Quarantine Laboratory for biological control of plant pests. The list includes 15 species of Hymenoptera (14 parasites and one parasite/predator) as well as four coleopterous predators. Included are each shipment’s origin, date and sender, as well as the results of these introductions. 相似文献
16.
The reliability of biochemical diagnostic methods for avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV) was evaluated for the Israeli avocado propagation program. Polyacry-lamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was compared with hybridization toin vitro 32P-labeled cDNA and ASBV-RNA probes. Although hybridization to a cDNA probe was the most sensitive method, not all known infected plants were detected. In the light of these results, the problem of diagnosing ASBV in the Israeli propagation program is discussed. 相似文献
17.
Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis Antonio Archidona-Yuste Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete Eleni Nasiou Maria S. Lazanaki Emmanouil M. Kabourakis Juan E. Palomares-Rius Pablo Castillo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,140(3):563-590
The occurrence and geographic distribution of longidorid nematode species inhabiting the rhizosphere of cultivated and wild olive and grapevine in Crete Island were investigated. Morphological and morphometrical studies identified five Longidorus and six Xiphinema species, with frequencies of prevalence (for wild and cultivated olives and grapevines, respectively) as follows: Longidorus closelongatus (2.0–13.3 %), L. cretensis (1.0–6.7 %), L. moesicus (13.3 % only in grapevines), L. orientalis (3.3 % only in grapevines), L. pseudoelongatus (7.0 % only in olives), Xiphinema cretense n. sp. (3.0 % only in olives), X. index (3.0–23.3 %), X. israeliae (6.3 % only in olives), X. italiae (3.3–10.0 %), X. pachtaicum (26.7–42 %) and X. simile (3.3 % only in grapevines). Xiphinema cretense n. sp. is characterized by a body size 3,872–6,135 μm long, lip region anteriorly rounded, separated from the rest of the body by a depression, odontostyle and odontophore 140.6 and 80.3 μm long respectively, vulva position at 46.0–50.5 %, female tail 31.0–38.0 μm long, nearly hemispherical with curvature essentially dorsal and with a tip completely rounded or presenting a very short bulge, c ratio (119.1–186.9), c’ ratio (0.7–0.8). Molecular characterisation using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS1-rRNA was carried out and maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analysis were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among these species and with other longidorids. 相似文献
18.
This contribution focuses on recent interceptions and introductions of alien scale insects and their current distribution in European and Mediterranean countries. Data and collections were gathered in markets, nurseries, and botanical gardens, mostly in Italy, either indoors or outdoors. New or recent records of the following alien species are presented: Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison); Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae); Coccus viridis (Green); Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) (Coccidae); Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead); Aspidiotus destructor Signoret; Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead; Fiorinia fioriniae Targioni Tozzetti; Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis (Bouché); Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei Williams (Diaspididae). New data and pest status of Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell (Phoenicococcidae) and Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Pseudococcidae) are also reported. The possible repeated introductions of the latter from North Africa to south Italy by trans-Mediterranean winds, is hypothesized. 相似文献
19.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) proved to be a sensitive detector for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in orange fruits (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Samples of five fruits were taken from 350-kg packing house containers and tested by ELISA to predict the infection rate of CTV in two infected orange groves. The predicted infection rates, 1% and 11%, were in reasonable agreement with the observed rates of 1% (15/1400) and 16% (324/2053), respectively. The 360 test samples from reputedly uninfected groves all tested negative. These results suggest that the ELISA procedure may provide a general method of detecting viral or other systemic pathogenic infections using the fruit as the test material in place of tree tissue. Fruit samples can be collected routinely at the packing house to reduce test costs. 相似文献
20.
Madhavan Srinivasan Satya Vijayalakshmi Kothandaraman Paranidharan Vaikuntavasan Velazhahan Rethinasamy 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(4):437-444
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum capsici, is a major disease of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) affecting both fruit and seed quality. The pathogen is both internally and externally seedborne. However, a rapid and sensitive method for detection of this pathogen in seeds is currently limited. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was developed for specific and sensitive detection of C. capsici in chilli seeds and fruits. The developed SCAR primers were highly specific to C. capsici and resulted in the amplification of an expected 250-bp fragment from genomic DNA of all seven of the C. capsici isolates tested. No amplification occurred when the SCAR primers were tested with genomic DNA from three other fungal isolates and four other Colletotrichum species. The SCAR primers successfully amplified similar sized fragments from DNA derived from C. capsici-infected chilli fruits. The molecular detection sensitivity of C. capsici was 1 pg of purified C. capsici DNA template and 25 ng of DNA from C. capsici-infected chilli fruits. A real-time PCR assay was also developed using SYBR Green chemistry for detection of C. capsici in chilli fruits and seeds. The standard curve obtained showed a linear correlation between copy number of the cloned target DNA sequence of C. capsici and cycle threshold (Ct) values, with R2 of 0.98. These PCR-based assays may be highly useful in detection of this important pathogen in chilli seeds and fruits in plant quarantine laboratories. 相似文献