共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 828 毫秒
1.
During 1972–1976 four species of African encyrtid wasps were introduced into Israel and released against the Mediterranean black scale,Saissetia oleae (Olivier), in citrus and olive groves.Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) andM. aff. stanleyi Compere were recovered in small numbers.M. bartletti Annecke and Mynhardt andM. lounsburyi (Howard), which were found in large numbers on citrus during the release season, seem to be promising for the biological control of the black scale. 相似文献
2.
Species of entomophthoraceous fungi attacking insects and mites are very well represented in Israel. In the last decade, 22 species ofEntomophthora sensu stricto, Triplosporium, Zoophthora, Conidiobolus, and others under the designationEntomophthora sensu lato, have been identified, of which three are new species:Entomophthora turbinata, Zoophthora erinacea andZ. orientalis. Fiftyfour host-pathogen combinations hitherto not recorded in Israel are listed, of which 19 insect species are new hosts of entomophthoraceous species anywhere. 相似文献
3.
Daniel Blumberg 《Phytoparasitica》2008,36(5):411-448
This review summarizes the current knowledge on the distribution, natural history, economic importance and management of 16
major species of date palm pests in Israel. Another 15, rarely occurring, pest species are also identified. Research on the
date palm pests in Israel was initiated against a background of severe outbreaks of scale insects in the late 1950s. These
outbreaks were caused mainly by unrestrained use of organophosphates. This situation led to the gradual development of an
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, which was implemented first against scale insects and later against fruit pests.
The IMP approach resulted in successful control of the scale insects, up to the present, whereas agrotechnical and crop management
procedures, including covering the fruit bunches with plastic nets and early harvesting of several date cultivars, were successfully
applied to achieve efficient control of the fruit moths. In addition, the use of chemical compounds in date plantations was
drastically reduced and restricted to heavy foci of pest infestation. In time, microbial control, mainly application ofBacillus thuringiensis products against the lesser date moth, and the use of pheromone traps for monitoring and controlling red palm weevil, enabled
further reductions in the use of synthetic insecticides. The overall change in pest management also significantly improved
the preservation of natural enemies of the pests in the plantations. Whereas in the 1950s the major problems were caused by
the parlatoria date scale and the green scale, in the early 2000s the key pests in date plantations in Israel are the lesser
date moth and sap beetles in most of the date-growing areas, and spider mites which are restricted to the Arava Valley. Future
management of the first two of these pests should rely on an improved monitoring system and integration of pheromone application
for reduction of the population and damage. Efforst should be made to prevent the red palm weevil, which currently is a potential
pest, from becoming an actual key pest in date plantations. 相似文献
4.
A. Basheer L. Asslan A. Rachhed F. Abd Alrazaq A. Saleh B. Alshadidi R. Assad 《EPPO Bulletin》2014,44(1):47-56
A survey for primary and secondary Hymenopteran parasitoids of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in fruit orchards (apple, plum, date, olive, fig, citrus), was conducted in Syria during 2009–2012. Thirty three species of parasitoids belonging to the families Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae were recorded as parasitoids on scale insects. Thirty two of these were primary parasitoids and one was a hyperparasitoid. The family with the greatest number of genera and species is Encyrtidae with 8 genera (48% of the total) and 12 species (35% of the total). The genus with the greatest number of Encyrtid species was Metaphycus. Parasitoids of scale insects identified included several species already included on the List of biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region ‘EPPO Positive list' and suggestions for additions to this list were made. 相似文献
5.
Invasive tropical Noctuidae pest species collected in Israel included Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval), Trichoplusia vittata (Wallengren), Anomis flava (Fabricius), Anomis sabulifera (Guenée), Earias vittella (Fabricius), Earias biplaga Walker, and Earias cupreoviridis (Walker). All seven noctuid species were rare and sporadically present only along the coastal plain. Possible reasons for this type of distribution are discussed. Abundance was greatest in May with smaller peaks present in February–March and September. Several common parasitoid species – Elasmus flabellatus (Fonscolombe), Elasmus nudus (Nees) and Elasmus viridiceps Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with potential as biological control agents for tropical noctuids, are detected in Israel. 相似文献
6.
7.
M. Wysoki 《Phytoparasitica》1979,7(2):101-106
A list is given of the beneficial insects introduced into Israel during 1971–1978 by the Institute of Plant Protection Quarantine Laboratory for biological control of plant pests. The list includes 15 species of Hymenoptera (14 parasites and one parasite/predator) as well as four coleopterous predators. Included are each shipment’s origin, date and sender, as well as the results of these introductions. 相似文献
8.
For the last 20 years there has been a trend of dynamic change in the relative composition of the parasite complex of the Florida red scale,Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), in Israel —Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach (an ectoparasite) being gradually replaced byPteroptrix smithi (Compere) (an endoparasite). Monthly sampling of fruits and leaves in citrus groves located along the coastal plain in Israel indicated that the Florida red scale is effectively controlled by its parasites. The two parasite species coexist in the citrus groves,P. smithi generally being the dominant species. Parasitism byA. holoxanthus is relatively low during autumn and winter, increasing gradually during the spring and reaching a peak between May and August. Parasitism byP. smithi remains relatively high throughout the year. 相似文献
9.
A study was conducted to determine the extent of resistance to malathion in field populations of insects collected from nine granaries located in different regions of Israel. The results showed that the maximum resistance factor calcuated from the LCso s of the different insect species tested was:Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), x 538.0;Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), x 8.0;Sitophilus oryzae (L.), x 1.2; andRhyzopertha dominica (F.), x 9.0. There were significant differences between the resistance level among strains collected from different locations in Israel. By using triphenyl phosphate (TPP), an inhibitor of carboxyesterase, it was shown that, in the case ofT. castaneum andR. dominica, the resistance is a malathion-specific type and that in the case ofO. surinamensis it is partially non-specific to malathion. The significance of these findings in selecting new insecticides to replace malathion as a grain protectant was considered. 相似文献
10.
Natural enemies associated with armoured scale insects were surveyed in Antalya province during the years 1992-1996. The surveys yielded 16 species of predators and 11 species of parasitoids associated with 11 species of scale insects. One predator species—Lestodiplosisaonidiellae Harris, one hyperparasite species—Ablerusperspeciosus Girault, and one parasitoid species—Coccophagoidesmoeris (Walker), are recorded for the first time in Turkey. Three coleopterans, namely,Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus),Cybocephalus fodori- minor Endrödy-Younga andRhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell), were found to be the most common predators and to be associated with the diverse species of diaspidids in Antalya and are known so also in other parts of Turkey. Among the parasitoids found,Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) andAphytis melinus DeBach are known to be relatively important onAonidiella aurantii (Maskell),Aphytis maculicornis (Masi) onParlatoria oleae (Colvée),Aphytis mytilaspidis (LeBaron) onLepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), andEncarsia berlesei (Howard) onPseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), in Antalya and/or other parts of Turkey. 相似文献
11.
Alla M. Gol’berg 《Phytoparasitica》1979,7(1):31-32
The fungusEntomophthora culicis (Braun) Fies. 1858 was found in Israel for the first time in 1976 on insects of the order Diptera on grapefruit. 相似文献
12.
The review describes the history of pheromone research in Israel in 1975–2015. The research focused on sex pheromones of moths that were important agricultural pests. Identification, synthesis and field application of sex pheromones was performed. Synthetic procedures of several known sex pheromones were developed. Monitoring and control of key pest moths was evaluated. The interactions of pheromone components of closely related species were studied in field and laboratory experiments. The sex pheromones of three scale insects, two mealybug species and Matsucoccus josephi were studied. New syntheses were developed and the pheromones were implemented in pest management. Structure activity relationship of the pheromonal and kairomonal of the M. josephi pheromone was investigated. Different pherotypes of P. ficus were identified and evaluated. The aggregation pheromone of sap beetles in combination with food baits was evaluated. The aggregation pheromone of the almond bark beetle was identified and a stereospecific synthesis of its enantiomers was developed. Monitoring the pest in stone fruit orchards was implemented. The activity of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) was studied in Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis peltigera. The ligation technique was used to assess the effect of PBAN on the production of female and male pheromones. A structure-activity relationship study of PBAN indicated that shorter peptides display activity as the full length PBAN. A series of linear and cyclic peptide analogs was prepared, resulting in the discovery of a lead antagonist. The research and development activity facilitated the intensive integration of pheromones in the pest management regimes in Israeli agriculture. 相似文献
13.
Two localMegastigmus species were found to be parasitoids on the invasive Eucalyptus gall waspLeptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle in Turkey and Israel.Megastigmus sp, from Israel is a larval and pupal parasitoid ofL. Invasa. Both species are biparental. Features showing morphological differences between them are presented. The biology, distribution
and potential efficiency as biological control agents are discussed. 相似文献
14.
David Rosen 《Phytoparasitica》1973,1(1):47-54
Armored scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) are among the most important pests in agriculture. For various reasons, they are considered promising targets for biological control projects. Ectoparasites of the genusAphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are usually their most effective natural enemies. Lack of success in biological control was sometimes associated with overemphasis on predators or endoparasites. The value of biosystematic research cannot be overemphasized. Surveys should be conducted both before and after colonization of natural enemies. Population trends can be followed by successive sampling. Twigs of uniform age and size usually provide adequate sampling units for armored scale insects; predators can be counted by direct observation; parasite abundance is best determined by dissection of host samples. Life tables can be constructed from such data. Importation of exotic natural enemies is preferred to the various methods of manipulation. Basic ecological studies should never delay actual importation. Multiple introductions of natural enemies are strongly recommended. The search for natural enemies should cover the entire range of distribution of the pest. Experimental exclusion methods are recommended for evaluation of the efficacy of natural enemies of armored scale insects. Field plots should be representative of typical bioclimatic areas, and should be entirely free from detrimental effects of abnormal conditions, dust or non-selective pesticides. Methods of augmentation or conservation of natural enemies should be carefully evaluated in field tests before they are adopted as routine practices. The effect of commercial pesticides on natural enemies can be determined in laboratory and field trials. Effective integrated control can be achieved by judicious use of relatively selective pesticides, in the least disruptive modes of application, in combination with a vigorous program of biological control. 相似文献
15.
The citrus leafminer,Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, was first discovered in citrus groves in Israel in 1994. A biological control project was launched immediately and six species of natural enemies of the pest were introduced from Thailand, China, Australia and Florida. These were reared and released in citrus groves. At present, most have been recovered from the release sites and some seem to have become established, with relatively high rates of parasitization. The current status of the pest and of its indigenous and introduced natural enemies is briefly discussed. 相似文献
16.
17.
Malkie Spodek Yair Ben-Dov Lily Mondaca Alex Protasov Eyal Erel Zvi Mendel 《Phytoparasitica》2018,46(1):45-55
In Israel, the cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, an invasive scale insect, was reported for the first time in the Jordan Valley in 2008 on basil (Ocimum basilicum) and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). This mealybug is highly polyphagous with economic and environmental impacts. Since then, Ph. solenopsis has spread to almost every region of Israel and developed high populations on several ornamental plants, mainly Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae) and Lantana sp. (Verbenaceae). It has become a pest in greenhouses, mainly on bell pepper, tomato, and eggplant (Solanaceae) and a serious threat in cotton fields. Fourteen species of insect natural enemies have been found in association with Ph. solenopsis in Israel the common ones were: Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hym. Encyrtidae), Cheilomenes propinqua (Mulsant), Hyperaspis vinciguerrae (Capra); H. polita Weise, Exochomus nigripennis (Erichson), Parascymnus varius Kirsch and Scymnus flagellisiphonatus (Fursch) (Col., Coccinellidae). To date, the population density of Ph. solenopsis in Israel is steeply decreasing in most regions of Israel due to the activity of A. arizonensis. An identification key to distinguish between adult females of the eight species belonging to the genus Phenacoccus in Israel is also provided. 相似文献
18.
In recent years, several species of alien scale insects have arrived and spread rapidly through European and Mediterranean countries. One hundred and twenty‐nine species of alien scale insects have so far been recorded in Europe. This paper presents a list of alien scale insect species for Croatia, comprising 56 species from 8 different families. Four of them are new records for Croatia: Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 1906, Ichnaspis longirostris (Signoret, 1882), Phoenicococcus marlatii (Cockerell, 1899) and Spilococcus mammillariae (Bouche, 1844). The majority of species recorded belong to the following families: Diaspididae (28 species), Coccidae (12 species), Pseudococcidae (10 species), Eriococcidae (two species). The scale insect families Dactylopidae, Margarodidae, Ortheziidae and Pheniococcidae comprised only one recorded alien species each. During the time frame covered in the review (from the beginning of the 20th century until 2015), the majority of alien scale insect species (23) were registered in the period from 2000 to 2015. Data on the origin of introduced alien scale insects shows that the majority of the species originate from Asia (22 species), followed by North America (6 species), Africa, Australia and Central America (5 species each) and South America (4 species), with 9 species being of unknown origin. 相似文献
19.
Z. Mendel 《Phytoparasitica》1987,15(2):131-137
The important pests of the three main tree genera used in afforestation in Israel are described. The pine pests are the Israeli bast scale,Matsucoccus josephi; the pine processionary caterpillar,Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni; the bark beetlesOrthotomicus erosus, Pityogenes calcaratus andTomicus destruens; and the Mediterranean shoot moth,Rhyacionia buoliana thurificana. The cypress pests are the bark beetlesPhloeosinus armatus andP. aubei. The eucalypt borerPhoracantha semipunctata is the sole significant pest of eucalypts. All of these pests, except for the last, are considered endemic species which maintained themselves in the natural relict stands. Routine chemical control operations are conducted only againstT. wilkinsoni. Natural enemies are capable of keeping the other pest populations under good control if appropriate silvicultural measures and practices are in use. 相似文献
20.
Neal R. Spencer 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):444-450
Abstract The Agricultural Research Service of the USDA has been actively engaged in research on the biological control of aquatic weeds since 1959. Research emphasis until 1967 was on alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. As a result of this research, three species of insects from Argentina were released in the southeastern United States. Alligatorweed control with these natural enemies has been variable; but indications are that control will be substantial over most of the range of the weed. One species of weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, has been released against water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in the USA as a result of research in Argentina. A second closely related species, N. bruchi Hustache, is presently undergoing final clearance procedures. Several other arthropods are being studied in Argentina as possible biological control agents of water hyacinth. A USA sponsored programme in Yugoslavia under the direction of Dr M Leki? resulted in the discovery of two insect species that show potential as control agents for eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L. Further testing for host specificity of these insects will be carried out in the USA in quarantine in Florida. A USA sponsored Pakistan programme under Dr M. A. Ghani is investigating insects and other phytophagous organisms attacking Hydrilla verticillata Royle. The results are encouraging. PANS 20: 444–450, 1974. 相似文献