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1.
ObjectiveTo compare the effects of propofol and alfaxalone on respiration in cats.Study designRandomized, ‘blinded’, prospective clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.MethodsAfter premedication with medetomidine 0.01 mg kg−1 intramuscularly and meloxicam 0.3 mg kg−1 subcutaneously, the cats were assigned randomly into two groups: group A (n = 10) were administered alfaxalone 5 mg kg−1 minute−1 followed by 10 mg kg−1 hour−1 intravenously (IV) and group P (n = 10) were administered propofol 6 mg kg−1 minute−1 followed by 12 mg kg−1hour−1 IV for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, respectively. After endotracheal intubation, the tube was connected to a non-rebreathing system delivering 100% oxygen. The anaesthetic maintenance drug rate was adjusted (± 0.5 mg kg−1 hour−1) every 5 minutes according to a scoring sheet based on physiologic variables and clinical signs. If apnoea > 30 seconds, end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO2) > 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) or arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 90% occurred, manual ventilation was provided. Methadone was administered postoperatively. Data were analyzed using independent-samples t-tests, Fisher's exact test, linear mixed-effects models and binomial test.ResultsManual ventilation was required in two and eight of the cats in group A and P, respectively (p = 0.02). Two cats in both groups showed apnoea. Pe′CO2 > 7.3 kPa was recorded in zero versus four and SpO2 < 90% in zero versus six cats in groups A and P respectively. Induction and maintenance dose rates (mean ± SD) were 11.6 ± 0.3 mg kg−1 and 10.7 ± 0.8 mg kg−1 hour−1 for alfaxalone and 11.7 ± 2.7 mg kg−1 and 12.4 ± 0.5 mg kg−1 hour−1 for propofol.Conclusion and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone had less adverse influence on respiration than propofol in cats premedicated with medetomidine. Alfaxalone might be better than propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia when artificial ventilation cannot be provided.  相似文献   

2.
ObjectiveTo evaluate effects of repeated alfaxalone or propofol administration on haematological and serum biochemical variables in cats undergoing radiotherapy.Study designProspective, block-randomized, clinical trial.AnimalsA group of 39 client-owned cats.MethodsAfter butorphanol (0.2 mg kg–1) and midazolam (0.1 mg kg–1) sedation, cats were randomly assigned to receive either alfaxalone or propofol for induction of anaesthesia and sevoflurane maintenance. Cats were anaesthetized daily with the same induction agent for 10–12 days. Complete blood counts, reticulocytes, Heinz body score and serum biochemistry were performed before the first treatment (T1), at T6, T10 and 3 weeks after the final treatment (T21). Cumulative induction agent dose for each cat at each time point was evaluated for an effect on Heinz body score. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation; p < 0.05.ResultsAt baseline there were no significant differences in signalment or blood variables between groups. A significant decrease in haematocrit of 2.3% ± 0.77 (p = 0.02) between T1-T6 and T1-T10 [mean 4.1% (± 0.78, p < 0.0001)] was detected, with a significant increase in haematocrit of 2.1% ± 0.80 (p = 0.046) between T6-T21 and 4.0% ± 0.8 (p < 0.001) between T10-T21. Heinz body score significantly increased by 1.86 ± 0.616 (p = 0.013) between T1-T10. In the propofol group, reticulocytes increased significantly between T1-T6 [mean 23,090 μL–1 ± 7670 (p = 0.02)] and T1-T10 [mean 27,440 μL–1 ± 7990 (p = 0.007)]. Mean cumulative dose at T10 was 19.65 mg kg–1 ± 5.3 and 43.4 mg kg–1 ± 14.4 for alfaxalone and propofol, respectively, with no significant effect on Heinz body formation at any time point.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceHaematocrit decreased in both groups with recovery after 3 weeks. Repeated alfaxalone and propofol administration was not associated with marked haematological or serum biochemistry changes.  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveTo determine the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of a constant rate infusion of fentanyl in sheep anaesthetized with isoflurane and undergoing orthopaedic surgery.Study designProspective, randomised, ‘blinded’ controlled study.AnimalsTwenty healthy sheep (weight mean 41.1 ± SD 4.5 kg).MethodsSheep were sedated with intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine (4 μg kg−1) and morphine (0.2 mg kg−1). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (1 mg kg−1 minute−1 to effect IV) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of fentanyl 10 μg kg−1 hour−1 (group F) or saline (group P) for 100 minutes. The anaesthetic induction dose of propofol, isoflurane expiratory fraction (Fe’iso) required for maintenance and cardiorespiratory measurements were recorded and blood gases analyzed at predetermined intervals. The quality of recovery was assessed. Results were compared between groups using t-tests or Mann–Whitney as relevant.ResultsThe propofol induction dose was 4.7 ± 2.4 mg kg−1. Fe’iso was significantly lower (by 22.6%) in group F sheep than group P (p = 0). Cardiac index (mean ± SD mL kg−1 minute−1) was significantly (p = 0.012) lower in group F (90 ± 15) than group P (102 ± 35). Other measured cardiorespiratory parameters did not differ statistically significantly between groups. Recovery times and recovery quality were statistically similar in both groups.Conclusions and clinical relevanceFentanyl reduced isoflurane requirements without clinically affecting the cardiorespiratory stability or post-operative recovery in anaesthetized sheep undergoing orthopaedic surgery.  相似文献   

4.
ObjectivesAssess effects of benzodiazepine administration on the propofol dose required to induce anaesthesia in healthy cats, investigate differences between midazolam and diazepam, and determine an optimal benzodiazepine dose for co-induction.Study designProspective, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.AnimalsNinety client-owned cats (ASA I and II) with a median (interquartile range) body mass of 4.0 (3.4–4.9) kg.MethodsAll cats received 0.01 mg kg−1 acepromazine and 0.2 mg kg−1 methadone intravenously (IV). Fifteen minutes later, sedation was scored on a scale of 1–5, with 5 indicating greatest sedation. Propofol, 2 mg kg−1, administered IV, was followed by either midazolam or diazepam at 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 mg kg−1 or saline 0.1 mL kg−1. Further propofol was administered until endotracheal intubation was possible. Patient signalment, sedation score, propofol dosage and adverse reactions were recorded.ResultsMidazolam and diazepam (all doses) significantly reduced the propofol dose required compared with saline (p < 0.001). There was no difference between midazolam and diazepam in propofol dose reduction (p = 0.488). All individual doses of midazolam reduced propofol requirement compared with saline (0.2 mg kg−1, p = 0.028; 0.3 mg kg−1, p = 0.006; 0.4 mg kg−1, p < 0.001; 0.5 mg kg−1, p = 0.009). Diazepam 0.2 mg kg−1 did not reduce the propofol dose compared with saline (p = 0.087), but the remaining doses did (0.3 mg kg−1, p = 0.001; 0.4 mg kg−1, p = 0.032; 0.5 mg kg−1, p = 0.041). Cats with sedation scores of 3 required less propofol than cats with scores of 2 (p = 0.008). There was no difference between groups in adverse events.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMidazolam (0.2–0.5 mg kg−1) and diazepam (0.3–0.5 mg kg−1) administered IV after 2 mg kg−1 propofol significantly reduced the propofol dose required for tracheal intubation.  相似文献   

5.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the antiemetic effect of butorphanol (BUT) when co-administered with dexmedetomidine (DEX) in cats.Study designDouble-blind, randomized controlled cross-over experimental study.AnimalsFourteen purpose-bred healthy Domestic Short Hair cats, seven females and seven males, aged median (range) 14–84 (78) months and weighing 1.7–5.5 (4.0) kg.MethodsEach cat received five different treatment protocols intramuscularly (IM): (A) 25 μg kg−1 DEX; (B) 20 μg kg−1 DEX and 0.2 mg kg−1 BUT; (C) 20 μg kg−1 DEX and 0.1 mg kg−1 BUT; (D) 25 μg kg−1 DEX and 0.2 mg kg−1 BUT; and (E) 20 μg kg−1 DEX. Episodes of emesis, incidence and severity of nausea, and time to lateral recumbency were recorded for a period of 8 minutes after treatment administration, and the sedation was scored at the end of this period. The Friedman test and the Cochran’s Q-test were used to analyse the data. Significance was evaluated at the 5% level.ResultsThe proportion of cats that vomited was significantly lower with the treatment protocols that included BUT (B, C and D) compared with the protocols that included only DEX (A and E). The proportion of cats that had nausea was significantly higher with the protocols that included only DEX (A and E) compared with protocols B and D. Time to lateral recumbency (p = 0.09) and sedation score (p = 0.07) was not statistically different between the treatment protocols.Conclusions and clinical relevanceButorphanol can be used to prevent emesis and reduce the incidence and the severity of nausea caused by DEX in cats. It seems that the combination of BUT and DEX is very useful not only when emesis could result in serious complications, but also to provide comfort and well-being in cats sedated for minor procedures.  相似文献   

6.
ObjectiveTo assess the potential of a thermal carbon dioxide (CO2) laser to explore antinociception in pain-free cats.Study designExperimental, prospective, blinded, randomized study.AnimalsSixty healthy adult female cats with a (mean ± standard deviation) weight of 3.3 ± 0.6 kg.MethodsCats were systematically allocated to one of six treatments: saline 0.2 mL per cat; morphine 0.5 mg kg−1; buprenorphine 20 μg kg−1; medetomidine 2 μg kg−1; tramadol 2 mg kg−1, and ketoprofen 2 mg kg−1. Latency to respond to thermal stimulation was assessed at baseline and at intervals of 15–30, 30–45, 45–60, 60–75, 90–105 and 120–135 minutes. Thermal thresholds were assessed using time to respond behaviourally to stimulation with a 500 mW CO2 laser. Within-treatment differences in response latency were assessed using Friedman’s test. Differences amongst treatments were assessed using independent Kruskal–Wallis tests. Where significant effects were identified, pairwise comparisons were conducted to elucidate the direction of the effect.ResultsCats treated with morphine (X2 = 12.90, df = 6, p = 0.045) and tramadol (X2 = 20.28, df = 6, p = 0.002) showed significant increases in latency to respond. However, subsequent pairwise comparisons indicated that differences in latencies at specific time-points were significant (p < 0.05) only for tramadol at 60–75 and 90–105 minutes after administration (21.9 and 43.6 seconds, respectively) in comparison with baseline (11.0 seconds). No significant pairwise comparisons were found within the morphine treatment. Injections of saline, ketoprofen, medetomidine or buprenorphine showed no significant effect on latency to respond.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe CO2 laser technique may have utility in the assessment of thermal nociceptive thresholds in pain-free cats after analgesic administration and may provide a simpler alternative to existing systems. Further exploration is required to examine its sensitivity and comparative utility.  相似文献   

7.
ObjectiveTo determine if pressure support ventilation (PSV) weaning from general anesthesia affects ventilation or oxygenation in horses.Study designProspective randomized clinical study.AnimalsTwenty client‐owned healthy horses aged 5 ± 2 years, weighing 456 ± 90 kg.MethodsIn the control group (CG; n = 10) weaning was performed by a gradual decrease in respiratory rate (fR) and in the PSV group (PSVG; n = 10) by a gradual decrease in fR with PSV. The effect of weaning was considered suboptimal if PaCO2 > 50 mmHg, arterial pH < 7.35 plus PaCO2 > 50 mmHg or PaO2 < 60 mmHg were observed at any time after disconnection from the ventilator until 30 minutes after the horse stood. Threshold values for each index were established and the predictive power of these values was tested.ResultsPressure support ventilation group (PSVG) had (mean ± SD) pH 7.36 ± 0.02 and PaCO2 41 ± 3 mmHg at weaning and the average lowest PaO2 69 ± 6 mmHg was observed 15 minutes post weaning. The CG had pH 7.32 ± 0.02 and PaCO2 57 ± 6 mmHg at weaning and the average lowest PaO2 48 ± 5 mmHg at 15 minutes post weaning. No accuracy in predicting weaning effect was observed for fR (p = 0.3474), minute volume (p = 0.1153), SaO2 (p = 0.1737) and PaO2/PAO2 (p = 0.1529). A high accuracy in predicting an optimal effect of weaning was observed for VT > 10 L (p = 0.0001), fR/VT ratio ≤ 0.60 breaths minute?1 L?1 (p = 0.0001), VT/bodyweight > 18.5 mL kg?1 (p = 0.0001) and PaO2/FiO2 > 298 (p = 0.0002) at weaning. A high accuracy in predicting a suboptimal effect of weaning was observed for VT < 10 L (p = 0.0001), fR/VT ratio ≥ 0.60 breaths minute?1 L?1 (p = 0.0001) and Pe′CO2 ≥ 38 mmHg (p = 0.0001) at weaning.Conclusions and clinical relevancePressure support ventilation (PSV) weaning had a better respiratory outcome. A higher VT, VT/body weight, PaO2/FiO2 ratio and a lower fR/VT ratio and Pe′CO2 were accurate in predicting the effect of weaning in healthy horses recovering from general anesthesia.  相似文献   

8.
ObjectiveTo determine the potency ratio between S-ketamine and racemic ketamine as inductive agents for achieving tracheal intubation in dogs.Study designProspective, randomized, ‘blinded’, clinical trial conducted in two consecutive phases.Animals112 client-owned dogs (ASA I or II).MethodsAll animals were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg−1) and methadone (0.2 mg kg−1). In phase 1, midazolam (0.2 mg kg−1) with either 3 mg kg−1 of racemic ketamine (group K) or 1.5 mg kg−1 of S-ketamine (group S) was administered IV, for induction of anaesthesia and intubation. Up to two additional doses of racemic (1.5 mg kg−1) or S-ketamine (0.75 mg kg−1) were administered if required. In phase 2, midazolam (0.2 mg kg−1) with 1 mg kg−1 of either racemic ketamine (group K) or S-ketamine (group S) was injected and followed by a continuous infusion (1 mg kg minute−1) of each respective drug. Differences between groups were statistically analyzed via t-test, Fisher exact test and ANOVA for repeated measures.ResultsDemographics and quality and duration of premedication, induction and intubation were comparable among groups. During phase 1 it was possible to achieve tracheal intubation after a single dose in more dogs in group K (n = 25) than in group S (n = 16) (p = 0.046). A dose of 3 mg kg−1 S-ketamine allowed tracheal intubation in the same number of dogs as 4.5 mg kg−1 of racemic ketamine. The estimated potency ratio was 1.5:1. During phase 2, the total dose (mean ± SD) of S-ketamine (4.02 ±1.56 mg kg−1) and racemic ketamine (4.01 ± 1.42) required for tracheal intubation was similar.Conclusion and clinical relevanceRacemic and S-ketamine provide a similar quality of anaesthetic induction and intubation. S-ketamine is not twice as potent as racemic ketamine and, if infused, the potency ratio is 1:1.  相似文献   

9.
ObjectiveTo determine whether physiological, haematological, biochemical or electrolyte variables can predict severe haemorrhage in cats.Study designRandomized crossover study whereby each cat underwent mild and severe haemorrhage, with a 2 month period between events.AnimalsA group of six domestic cats aged 21 ± 1 months and weighing 4.9 ± 1.2 kg, mean ± standard deviation.MethodsCats were anaesthetized (buprenorphine, alfaxalone, isoflurane in oxygen at a fixed end-tidal concentration of 1.7%) before the haemorrhage event. In total, 34 variables were measured twice (prehaemorrhage and posthaemorrhage). The difference and percent change for each variable were compared between haemorrhage events (paired t test). Significant variables were placed into 13 different ratios (posthaemorrhage value of one variable divided by a posthaemorrhage value of a second variable) and compared (paired t test), and Cohen’s d (d) was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted and cut-off values for weak, moderate and strong indicators of severe haemorrhage were obtained.ResultsThe blood loss was 4.5 ± 1.1 mL kg–1 and 26.8 ± 5.5 mL kg–1 for mild and severe haemorrhage events, respectively. The most significant variables with large effect sizes were heart rate (HR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO2), serum albumin, haematocrit and actual bicarbonate ion concentration [HCO3−(act)]. The most robust ratios were: 1) shock index (d = –2.8; HR:SAP); 2) HR:Pe′CO2 (d = –2.9); 3) serum albumin: haematocrit (d = 1.5); and 4) HR:HCO3−(act) (d = –1.6). These ratios were included in the final proposed Cat Acute Bleeding Scoring System (CABSS).Conclusionsand clinical relevance Cats subjected to mild and severe haemorrhage demonstrated statistically and clinically relevant changes whereby four ratios could be created to make up the CABSS. The ratios detected and quantified the presence of severe haemorrhage in anaesthetized cats.  相似文献   

10.
ObjectivesTo compare the anaesthetic, analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular (IM) medetomidine and ketamine administered alone or combined with morphine or tramadol, for orchiectomy in cats.Study designRandomised, blinded, prospective clinical study.AnimalsThirty client-owned cats.Materials and methodsCats (n = 10 in each group) received a combination of medetomidine (60 μgkg?1) and ketamine (10 mg kg?1) alone (MedK); combined with morphine (0.2 mg kg?1) (MedKM), or combined with tramadol (2 mg kg?1) (MedKT) IM. Time of induction, surgical and recovery events were recorded, and physiological parameters measured and recorded. Analgesia was evaluated with a visual analogue scale, a composite scoring system and the von Frey mechanical threshold device, every hour from three to eight hours post-drug administration injection. Data were analyzed with a linear mixed model, Kruskal–Wallis or Chi-square tests (p < 0.05).ResultsMedian (IQR) induction and recovery times (minutes) were not significantly (p = 0.125) different between groups: 5.6 (2.7–8.0), 7.4 (5.1–9.6) and 8.0 (5.8–14.9) for induction and 128.5 (95.1–142.8), 166.4 (123.1–210.0) and 142.9 (123.4–180.2) for recovery, with MedK, MedKT and MedKM, respectively. Two cats (MedKM) required alfaxalone for endotracheal intubation. In all groups, three or four cats required additional isoflurane for surgery. Arterial oxygen tension overall (mean ± SD: 66 ± 2 mmHg) was low. Surgery resulted in increased systolic arterial blood pressure (p < 0.001), haemoglobin saturation (p < 0.001), respiratory (p = 0.003) and heart rates (p = 0.002). Pain scores did not differ significantly between groups. Von Frey responses decreased over time; changes over time varied by treatment (p < 0.001), MedK returning to baseline values more rapidly than MedKM and MedKT. No cat required rescue analgesics.Conclusion and clinical relevanceAll three protocols can provide adequate anaesthesia and analgesia for orchiectomy in cats. However, rescue intervention to maintain surgical anaesthesia may be required in some cats. Oxygen supplementation is advised.  相似文献   

11.
ObjectiveTo measure cutaneous electrical nociceptive thresholds in relation to known thermal and mechanical stimulation for nociceptive threshold detection in cats.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized cross-over study with 1-week washout interval.AnimalsEight adult cats [bodyweight 5.1 ± 1.8 kg (mean + SD)].MethodsMechanical nociceptive thresholds were tested using a step-wise manual inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder attached to the cat’s thoracic limb. Thermal nociceptive thresholds were measured by increasing the temperature of a probe placed on the thorax. The electrical nociceptive threshold was tested using an escalating current from a constant current generator passed between electrodes placed on the thoracic region. A positive response (threshold) was recorded when cats displayed any or all of the following behaviors: leg shake, head turn, avoidance, or vocalization. Four baseline readings were performed before intramuscular injection of meperidine (5 mg kg−1) or an equal volume of saline. Threshold recordings with each modality were made at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-injection. Data were analyzed using anova and paired t-tests (significance at p < 0.05).ResultsThere were no significant changes in thermal, mechanical, or electrical thresholds after saline. Thermal thresholds increased at 15–60 minutes (p < 0.01) and mechanical threshold increased at 30 and 45 minutes after meperidine (p < 0.05). Maximum thermal threshold was +4.1 ± 0.3 °C above baseline at 15 minutes while maximum mechanical threshold was 296 ± 265 mmHg above baseline at 30 minutes after meperidine. Electrical thresholds following meperidine were not significantly different than baseline (p > 0.05). Thermal and electrical thresholds after meperidine were significantly higher than saline at 30 and 45 minutes (p < 0.05), and at 120 minutes (p < 0.05), respectively. Mechanical thresholds were significantly higher than saline treatment at 30 minutes (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion and clinical relevanceElectrical stimulation did not detect meperidine analgesia whereas both thermal and mechanical thresholds changed after meperidine administration in cats.  相似文献   

12.
ObjectiveTo compare the effects of continuous rate infusions (CRIs) of intravenous (IV) morphine and morphine-tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane, and on electroencephalographic entropy indices in dogs.DesignProspective study.AnimalsEight young, healthy German shepherds, weighing 26.3 ± 3.1 kg (mean ± SD).MethodsAnaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane. A standard tail-clamp technique was used for MAC determination. Within one anaesthetic period, MAC was first determined during sevoflurane anaesthesia alone (MACB); then during morphine infusion (MACM), (loading dose 0.5 mg kg−1IM; CRI, 0.2 mg kg−1hour−1) then finally during morphine-tramadol infusion (tramadol loading dose 1.5 mg kg−1IV; CRI, 2.6 mg kg−1 hour−1) (MACMT). At each change, periods of 45 minutes were allowed for equilibration. Stated entropy (SE), response entropy (RE), and RE-SE differences were measured five minutes prior to and during tail clamping.ResultsThe MACB was 2.1 ± 0.3vol%. The morphine and morphine-tramadol infusions reduced MAC to 1.6 ± 0.3vol% and 1.3 ± 0.3vol%, respectively. MAC was decreased below baseline more during morphine-tramadol than during morphine alone (39 ± 9% versus 25 ± 6%, respectively; p = 0.003). All SE and RE and most RE-SE differences were increased significantly (p < 0.05) over pre-stimulation in all groups when the dogs responded purposefully to noxious stimulation. When no response to noxious stimulation occurred, the entropy indices did not change.Conclusion and clinical relevanceIn dogs, combined morphine-tramadol CRI decreased sevoflurane MAC more than morphine CRI alone. Entropy indices changed during nociceptive responses in anaesthetized animals, suggesting that entropy measurements may be useful in determining anaesthetic depth in dogs.  相似文献   

13.
ObjectiveTo compare baseline cardiovascular function in anesthetised pigs using either pancuronium or vecuronium as a neuromuscular blocker.Study designRetrospective, non-randomized comparison.AnimalsNorwegian Land Race pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) weighing mean 42 ± SD 3 kg.MethodsOne hundred and sixteen animals from four different research protocols premedicated with identical doses of ketamine, diazepam, atropine and isoflurane, and anaesthetised with pentobarbital, fentanyl, midazolam and N2O were arranged into three uniform groups with respect to neuromuscular blocking agent: pancuronium bolus of 0.063 mg kg−1 followed by 0.14 mg kg−1 hour−1 (n = 54), low-dose vecuronium 0.4 mg kg−1/0.2 mg kg−1 hour−1 (n = 29) and high-dose vecuronium 0.6 mg kg−1/0.3 mg kg−1 hour−1 (n = 33).ResultsThe majority of cardiovascular parameters demonstrated no significant differences between groups. For heart rate, there was an overall group difference, p = 0.036. Dromotropy was low in the pancuronium group, with an increased normalised PR-interval compared to the high-dose vecuronium group, median 0.200 interquartile range (0.190, 0.215) versus 0.182 (0.166, 0.199), p < 0.05. Left ventricular compliance was increased in pancuronium-treated animals, demonstrated as a reduction in the nonlinear end-diastolic pressure volume relationship β compared to both vecuronium groups, 0.021 (0.016, 0.025) versus 0.031 (0.025, 0.046) and 0.031 (0.022, 0.048), p < 0.05. The linear end-diastolic pressure volume relationship EDPVRlin was reduced as well in the pancuronium group, compared to the low-dose vecuronium group, 0.131 (0.116, 0.169) versus 0.181 (0.148, 0.247), p < 0.05.ConclusionsThere are only minor haemodynamic differences when using pancuronium compared to vecuronium in the fentanyl-pentobarbital-midazolam-N2O anesthetised domestic pigs. Furthermore, increasing doses of vecuronium have minimal haemodynamic effects.Clinical relevanceExperimental studies in pigs using either pancuronium or vecuronium as a neuromuscular blocking agent are comparable with regard to cardiac and haemodynamic performance.  相似文献   

14.
ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between body mass and thoracic dimensions on arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2) in anaesthetized horses and ponies positioned in dorsal recumbency.Study designProspective clinical study.AnimalsThirty six client-owned horses and ponies, mean [±SD (range)] age 8.1 ± 4.8 (1.5–20) years and mean body mass 467 ± 115 (203–656) kg.MethodsBefore general anaesthesia, food and water were withheld for 12 and 1 hours respectively. Body mass (kg), height at the withers (H), thoracic circumference (C), thoracic depth (length between dorsal spinous process and sternum; D), thoracic width (between point of shoulders; W), and thoracic diagonal length (point of shoulder to last rib; L) were measured. Pre-anaesthetic medication was with intravenous (IV) romifidine (0.1 mg kg−1). Anaesthesia was induced with an IV ketamine (2.2 mg kg−1) and diazepam (0.05 mg kg−1) combination and maintained with halothane in 1:1 oxygen:nitrous oxide (N2O) mixture. Animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency and allowed to breathe spontaneously. Nitrous oxide was discontinued after 10 minutes, and arterial blood samples obtained and analysed for gas tensions at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after connection to the anaesthetic breathing circuit. Data were analysed using anova and Pearson's correlation co-efficient.ResultsThe height per unit body mass (H kg−1) and thoracic circumference per unit body mass (C kg−1) correlated strongly (r = 0.85, p < 0.001 and r = 0.82, p < 0.001 respectively) with arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2) at 15 minutes.ConclusionsThere is a strong positive correlation between H kg−1 and C kg−1 and PaO2 after 15 minutes of anaesthesia in halothane-anaesthetized horses positioned in dorsal recumbency.Clinical relevanceReadily obtained linear measurements (height and thoracic circumference) and body mass may be used to predict the ability of horses to oxygenate during anaesthesia.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveDetermine if maropitant decreases the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane during stimulation of the ovarian ligament in cats.Study designProspective study.AnimalsFifteen, female cats weighing 2.5 ± 0.6kg (mean ± SD).MethodsAnesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane. The right ovary was accessed via laparoscopy. A suture around the ovary and ovarian ligament was exteriorized through the abdominal wall for stimulation. A stimulus–response curve was created to identify the optimal force for MAC comparisons. In 10 cats, MAC was determined with only sevoflurane (baseline) then after 1 and 5 mg kg?1 intravenous maropitant administration. The stimulation tension force used was 4.9 N. Repeated measures anova was used to compare the groups. MAC was defined as the average of the cross‐over concentrations and reported MAC is adjusted to sea‐level and depicted as mean ± SD.ResultsThe stimulus‐response curve was hyperbolic and plateaued at 4.3 ± 3 N. The optimal tension force chosen to compare MAC was 4.9 N. The baseline sevoflurane MAC was 2.96 ± 0.3%. Maropitant, 1 mg kg?1, decreased the MAC to 2.51 ± 0.3% (15%, p < 0.01). The higher maropitant dose of 5 mg kg?1 did not change MAC further when compared to the low dose (2.46 ± 0.4%, p = 0.33).Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe ovarian ligament stimulation model is suitable to determine MAC during visceral stimulation in cats. Maropitant decreased the anesthetic requirements during visceral ovarian and ovarian ligament stimulation in cats. Maropitant (1 mg kg?1) decreases MAC by 15%; a higher dose had no additional effect.  相似文献   

16.
ObjectiveTo assess anesthetic induction, recovery quality and cardiopulmonary variables after intramuscular (IM) injection of three drug combinations for immobilization of horses.Study designRandomized, blinded, three-way crossover prospective design.AnimalsA total of eight healthy adult horses weighing 470–575 kg.MethodsHorses were administered three treatments IM separated by ≥1 week. Combinations were tiletamine–zolazepam (1.2 mg kg−1), ketamine (1 mg kg−1) and detomidine (0.04 mg kg−1) (treatment TKD); ketamine (3 mg kg−1) and detomidine (0.04 mg kg−1) (treatment KD); and tiletamine–zolazepam (2.4 mg kg−1) and detomidine (0.04 mg kg−1) (treatment TD). Parametric data were analyzed using mixed model linear regression. Nonparametric data were compared using Skillings–Mack test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAll horses in treatment TD became recumbent. In treatments KD and TKD, one horse remained standing. PaO2 15 minutes after recumbency was significantly lower in treatments TD (p < 0.0005) and TKD (p = 0.001) than in treatment KD. Times to first movement (25 ± 15 minutes) and sternal recumbency (55 ± 11 minutes) in treatment KD were faster than in treatments TD (57 ± 17 and 76 ± 19 minutes; p < 0.0005, p = 0.001) and TKD (45 ± 18 and 73 ± 31 minutes; p = 0.005, p = 0.021). There were no differences in induction quality, muscle relaxation score, number of attempts to stand or recovery quality.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn domestic horses, IM injections of tiletamine–zolazepam–detomidine resulted in more reliable recumbency with a longer duration when compared with ketamine–detomidine and tiletamine–zolazepam–ketamine–detomidine. Recoveries were comparable among protocols.  相似文献   

17.
ObjectiveTo determine whether healthy and traumatized dogs receiving a constant rate infusion (CRI) of either morphine or fentanyl have decreased urine production.Study designProspective randomized controlled study.Animal populationEighteen privately owned previously healthy dogs that had undergone trauma were included. Twenty-three privately owned healthy dogs were used as the controls.MethodsTraumatized dogs were randomized into one of two groups. Group Tmorphine received a CRI of morphine (0.12 mg kg−1 hour−1) and group Tfentanyl received a CRI of fentanyl (3 μg kg−1 hour−1) both administered in lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) at a rate of 60 mL kg−1 day−1. Control healthy dogs were randomized into one of three groups. The LRS control group (CLRS) (n = 8) received LRS at a rate of 60 mL kg−1 day−1. Group Cmorphine (n = 8) and group Cfentanyl (n = 7) received the same infusions as Tmorphine and Tfentanyl, respectively. Collected data were identical for all groups and consisted of measuring total fluid administered, urine output, and urine specific gravity (USG) for a 24-hour period. An analysis of variance (anova) was used for statistical analysis and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsUrine output was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in all groups compared with the LRS control group. The end mean USG was significantly lower (p = 0.003) in the LRS control group compared with all other groups.ConclusionsThere was a decrease in urine output with a CRI of morphine or fentanyl in both healthy and traumatized dogs.Clinical relevanceDecreased urine output caused by an opioid effect might lead to improper assessments of renal function and urine production.  相似文献   

18.
ObjectiveTo assess the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) to dogs.Study designRandomized experimental trial.AnimalsSeven healthy male neutered Beagles aged 12.13 ± 1.2 months and weighing 11.72 ± 1.10 kg.MethodsThe study was a randomized Latin square block design. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive hydromorphone hydrochloride 0.1 mg kg−1 or 0.5 mg kg−1 IV (n = 4 dogs) or 0.1 mg kg−1 (n = 6) or 0.5 mg kg−1 (n = 5) SC on separate occasions with a minimum 14-day washout between experiments. Blood was sampled via a vascular access port at serial intervals after drug administration. Serum was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with computer software.ResultsSerum concentrations of hydromorphone decreased quickly after both routes of administration of either dose. The serum half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution after IV hydromorphone at 0.1 mg kg−1 were 0.57 hours (geometric mean), 106.28 mL minute−1 kg−1, and 5.35 L kg−1, and at 0.5 mg kg−1 were 1.00 hour, 60.30 mL minute−1 kg−1, and 5.23 L kg−1, respectively. The serum half-life after SC hydromorphone at 0.1 mg kg−1 and 0.5 mg kg−1 was 0.66 hours and 1.11 hours, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceHydromorphone has a short half-life, suggesting that frequent dosing intervals are needed. Based on pharmacokinetic parameters calculated in this study, 0.1 mg kg−1 IV or SC q 2 hours or a constant rate infusion of hydromorphone at 0.03 mg kg−1 hour−1 are suggested for future studies to assess the analgesic effect of hydromorphone.  相似文献   

19.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the benefit and specifically the feasibility of using ultrasound in ophthalmologic periconal block, and the occurrence of complications.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsTen healthy New Zealand White rabbits (6–8 months of age), weighing 2.0–3.5 kg.MethodsRabbits were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of acepromazine (1 mg kg−1), ketamine (30 mg kg−1) and xylazine (3 mg kg−1). Ultrasound-assisted periconal block with lidocaine was performed on 18 eyes. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry whereas corneal sensitivity was assessed using an esthesiometer, before and after each periconal anesthesia.ResultsIn all 18 eyes, it was possible to adequately visualize the needle shaft within the periconal space, as well as muscular cone, optic nerve and local anesthetic solution spread. Lidocaine 2% without epinephrine (0.79 ± 0.19 mL) was injected into the periconal space. There was no statistical difference between the intraocular pressure (mean ± SD) measured before (10.9 ± 2.9 mmHg) and after (11.9 ± 3.8 mmHg) the periconal anesthesia (p = 0.38). The effectiveness of the ultrasound-assisted technique was shown according to the values for corneal sensitivity, assessed before and after periconal anesthesia (p < 0.0001). Complications were not observed in this study.ConclusionsEye ultrasonography allowed visualization of all anatomic structures necessary to perform a periconal block, as well as the needle insertion and anesthetic spread in real time. Further studies are required to prove the real potential of ultrasound for reducing the incidence of complications associated with ophthalmic blocks, especially when anatomic disorders of the eye could potentially increase the risk.Clinical relevanceUltrasonography is a painless, noninvasive tool that may improve safety of ophthalmic regional blocks, potentially by reducing the prevalence of globe perforation or penetration of the optic nerve associated with the needle-based techniques.  相似文献   

20.
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of age, sevoflurane and isoflurane on atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade in 3–16 week-old lambs.Study designProspective randomized experimental trial.AnimalsTwenty-six Scottish blackface ewe-lambs were anaesthetized for spinal surgery when either 3–6 (mean age 4.6 weeks; n = 18) or 12–16 weeks (mean age 13.7 weeks; n = 15) of age; seven animals were anaesthetized at both ages.MethodsAfter intramuscular injection of medetomidine (10 μg kg?1) anaesthesia was induced in the younger lambs either with isoflurane or sevoflurane in oxygen delivered by mask, and in the older lambs with ketamine (4 mg kg?1), and midazolam (0.2 mg kg?1) administered intravenously (IV). In both groups anaesthesia was maintained with fixed end-tidal concentrations of either sevoflurane (2.8%) or isoflurane (1.8%) delivered in oxygen. Before surgery meloxicam (0.6 mg kg?1), morphine (0.5 mg kg?1) and ketamine (1 mg kg?1 followed by 10 μg kg?1 minute?1) were administered IV. The lungs were ventilated mechanically to maintain normocapnia. Neuromuscular block was achieved with a loading dose (LD) of atracurium (0.5 mg kg?1 IV). The peroneal nerve was stimulated (train-of-four every 12 seconds). Evoked responses in the digital extensor muscles were evaluated by palpation and observation. Maintenance doses (MD) of atracurium (0.17 mg kg?1 IV) were administered when the first twitch (T1) returned. The onset and duration of LD action (T1 absent) and the duration of MD were recorded. Data were analysed using Student's t test, Mann–Whitney U test, repeated–measures anova, Wilcoxon's matched pairs test or Pearson correlation coefficient as relevant (p < 0.05).ResultsOnset of LD action developed significantly (p < 0.05) more rapidly in isoflurane compared with sevoflurane-anaesthetized lambs (55 ± 18 cf. 80 ± 37 seconds). Duration of action of LDs and MDs was longer (p < 0.05) in lambs aged 12–16 than 3–6 weeks (33 ± 5.4 cf. 25 ± 6.4 and 26 ± 4.2 cf. 18 ± 5.5 minutes) but were independent of the anaesthetic used.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe effect of atracurium is age-dependent in lambs being prolonged in older animals. The onset of neuromuscular blockade is more rapid in isoflurane compared with sevoflurane-anaesthetized lambs.  相似文献   

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