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1.
Radiation treatment planning is performed on images that do not take variation in patient position into account. To compensate for expected variations in position of the patient, a three‐dimensional expansion of the clinical target volume, or set‐up margin, is added. Variations in patient position can be decreased through use of an immobilization device, allowing selection of a smaller set‐up margin. The objective of this prospective study was comparison of interfractional variation in patient position between set‐ups of the canine head region using palpation of bony landmarks and set‐ups using a head‐repositioning device. Fiducial markers were attached to the skull bones of three research dogs, and the dogs were positioned as for a typical radiation treatment of the head region using both set‐up methods. A kilovoltage on‐board imager was used to acquire orthogonal images and the difference between the x‐, y‐, and z‐axis coordinates of each fiducial marker relative to the initial reference isocenter was measured. The difference in patient position for each axis coordinate was significantly lower for set‐ups using the head‐repositioning device than for set‐ups using bony landmarks (P<0.05). Ninety‐five percent of the absolute values of the displacement vector differences were <4.62 mm for set‐up using bony landmarks, and <1.93 mm for set‐up using the head‐repositioning device. A minimum set‐up margin of 5–6 mm is recommended when patient set‐up is based on bony landmarks and of 2–3 mm when the head‐repositioning device is used.  相似文献   

2.
For canine and feline patients with head tumors, simultaneous irradiation of the primary tumor and mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (LNs) is often indicated. The purpose of this study was to assess the repeatability of a planning target volume (PTV) expansion protocol for these LNs. Two CT image sets from 44 dogs and 37 cats that underwent radiation therapy for head tumors were compared to determine LN repositioning accuracy and precision; planning‐CT (for radiation therapy planning) and cone‐beam CT (at the time of actual treatment sessions). Eleven percent of dogs and 65% of cats received treatment to their LNs. In dogs, the mandibular LNs were positioned more caudally (P = 0.0002) and the right mandibular and right retropharyngeal LNs were positioned more to the left side of the patient (P = 0.00015 and P = 0.003, respectively). In cats, left mandibular LN was positioned higher (toward roof) than the planning‐CT (P = 0.028). In conclusion, when the patient immobilization devices and bony anatomy matching are used to align the primary head target and these LNs are treated simultaneously, an asymmetrical PTV expansion that ranges 4–9 mm (dogs) and 2–4 mm (cats), depending on the directions of couch movement, should be used to include the LNs within the PTV at least 95% of the time.  相似文献   

3.
Renal pelvic dilatation is often recognized sonographically in dogs and cats, but ranges of measurements expected with different urologic conditions remain unknown. Ultrasound images of 81 dogs and 66 cats with renal pelvic dilatation were reviewed, and six groups were formed based on medical records: (I) clinically normal renal function, and (II) clinically normal renal function with diuresis; (III) pyelonephritis; (IV) noninfectious renal insufficiency; (V) outflow obstruction; (VI) miscellaneous nonobstructive anomalies. Medians for maximal pelvic width (range) for group I was 2.0 mm (1.0–3.8) in 11 dogs, and 1.6 mm (0.8–3.2) in 10 cats; for group II, 2.5 mm (1.3–3.6) in 15 dogs, and 2.3 mm (1.1–3.4) in 16 cats; for group III, 3.6 mm (1.9–12.0) in nine dogs, and 4.0 mm (1.7–12.4) in seven cats; for group IV, 3.1 mm (0.5–10.8) in 33 dogs, and 2.8 mm (1.2–7.3) in 13 cats; for group V, 15.1 mm (5.1–76.2) in six dogs, and 6.8 mm (1.2–39.1) in 17 cats; and for group VI, 3.8 mm (1.2–7.6) in seven dogs, and 3.0 mm (1.3–7.5) in three cats. Pelvic width in group I was lower than in groups III–V (P=0.0001), but did not significantly differ from group II. Pelvic width ≥13 mm always indicated obstruction. While the proportion of bilateral pelvic dilatation was not different among groups, the difference in pelvic width (maximal–minimal) was greater in group V vs. groups I, II, and IV (P=0.0009). These results confirm that renal pelvic dilatation can be detected sonographically in dogs and cats with clinically normal renal function, and that it increases with renal insufficiency, pyelonephritis, or outflow obstruction. Nevertheless, renal pelvic width varies substantially within groups and should be interpreted with caution.  相似文献   

4.
Airway remodeling is a prominent feature of feline allergic asthma but requires biopsy for characterization. Computed tomography (CT) has appeal as a minimally invasive diagnostic test. The purpose of this prospective case–control study was to compare indices of airway remodeling between cats with experimentally induced, spontaneous asthma and healthy unaffected cats using CT. We hypothesized that experimental and spontaneous feline asthma would have similar CT airway remodeling characteristics and that these would be significantly different in healthy cats. Experimentally induced asthmatic research cats (n = 5), spontaneously asthmatic pet cats (n = 6), and healthy research cats (n = 5) were scanned unrestrained using a 64‐detector row CT scanner. Inspiratory breath‐hold CT scans were also performed in experimentally induced asthmatic and healthy cats. Mean ± extent variation of lung attenuation for each cat was determined using an airway inspector software program and CT images were scored for lung heterogeneity by a board‐certified veterinary radiologist who was unaware of cat group status. Groups were compared using one‐way ANOVA (unrestrained scans) and the Student's t‐test (anesthetized scans) with significance defined as P < 0.10. Experimentally asthmatic and spontaneously asthmatic cats had significantly (P = 0.028 and P = 0.073, respectively) increased lung attenuation compared to healthy cats. Heterogeneity scores were higher in experimentally induced asthmatic cat than in healthy cats. Objective quantification of lung heterogeneity and lung volume did not differ among the three groups (P = 0.311, P = 0.181, respectively). Findings supported our hypothesis. Inspiratory breath‐hold anesthetized CT scans facilitated discrimination between asthmatic and healthy cats in comparison to unrestrained CT scans.  相似文献   

5.
Objective: To determine if electrocardiogram (ECG) changes induced by hyperkalemia in clinical patients correspond with previously reported changes in experimental animals. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Two private practice 24‐hour emergency and critical care facilities. Animals: Fifteen dogs and 22 cats with serum potassium levels >5.5 mEq/L. Interventions: None. Measurements: The following data were collected when hyperkalemia was documented: ECG (n=37), sodium and chloride (mEq/L) (n=35), total magnesium (mg/dL) (n=18), total calcium (mg/dL) (n=30), and venous pH (n=18). Animals were divided into five groups based on severity of hyperkalemia and ECG interpretation included rate, rhythm and P‐QRS‐T evaluation. Main Results: Twenty‐two of 37 (59%) of the ECGs were normal or revealed abnormalities that have not been previously described in conjunction with hyperkalemia. In dogs, there was no correlation (r=0) between potassium blood levels and heart rate (n=15). There was weak correlation (r=0.40; P=0.06) between potassium blood levels and heart rate in cats (n=22). The correlation was stronger (r=0.64; P<0.05) when data were compared in cats with serum potassium level >8.5 mEq/L (Groups 4 and Group 5; n=11). Conclusions: ECGs obtained from ill dogs and cats with hyperkalemia are inconsistent with ECGs from experimentally induced hyperkalemia. It is difficult to determine the clinical relevance of heart rate differences between cats with serum potassium levels >8.5 mEq/L and animals with experimentally induced hyperkalemia; this may be due to the presence of other biochemical abnormalities in diseased animals.  相似文献   

6.
Objective – To characterize the clinical presentation, management, and in‐hospital outcomes of dogs and cats diagnosed with acute congestive heart failure (CHF). Design – Retrospective study of animals seen between January 2007 and May 2008. Setting – Emergency service at a university teaching hospital. Animals – Ninety dogs and 55 cats with CHF. Measurements and Main Results – Patient characteristics, including age, clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, diagnostic testing, and outcome were recorded. Forty‐eight of the animals already were receiving cardiac medications at the time of presentation. The most common diseases represented were chronic valvular disease and cardiomyopathies. Cats had significantly lower median body temperature at admission compared with dogs (P<0.001). The most common abnormalities were elevated lactate (64%), elevated BUN (52%), hypochloremia (31%), hyperglycemia (27%), and elevated liver enzymes (26%). Many of these became even more prevalent during hospitalization. One hundred and sixteen animals were discharged from the hospital, for a survival rate of 80%. There was no survival difference between dogs and cats (P=0.39). Dogs that developed hypokalemia during hospital stay (P=0.04) were more likely to survive compared with those without hypokalemia and initial body temperature was lower for those cats that did not survive (P=0.02). Of those that did not survive, the majority were euthanized (n=25), while 4 dogs died. Conclusions – Dogs and cats presented to the emergency service with CHF had a high survival rate. In cats, initial body temperature was lower for those cats that did not survive. Although clinicopathologic abnormalities were common in both species, only dogs with hypokalemia had improved survival to hospital discharge.  相似文献   

7.
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is an important cause of respiratory disease in dogs and cats but few reports describe its radiographic appearance. The purpose of this retrospective case series study was to describe radiographic findings in a large cohort of dogs and cats with presumed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and to test associations among radiographic findings versus cause of edema. Medical records were retrieved for dogs and cats with presumed noncardiogenic edema based on history, radiographic findings, and outcome. Radiographs were reviewed to assess lung pattern and distribution of the edema. Correlation with the cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema was evaluated with a Fisher's exact test. A total of 49 dogs and 11 cats were included. Causes for the noncardiogenic edema were airway obstruction (n = 23), direct pulmonary injury (n = 13), severe neurologic stimulation (n = 12), systemic disease (n = 6), near‐drowning (n = 3), anaphylaxis (n = 2) and blood transfusion (n = 1). Mixed, symmetric, peripheral, multifocal, bilateral, and dorsal lung patterns were observed in 44 (73.3%), 46 (76.7%), 55 (91.7%), 46 (76.7%), 46 (76.7%), and 34 (57.6%) of 60 animals, respectively. When the distribution was unilateral, pulmonary infiltration involved mainly the right lung lobes (12 of 14, 85.7%). Increased pulmonary opacity was more often asymmetric, unilateral, and dorsal for postobstructive pulmonary edema compared to other types of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, but no other significant correlations could be identified. In conclusion, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema may present with a quite variable radiographic appearance in dogs and cats.  相似文献   

8.
An ideal head‐immobilization method provides a high level of accuracy and reproducibility in the immobilization. Various head‐immobilization methods for radiotherapy have been published and are excellent in terms of accuracy; however, these methods are complicated to use, and labor intensive. The present study describes two new bite block‐type head‐immobilization devices designed for higher stability and lower vertical variation. The device designed in our previous study (the bite block‐type head‐immobilization device; Device A) was modified by making a groove on the top the horizontal plate (Device B) for a stable ventral‐dorsal position, or beneath the horizontal plate (Device C) for a stable dorsal‐ventral position. The three devices were objectively compared with respect to setup time, and accuracy of the computed tomography scan images by two authors independently. Five male healthy beagles were used in this study. For each device, the setup time and the variation in the coordinates were measured five times for each dog. The mean setup times for Devices A, B, and C were 3.3, 1.5, and 2.4 min, respectively, showing the groove modifications were able to reduce the setup time (in device B, by at least 50%). Moreover, three‐dimensional analysis of the computed tomography images revealed that the measurement variability of Device A (1.6 ± 1.0 mm) was significantly higher than that of Device C (0.7 ± 0.4 mm; P < 0.001). Collectively, our results show that use of a bite block‐type head‐immobilization device with a groove improves the setup time and head‐immobilization accuracy.  相似文献   

9.
Objective – To describe the use of continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring for management of status epilepticus (SE) in dogs and cats. Design – Retrospective study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Ten patients (7 dogs, 3 cats) with SE of differing etiology (idiopathic epilepsy, n=3; toxicity, n=4; meningoencephalitis, n=2; undefined, n=1). Interventions – The EEG was recorded continuously from 5 stainless‐steel needle electrodes inserted SC. Animals were treated with diazepam and phenobarbital followed by either propofol (n=3) or pentobarbital (n=7) as a continuous rate of infusion. Measurements and Main Results – Clinical seizures stopped after induction of anesthesia in each animal. The EEG, however, still showed distinct epileptiform patterns (spikes, polyspikes) in all animals. Paroxysms were suppressed by increasing the infusion rate of either pentobarbital or propofol. A burst‐suppression pattern was achieved in 5 animals. EEG epileptiform activity reappeared in 4 animals when attempting to taper the dose after >6 hours of anesthesia. This was interpreted as ongoing EEG seizure activity and an increased risk for clinical seizures, and the anesthetic dosage was adjusted accordingly. Conclusion – Continuous EEG monitoring appears to be a useful tool for therapeutic monitoring of SE in dogs and cats. It allows the detection of EEG seizures without the appearance of clinical seizures. Further investigations with blinded investigators and homogeneous animal groups to define therapeutic endpoints are warranted.  相似文献   

10.
We retrospectively evaluated predictive prognostic factors in 73 cats with vaccine‐associated sarcoma given postsurgical curative (n = 46, most with clean margins) or coarse fractionated radiotherapy (n = 27, most with either macroscopic disease or dirty margins). The former animals displayed a median survival of 43 months and a median progression free interval (PFI) of 37 months, the latter reached a median survival of 24 months and a median PFI of 10 months. In cats undergoing coarse fractionated therapy, factors predictive of a better outcome included lack of visible mass (n = 10) as opposed to macroscopic disease (n = 17, survival: 30 versus 7 months, P = 0.025; PFI: 20 versus 4 months, P = 0.01), adjuvant chemotherapy for gross disease (n = 5/17, survival: 29 versus 5 months, P = 0.04) and a smaller number of surgeries preceding radiation therapy (coeff = 0.41, P = 0.03). The Ki67 index was not predictive for survival. We concluded that postsurgical curative and coarse fractionated radiotherapy are effective legitimate options for managing vaccine‐associated sarcomas.  相似文献   

11.
Objective – To determine whether myoglobin (Mb) is a useful prognostic indicator for outcome and to investigate any relationship between Mb and mortality in dogs with gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV). Design – Prospective study. Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – Seventy‐two dogs with GDV. Interventions – Blood sampling. Measurements and Main Results – Mb levels were measured at the time of diagnosis (Mbt0), 24 hours (Mbt1), and 48 hours (Mbt2) after signs of GDV were recognized. Fifty‐seven dogs survived (group I) and 15 dogs did not survive (group II). Mb t0 differed significantly between groups (P=0.04). Mbt0 in group I ranged from <30 to >700 ng/mL (n=57, median 74 ng/mL), and in group II from 34 to >700 ng/mL (n=15, median 238 ng/mL). Analysis of a receiver operating characteristic curve of Mbt0 suggested that the best single cutpoint would be 168 ng/mL (sensitivity 60.0%, specificity 84.2%). Fifty percent of dogs with Mbt0>168 ng/mL were euthanized, while 88.9% with Mbt0<168 ng/mL survived. Mbt1 and Mbt2 differed significantly between groups I and II. Mbt1 in group I ranged from 32 to >700 ng/mL (n=55, median 123 ng/mL), and Mbt1 in group II ranged from 131 to 643 ng/mL (n=7, median 343 ng/mL) (P=0.006). Mbt2 in group I ranged from 30 to 597 ng/mL (n=54, median 101 ng/mL), and in group II from 141 to >700 ng/mL (n=8, median 203 ng/mL) (P=0.02). Conclusions – In this study, Mbt0 is a moderately sensitive and specific prognostic indicator. Almost 90% of the dogs below the cutpoint survived to discharge, whereas 50% with Mbt0 above the cutpoint did not survive.  相似文献   

12.
Muscular metastatic neoplasia has been reported to be rare in domestic animals, however previous studies were based primarily on necropsy findings. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe whole body computed tomography (CT) characteristics of confirmed muscular metastases in a cohort of dogs and cats presented for oncology evaluation. Medical records of 1201 oncology patients were reviewed. Included animals underwent pre and postcontrast whole body CT, and CT‐guided tru‐cut biopsy or fine needle aspiration of one or more metastatic lesions. Twenty‐one dogs and six cats met inclusion criteria, representing 2.08% of all canine oncology patients and 3.1% of all feline oncology patients. Mean age was 9.6 years. Postcontrast CT characteristics included well‐demarcated, oval‐to‐round lesions with varying enhancement patterns: ring enhancing (n = 16), heterogeneously enhancing (n = 8), or homogeneously enhancing (n = 5). Five animals showed concurrent and varying nodular patterns. In seven cases (five dogs and two cats), one single muscular nodule was observed. In 20 cases, two or more lesions were observed. In two cases, cardiac hypodense nodules were observed in the postcontrast CT, while appearing isodense in the precontrast study. Necropsy confirmed neoplasia in both of them. Locations of muscular metastases included epaxial/paraspinal muscles of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine (n = 18), superficial muscles of the thoracic wall (n = 13), scapular/shoulder region (n = 3), hind limb (n = 3), and abdominal wall muscles (n = 1). Findings supported the use of pre and postcontrast whole body CT for oncologic staging in dogs and cats, especially for primary tumors characterized by a high metastatic rate.  相似文献   

13.
Thoracic CT may be used in the workup of patients with pleural effusion. In humans, certain pleural features on CT aid in diagnosing an underlying cause for pleural effusion, whereas this is not well studied in veterinary medicine. This retrospective cross‐sectional analytical study assessed pleural and other intrathoracic abnormalities on CT in dogs and cats with pleural effusion and explored potential discriminatory features between effusion types. Eighty‐nine dogs and 32 cats with pleural cytology and/or histopathology were categorized into malignant pleural disease (15 dogs and 11 cats), pyothorax (34 dogs and 7 cats), chylothorax (20 dogs and 11 cats), transudative (11 dogs and 2 cats), and hemorrhagic effusion (9 dogs and 1 cat). Multivariable logistic regression analysis comparing malignancy to other effusions found that older patient age (dogs: odds ratio 1.28, P = 0.015; cats: odds ratio 1.53, P = 0.005), nodular diaphragmatic pleural thickening (dogs: odds ratio 7.64, P = 0.021; cats: odds ratio 13.67, P = 0.031), costal pleural masses (dogs: odds ratio 21.50, P = 0.018; cats: odds ratio 32.74, P = 0.019), and pulmonary masses (dogs: odds ratio 44.67, P = 0.002; cats: odds ratio 18.26, P = 0.077) were associated with malignancy. In dogs, any costal pleural abnormality (odds ratio 47.55, P = 0.002) and pulmonary masses (odds ratio 10.05, P = 0.004) were associated with malignancy/pyothorax, whereas any costal pleural abnormality (odds ratio 0.14, P = 0.006) and sternal lymphadenopathy (odds ratio 0.22, P = 0.040) were inversely associated with transudates. There were, however, many overlapping abnormalities between effusion types, so further diagnostic testing remains important for diagnosis.  相似文献   

14.
Precise and accurate patient positioning is necessary when doing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to ensure adequate dosing to the tumor and sparing of normal tissues. This prospective cross‐sectional study aimed to assess feasibility of a commercially available modified frameless SRS positioning system for use in veterinary radiotherapy patients with brain tumors. Fifty‐one dogs and 12 cats were enrolled. Baseline and verification CT images were acquired. The verification CT images from 32 dogs and five cats had sufficient images for fusion to baseline CT images. A rigid box‐based fusion was performed to determine interfraction motion. Forty‐eight dogs and 11 cats were assessed for intrafraction motion by cine CT. Seventy percent of dogs and 60% of cats had interfraction 3D vector translational shifts >1 mm, with mean values of 1.9 mm in dogs, and 1.8 mm in cats. In dogs muscle wasting was weakly correlated with translational shifts. The maximum angular interfraction motion observed was 6.3° (roll), 3.5° (pitch), and 3.3° (yaw). There was no correlation between angular interfraction motion and weight, brachycephaly, or muscle wasting. Fifty‐seven percent of dogs and 50% of cats had respiration‐related intrafraction motion. Of these, 4.5% of dogs and 10% of cats had intrafraction motion >1 mm. This study demonstrates the modified Brainlab system is feasible for SRS in dogs and cats. The smaller cranial size and difference in anatomy increases setup uncertainty in some animals beyond limits usually accepted in SRS. Image‐guided positioning is recommended to achieve clinically acceptable setup accuracy (<1 mm) for SRS.  相似文献   

15.
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is increasingly available for veterinary patients, however limited studies describe the use of this method for characterizing intrathoracic mass lesions. The aim of this prospective, observational study was to describe CEUS enhancement patterns for intrathoracic mass lesions in a sample of cats and dogs. Sixty patients (36 dogs, 24 cats) were included. Standardized CEUS examinations were performed for 41 pulmonary masses (68%) and 19 mediastinal masses (32%). Final diagnosis was based on cytology and/or histopathology. Absolute time to enhancement (TTE) values were recorded for the intrathoracic mass lesions and spleen. The spleen was used as a reference parenchymal organ to calculate relative TTE (rTTE) values. Absolute TTE of the spleen and intrathoracic mass lesions differed for dogs and cats (P = 0.001). The rTTE values significantly differed between lesions of neoplastic versus non‐neoplastic origin (P = 0.004). The majority of neoplastic pulmonary masses were supplied by bronchial arteries (63%), while most nonneoplastic pulmonary masses were supplied by pulmonary arteries (78%). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting pulmonary neoplastic masses with rTTE were 63% and 78%, respectively. Enhancement patterns for mediastinal thymomas and lymphomas significantly differed (P = 0.002). Thymomas enhanced heterogeneously in a centripetal pattern (86%), whereas lymphomas typically enhanced uniformly in a centrifugal pattern (75%). Findings indicated that CEUS is a feasible method for characterizing intrathoracic mass lesions in dogs and cats, however, the diagnostic sensitivity for detecting neoplastic pulmonary masses was low.  相似文献   

16.
Sources of residual setup error after image guidance include image localization accuracy, errors associated with image registration, and inability of some treatment couches to correct submillimeter translational errors and/or pitch and roll errors. The purpose of this experimental study was to measure setup error after image‐guided correction of the canine intracranial region, using a four degrees‐of‐freedom couch capable of 1 mm translational moves. Six cadaver dogs were positioned 45 times as for clinical treatment using a vacuum deformable body cushion, a customizable head cushion, a thermoplastic mask and an indexed maxillary plate with a dental mould. The location of five fiducial markers in the skull bones was compared between the reference position and after megavoltage (MV), kilovoltage (kV) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT)‐guided correction using orthogonal kV images. The mean three‐dimensional distance vectors (3DDV) after MV, kV and CBCT‐guided correction were 1.7, 1.5 and 2.2 mm, respectively. All values were significantly different (P < .01). The 95th percentiles of the 3DDV after online MV, kV and CBCT‐guided correction were 2.8, 2.6 and 3.6 mm, respectively. Residual setup error in the clinical scenario examined was on the order of millimetres and should be considered when choosing PTV margins for image‐guided radiation therapy of the canine intracranial region.  相似文献   

17.
Heterogeneity of Hypertrophy in Feline Hypertrophic Heart Disease   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Eighty-six cats with non-dilated left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy were studied retrospectively. Cats were categorized by two-dimensional echocardiography as having symmetric ventricular hypertrophy (Type I), asymmetric with predominant septal thickening hypertrophy (Type II), and asymmetric hypertrophy with predominant free-wall thickening (Type III). The distribution of hypertrophy was judged subjectively and objectively. Subjective and objective results were similar (P= 0.03) although overlap existed between groups. Morphologic patterns (Types I, II, and III) were compared with breed, age, sex, heart rate, percent fractional shortening, left atrial size, serum creatinine concentration, and the presence (yes/no) of pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, heart murmur, dyspnea, thromboembolism, hyperthyroidism, and being alive at the time of study. Interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular free wall thickness, percent fractional shortening, and left atrial size additionally were compared to 3-month survival. Cats with Type HI hypertrophy were more likely to experience thromboembolism than cats with Type II hypertrophy (P= 0.05) and cats with Type I hypertrophy were more likely to have heart murmurs than cats with Type III (P= 0.02). No other significant associations were found in comparison to pattern of hypertrophy. Both left atrial size and percent fractional shortening significantly correlated with 3-month survival (P < 0.001 for each). The degree of interventricular septal wall thickness was associated with 3-month survival (P= 0.02) when known hyperthyroid cats were excluded from the study group, while left ventricular free wall thickness consistently was not associated with survival. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity of hypertrophy in cats with hyper-trophic heart disease and provides predictors of survival (left atrial size, percent fractional shortening, and interventricular septal wall thickness when compared with euthanasia/spontaneous death data).  相似文献   

18.
Medial retropharyngeal lymph node (MRLN) mass lesions are a common cause of cranial cervical masses in dogs and cats, and are predominantly due to metastatic neoplasia, primary neoplasia, or inflammatory lymphadenitis. The purpose of this retrospective cross‐sectional study was to test the hypothesis that clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics for dogs and cats with MRLN mass lesions would differ for inflammatory vs. neoplastic etiologies. Dogs and cats with MRLN mass lesions that had undergone MRI and had a confirmed cytological or histopathological diagnosis were recruited from medical record archives. Clinical findings were recorded by one observer and MRI characteristics were recorded by two other observers who were unaware of clinical findings. A total of 31 patients were sampled, with 15 in the inflammatory lymphadenitis group and 16 in the neoplasia group. Patients with inflammatory lymphadenitis were more likely to be younger and present with lethargy (P = 0.001), pyrexia (P = 0.000), and neck pain (P = 0.006). Patients with inflammatory lymphadenitis were also more likely to have a leukocystosis (P = 0.02) and segmental neutrophilia (P = 0.001). Inflammatory masses were more likely to have moderate or marked MRI perinodal contrast enhancement (P = 0.021) and local muscle contrast enhancement (P = 0.03) whereas the neoplastic masses were more likely to have greater MRI width (P = 0.002) and height (P = 0.009). In conclusion, findings indicated that some clinical and MRI characteristics differed for dogs and cats with inflammatory vs. neoplastic medial retropharyngeal lymph node masses. Although histopathological or cytological diagnosis remains necessary for confirmation, these findings may help with the ranking of differential diagnoses of future cases.  相似文献   

19.
Objective: To examine the relative contributions of sodium and glucose to serum effective osmolality and the presence of abnormalities of sodium and osmolality in diabetic dogs and cats. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: A university‐based referral hospital. Animals: Diabetic dogs (n=14) and cats (n=13) consecutively admitted to the hospital over a 6‐month period. Interventions: None Measurements: Serum biochemistry assessments. Main results: The mean glucose concentration was higher in diabetic dogs than in diabetic cats. Total osmolality (OsmT), effective osmolality (OsmE), and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, blood urea notrogen, bicarbonate, and creatinine did not differ between species. Sodium abnormalities and hyperosmolality affected 44% and 81%, respectively, of the study group. However, marked hyperosmolality (OsmE>330 mOsm/L) was found in only 33% of the study group. Serum sodium correlated closely with OsmE in dogs and cats but serum glucose did not correlate with the OsmE in either species. Subsets of dogs (n=10) and cats (n=7) with diabetic ketosis (DK) were examined separately. DK dogs had significantly lower sodium concentrations than DK cats and the proportion of DK dogs with hyponatremia was nearly 3 times greater than DK cats. Severe hyperosmolality (OsmE>330 mOsm/L) was more common in DK cats than DK dogs. Conclusions: In diabetic dogs and cats, sodium, not glucose, was correlated with serum OsmE and marked elevation in pretreatment OsmE is uncommon. Compensatory reduction in serum sodium may be 1 mechanism for blunting changes in OsmE in the presence of marked hyperglycemia.  相似文献   

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