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1.
The effect of adding 0%, 1%, 2% and 5% chitin from prawn shells in the diets for Atlantic cod, Atlantic halibut and Atlantic salmon on growth was investigated. Nutrient digestibility and feed utilization was investigated in salmon and cod. Atlantic cod grew from 186 ± 29 to 383 ± 78 g (N = 960) over 13 weeks. Dietary chitin had no effect on length, weight, condition, liver size or specific growth rate (SGR). The apparent digestibility (ADC) for protein ranged from 84.7% to 86.5%, lipid between 88.8% and 93.1% and dry matter from 96.1% to 96.6%. Feed utilization varied between 1.08 and 1.11 and was not correlated with dietary chitin content. Atlantic salmon tripled their weight from 199 ± 9 to 615 ± 75 g (N = 480) during the 13 weeks. High inclusions of chitin (>1%) reduced both growth rate and condition. Protein and lipid ADC was negatively correlated with dietary chitin. Feed utilization ranged between 0.86 and 0.90 and was not significantly affected by dietary chitin. Faecal protein increased significantly with increasing dietary chitin, while faecal dry matter and lipid did not. Individually tagged Atlantic halibut grew from 1300 ± 470 to 2061 ± 714 g (N = 70) during 6 months. Individual growth rates varied within each group from being slightly negative to 0.81%·day?1. Diet had no significant effect on growth rates. Atlantic cod and Atlantic halibut seems unaffected by up to 5% chitin additions in the diet, while chitin >1% of diet negatively affects growth and nutrient utilization in Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

2.
This study evaluated the effects of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) and Lactobacillus plantarum singly or combined on growth, immunity and disease resistance of Pangasius bocourti. In the first experiment, different concentrations of JA (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g kg?1) were administered to determine an optimal concentration on growth of P. bocourti. In the second experiment, the optimal concentration of JA (5 g kg?1) was combined with 108 cfu g?1 L. plantarum. In the final experiment, five randomly selected fish from the second experiment were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Treatments for second and third experiments were 0 g kg?1 JA (Diet 1), 5 g kg?1 JA (Diet 2), 108 cfu g?1 L. plantarum (Diet 3) and 5 g kg?1 JA + 108 cfu g?1 L. plantarum (Diet 4). Fish fed 5 g kg?1 JA or 108 cfu g?1 of L. plantarum significantly improved specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum lysozyme activity and postchallenge survival rate (PCSR). Dietary in the combination of JA and L. plantarum showed significantly enhanced SGR, FCR, serum lysozyme, phagocytosis, respiratory burst activities and PCSR compared with control and individual applications. Dietary JA and L. plantarum significantly stimulated growth, immunity and disease resistance of P. bocourti.  相似文献   

3.
Salmonid fishes may reside within or migrate between stream and lake habitats, or undergo anadromous migrations between freshwater and the ocean. While the degree of anadromy of salmonids has been thoroughly compared, no analogous review has examined the degree of lake use. To assess the extent of reliance on lake habitat in this family, we considered 16 species of salmon, trout and charr from the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, comparing their (a) use of lakes as spawning habitat, (b) rearing strategies in lakes, and (c) occurrence and diversity of lacustrine trophic polymorphism. In identifying the primary life‐history patterns of each species and exploring the lesser‐known lacustrine behaviours, we found that the extent of reliance on lakes exhibits a negative association with the degree of anadromy. Oncorhynchus rely least on lakes, Salmo to an intermediate level and Salvelinus the most, opposite of the general prevalence of anadromy among these genera. Lakes are critical to adfluvial and lake‐resident salmonids, but they also support anadromous and fluvial life histories by providing spawning, rearing, overwintering and/or summer refuge habitat. Adfluviality, although a non‐anadromous life history, consists of similar migration‐related traits and behaviours as anadromy, including the parr–smolt transformation, sex‐biased patterns of migration and residency, and the presence of precocious males. Lakes support life‐history variants, reproductive ecotypes and trophic morphs unique to lacustrine habitat. Therefore, conservation of salmonids is dependent on maintaining the diversity and quality of their habitats, including lakes.  相似文献   

4.
White tail disease (WTD) is found to cause immense economic losses in hatcheries, with mortalities often reaching 100% within 4 or 5 days. The pathogenic agents have been identified as Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) associated with extra small virus (XSV), which are 27 and 15 nm in diameter respectively. The effects of some chemical disinfectants hydrogen ions (pH), heat and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the inactivation of MrNV and XSV were investigated. The viral inoculum exposed to UV irradiation for a period of 5 min and more was totally inactivated and failed to cause mortality in postlarvae of prawn. The viruses were totally inactivated by this high pH (8.5, 9 and 10). The viral suspension treated with sodium hypochloride, formalin, Benzalkonium chloride and Benzethonium chloride at the concentration of 200 ppm caused 100% mortality in postlarvae of prawn. Iodine was found to be effective to inactivate MrNV and XSV at the concentration of 100 ppm or more, whereas the viral suspension treated with iodine at the concentration of 50 ppm or less caused mortality in postlarvae. The infected postlarvae in treated and positive control groups showed positive by RT‐PCR for these viruses.  相似文献   

5.
Dietary supplementation (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 g kg?1) of a nucleotide source (NuPro®) was evaluated on growth, nutrient utilization, haemato‐immunological responses and resistance to experimental infection of Nile tilapia. Fish (2.63 ± 0.63 g) were fed experimental diets to satiation three times a day for 75 days. Feed intake increased linearly with increasing levels of NuPro® promoting higher weight gain (P < 0.05). Survival, feed conversion and protein retention were not affected. Following the growth trial, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila by intraperitoneal injection. Survival and innate immune responses (phagocytosis and lysozyme activity) were not significantly affected. However, among the haematological variables, thrombocyte, leucocyte and monocyte counts increased linearly (P < 0.05). The indirect measurement of digestibility in juvenile Nile tilapia (122.32 ± 11 g) indicated a linear decrease in protein (1.41%), dry matter (5.72%) and energy (4.10%) digestibility coefficients as dietary supplementation increased (P < 0.05). NuPro® showed to be a beneficial additive to be supplemented in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia, providing 32.8% increase in feed intake and 28.8% in weight gain, as well as in thrombocyte, leucocyte and monocyte counts in blood, possibly indicating a more efficient defence response in the highest dietary supplementation levels tested.  相似文献   

6.
The purpose of this study was to investigate variations of glucose content, activities of enzymes involved in glycolysis and HSP70 in Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to one constant temperature (25°C) and four daily cyclical temperature change regimes (25 ± 1°C, 25 ± 2°C, 25 ± 3°C and 25 ± 4°C; max 12 am min 12 pm ). Both the glucose and HSP70 in treatment 25°C had a day/night rhythm city (L14:D10), but it gradually disappeared with the increase in temperature fluctuating amplitude. The PK activities varied more and more acutely with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude, especially, that in treatment 25 ± 4°C. HK activities were affected by the flux of glucose and the process of glycolysis, which tended to be stable with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude. Besides, the variations of PK activities were very abrupt at 25 ± 4°C, which might be unfavourable to the growth of shrimps. The temperature fluctuations affect metabolic adjustments and change the day/night rhythmicity of some physiological indicators.  相似文献   

7.
In a parasitology survey of Hungarian fishes, heavy infections of parasitic copepods Lamproglena pulchella and a Lamproglena sp. were found in the gills of the asp and the European catfish, respectively. Individuals of both fish species were emaciated and infected with hundreds of Lamproglena. Copepods located close to the tip of gill filaments and formed a depression at the attachment sites. In histological sections, cell degenerations and local haemorrhages were present adjacent to the maxillipeds and where the maxillary claws pierced the gill tissue. Around maxillae and in the midgut of the Lamproglena, damaged piscine blood cells and remains of the gill tissue were observed. Host reaction was expressed by proliferation of epithelioid cells, increase in both number and size of goblet and mast cells and formation of giant cells.  相似文献   

8.
The medicinal herbs such as Alternanthera sessilis, Eclipta alba and Cissus quadrangularis were used to assess the growth promoting ability, enhancement of muscle biochemical constituents and profiles of amino acid in the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. The herbal powders were separately incorporated with basal diet, and these diets were fed to M. malcolmsonii postlarvae for a period of 90 days. At the end of experiments, the survival of prawn significantly improved in herbal incorporated feed. In addition, the growth parameters, such as weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency rate were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in herbal diets fed groups when compared with control. The activities of digestive enzyme, biochemical constituents, profile of amino acid, energy utilization parameters, concentrations of vitamin C and E were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in experimental diets fed groups when compared with control. The profiles of essential amino acids were also found elevated in herbal incorporated diets fed PL. Among the three herbs tested, C. quadrangularis incorporated diet fed group showed better performance followed by the E. alba and A. sessilis. The present study suggests that these herbs can be incorporated in artificial feed formulations for Macrobrachium culture.  相似文献   

9.
Supplementing fish feed with Arthrospira platensis has several beneficial effects, such as improved growth, survival and feed conversion, but little is known about how it affects gut microbiota or flesh quality. In this trial, feed with 3% A. platensis was given to Oreochromis niloticus (SPR, spirulina supplemented) over a period of 50 days and their gut microbiota and flesh quality were compared with controls (CTRs, no supplementation). Average daily growth was higher in SPR fish (p < 0.05). Regarding microbiota, a total of 5,470,272 readings (individuals) were obtained from 16 gut samples (n = 8 CTR, n = 8 SPR), with a gamma diversity of 1,563 species but no significant differences were found between treatments. Among the high inter‐individual variability found, some individual microbiota were dominated by Proteobacteria (36.6%) and Fusobacteria (32.9%) and others more by Actinobacteria (37%). Regarding flesh quality, significant differences were observed in flesh colour post‐mortem (a*, b* and chroma) (p < 0.05), with higher reflectance in the range of 470–500 and 620–670 nm in SPR tilapia, which corresponds with the reflectance range of β‐carotene and phycocyanin. However, rigor mortis was resolved earlier in SPR fish (p < 0.05), which suggests a shorter shelf life. Adding 3% of A. platensis in O. niloticus diet can improve growth and flesh colour and does not appear to modify intestinal microbiota.  相似文献   

10.
The main objective was to study time kinetics of change in important highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of Artemia franciscana nauplii and juveniles following enrichment and subsequent starvation. Samples of Artemia nauplii were taken at variable times (0.5–24 h) following enrichment and starvation. Samples of Artemia juveniles were taken after 2, 3 and 4 days of cultivation. No docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found in PC and PE of Artemia nauplii during the first hour of enrichment, while a significant (P < 0.05) increase was found in total lipids (TLs). The content of DHA in PC and PE increased thereafter steadily from 1 to 8 h of enrichment. DHA in PC and PE during enrichment (1–8 h) and following starvation (8–24 h), respectively, increased and decreased significantly (P < 0.05), but at a lower rate than that in TL. Moreover, juvenile Artemia (2–4 days) contained a relatively low level of DHA in TL compared with enriched Artemia nauplii, but the content of DHA in PC and PE was similar. The results open perspectives for both industry and science. For scientific studies, the lag phase in HUFA enrichment makes it possible to produce Artemia nauplii with variable relative HUFA enrichments in phospholipids and TL.  相似文献   

11.
Pacific white shrimp is the major farmed shrimp species in the world. It is known to be very sensitive to the environmental and management changes such as intensification, which is one of the primary necessities to increase shrimp production, but represents a stressful condition, and needs to be managed properly to diminish its negative effects in aquaculture. In this study, juvenile Pacific white shrimp were fed diets supplementing with equal quantities of Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis pilosula and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extracts in different concentrations (0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg) for 8 weeks. We subsequently estimated the effects of supplemented diets on growth performance, haematological parameters, and histological changes of hepatopancreas. Results revealed that the supplemented mixture had no benefits on growth and survival rate, but had favourable effects on haemocyte count, number of granulocytes, and hemocyanin concentration in the haemolymph (p > 0.05). We observed that R cells and B cells were increased in hepatopancreatic tubules of shrimps fed on supplemented diets. Besides, a diet containing 2.0 g/kg of extract mixture maintained the decreased levels of alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.05) and aspartate aminotransferase (p > 0.05). Among the used concentrations, 2.0 g/kg seemed to be the most suitable concentration.  相似文献   

12.
The quality of the microalgae provided on Paracentrotus lividus larvae rearing is a primordial factor having a direct (nutritional properties) and indirect (water quality) impact on growth, competence and survival. Skeletonema costatum is a diatom commonly used in the bivalve cultivation. However, the use of this diatom in P. lividus larval cultivations is poorly known. The Rhodomonas spp. is a microalgae commonly used in sea urchin larvae culture. Three different diets were tested on P. lividus larvae and post‐larvae cultivation (D1—Rhodomonas marina, D2—S. costatum, D3—mixture of both algae). Larvae fed with the D2 diet (55.8%) and D3 (39.9%) had a survival at 15 DAH higher than D1 (5.5%). The low survival in D1 could be due to the higher microbiological load on microalgae (Vibrio alginolyticus and V. pectenicide). Larvae fed with S. costatum (D2) showed a lower development than other diets. The competency index was lower for larvae fed with the D2. These results show that microalgae diversified diets contribute to a better development of P. lividus larvae. During the settlement and post‐settlement phase, there was also a lower growth of the sea urchin fed with the D2 and a higher survival for D3.  相似文献   

13.
A 60 days study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of water extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf on the immune response and disease resistance of Labeo rohita fingerlings against the Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Ocimum sanctum extract was incorporated in the diets (at 0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1%) of Labeo rohita, rohu fingerlings (6.6 ± 0.013 g). After 42 days blood, plasma and serum were sampled to determine super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin in plasma, blood glucose, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, WBC, RBC, haemoglobin content. Fish were challenged with A. hydrophila after 42 days and mortalities were recorded over 18 days post infection. The results demonstrate enhanced super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin in plasma, serum total protein, globulin, total RBC counts, total WBC counts and haemoglobin content (P < 0.05) in treatments group compared with control group. Dietary O. sanctum extracts of 0.2% showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher protection relative percentage survival (RPS 40.00 ± 5.773%) against A. hydrophila infection than control. These results indicate that O. sanctum leaf extract stimulates the immunity and makes L. rohita more resistant to bacterial infection (A. hydrophila).  相似文献   

14.
The individual and combinational effects of probiotics on Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) were evaluated through assessing the growth performance, proximate body composition, digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology. On the basis of feeding with experimental diets, the fish were assigned into four groups denoted as follows: control (basal diet), D‐Pro (basal diet + Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis), D‐Pro/Yeast (basal diet + B. subtilis and B. licheniformis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Yeast (basal diet + S. cerevisiae). Maximum mean weight and length were measured for the fish fed with D‐pro regime. weight gain (WG), body weight gain (BWI%),  feed efficiency (FE%), protein efficiency rate (PER), lipid efficiency rate (LER), and condition factor (CF) demonstrated the highest values for the fish fed with the diets containing D‐Pro and/or D‐Pro/yeast. LER and food conversion ratio (FCR) showed the highest performance for the fish received the D‐Pro diet. The diets containing D‐Pro exhibited higher performance in enhancing the activity of protease and lipase than the one supplemented only with the yeast, whereas the regimes treated with the yeast exhibited higher amylase activity. The fish received D‐Pro exhibited the highest protein and fat contents, yet did the lowest contents of moisture and total ash. Taken together, the findings revealed that the dietary administration of the D‐Pro and D‐Pro/Yeast could improve the growth performance of A. persicus.  相似文献   

15.
The different products of Eichhornia crassipes leaves including dried E. crassipes powder (DEP), hot‐water treated E. crassipe (HTE), hot‐water extract of E. crassipe (ECE) and dreg of hot‐water extract of E. crassipe extract (dECE) were produced and incorporated into the diet of the prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, as an immunostimulant. Results showed that prawn fed the HTE‐, ECE‐ and dECE‐containing diets for 4 months had increased total haemocyte count, different haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity especially in HTE and ECE treatments. The phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Lactococcus garvieae of prawn fed the HTE‐ and ECE‐containing diets were significantly higher than those of prawn fed the control diet at 2–4 months. The relative percentage survival of prawn fed the DEP‐, HTE‐, ECE‐ and dECE‐containing diets for 4 months following 144 h challenging with L. garvieae were 19.0%, 38.1%, 38.1% and 33.3%. It was concluded that E. crassipes leaves containing an active component which was easily extracted by hot water can enhance innate immunity and resistance against pathogen of M. rosenbergii by dietary long‐term administration, and the administration of HTE in the diet was the best strategy due to the availability and convenience.  相似文献   

16.
For successful prawn aquaculture, feeds should be based on readily consumed ingredients that promote survival and optimal growth performance. This pilot study investigates the rearing of juvenile Baltic prawn Palaemon adspersus. Two feeding trials were carried out for 60 days; both incorporated insect meals, the first one in fishmeal‐based diets, whereas the second one in plant meal ones. Insect meals derived from larvae of Tenebrio molitor (TM), Hermetia illucens (HI) and Musca domestica (MD) were tested as feed ingredients. This study indicated that the inclusion of HI in fishmeal diets resulted in significantly higher growth performance and survival of the prawns, whereas the MD diet led to similarly high growth performance reducing significantly their survival. Growth performance was not affected by the insect inclusion in the plant‐based diets, but survival was higher in the TM and HI inclusion diets. The inclusion of TM and HI resulted in higher protein and energy content of the prawns’ muscle when incorporated in fishmeal and plant meal diets respectively. No significant differences were observed in the activities of hepatopancreas’ amino acid‐catabolizing enzymes. Concluding, the combinations fishmeal–HI and plant meal–TM can be used for the successful rearing of Baltic prawn.  相似文献   

17.
Effects of various concentrations of Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) extract in diets on growth, body composition, serum chemistry and disease challenge test of far eastern catfish (Silurus asotus) were determined and compared with a commercially available immune enhancer. Eight experimental diets were prepared in triplicate: control (Con) diet without supplementation of SB and SB‐0.25, SB‐0.5, SB‐1, SB‐2, SB‐3 and SB‐5 diets containing SB at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5%, respectively. In addition, 0.1% of a commercial immune enhancer product (CP) was also tested. No significant difference in weight gain of fish was found. Feed consumption, feed efficiency ratio and protein retention of fish were not affected by the experimental diets. At the end of the 8‐week feeding trial, 10 externally normal fish from each tank were infected by Vibrio anguillarum or Strepotococcus iniae. Cumulative mortality of fish fed the Con diet was higher than that of fish fed the all other diets in 10 and 25 days after V. anguillarum or S. iniae infection. Results of this study indicated that dietary inclusion of SB extract was effective in improving survival of eastern catfish after V. anguillarum and S. iniae infection, but the various concentrations of SB did not affect fish performance.  相似文献   

18.
The benefits of exposing eastern oysters to air during commercial culture have not been well‐characterized. An adjustable longline system (ALS) designed in Australia and recently adopted by the nascent aquaculture industry in the northern Gulf of Mexico, allows growing oysters at any position in the water column and is perfectly suited to study the benefits of air exposure. Four‐month old diploid oysters were deployed in an ALS and divided into three groups: 1) oysters exposed to air daily for 8–12 hr during low tide, 2) oysters exposed to air weekly (~24 hr once a week), and 3) oysters kept subtidally. Oyster mortality and growth rates, Perkinsus marinus load and condition index were then determined every 3 months over 2 years, while refrigerated shelf life and Vibrio vulnificus load were determined in summer and early fall of the second year. Summer mortalities were delayed, P. marinus infection intensities tended to be lower and condition index was significantly higher in oysters exposed to air daily compared with oysters exposed to air weekly or held subtidally. Shell heights of oysters exposed to air daily were lower for most of the study due to a lower growth rate during the initial sampling interval following deployment. No consistent differences were found in V. vulnificus loads or refrigerated shelf lives between the groups. It is recommended that ALS be set so that oysters are kept subtidally fall through spring to promote growth, and exposed to air daily during summer to delay P. marinus proliferation.  相似文献   

19.
The utility of varying twine diameter (0.5–0.8 mm Ø) and/or mesh area (0.5:1) in south‐eastern Australian recreational hoop nets was assessed in response to concerns over (1) impacts to discarded, undersize Scylla serrata L. and Portunus pelagicus Forskål and (2) marine debris (lost meshes). There was a negative relationship between Ø and breakage, with more in the narrowest (16.16–18.42 meshes deployment?1) than thickest (8.79–4.68) twines. Mesh damage was also affected by interactions between netting area and (1) soak time (only S. serrata) and (2) catches, with all nets similarly damaged during <3.5‐h soaks, or when only one crab was caught, beyond which the large‐area nets incurred more. Irrespective of net, there were consistent positive relationships between mesh damage and water temperature, and more damage overnight. Large crabs took longer to remove, but more so from thicker‐twined and large‐area nets, and some also sustained the most damage. Twine diameter did not affect S. serrata catches, but was negatively associated with catches of P. pelagicus, while the small‐area nets caught proportionally (to area) fewer portunids. The results reflect species‐ and size‐specific behavioural variability, but support using thick twine and limiting deployment durations for hoop nets. Alternatively, other less controversial traps might offer a more holistic solution to the stated concerns.  相似文献   

20.
In aquaculture, exposure to stressful conditions and problems related to diseases often occur resulting in serious economic loss. The use of probiotics that control pathogens through different mechanisms, aiding digestion by exoenzyme supply and establishment of beneficial microflora in the digestive tract has got increased attention recently. Two different bacterial species Micrococcus MCCB 104 and Bacillus MCCB 101 were tested as probiotics for two cichlid species Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis mossambicus. The strains were administered separately and together, at a rate of 103 CFU animal?1 day?1 for 28 days. The effects on digestive enzyme activity and growth were compared with those fed on control diet. FCR of E. suratensis was high in case of Bacillus alone as well as the mixed culture (Micrococcus and Bacillus together) than that of control. However, the SGR of E. suratensis was slightly lower than that of control during 14 days trial. SGR of both the treatments (Bacillus alone and mixed culture) was higher than that of the control on 28th day, and this might be due to the reason that specific duration is needed for the assimilation and conversion of nutrients into proteins. The intestinal digestive hydrolases of E. suratensis were profoundly enhanced mainly by Bacillus and mixed cultures. The hepatopancreatic versions of major digestive enzymes in E. suratensis were influenced variously by different probiotic treatments. The alpha‐amylase activity of hepatopancreas has been elevated significantly by mixed culture during 14 days experiments while on 28 days trials both Bacillus and mixed culture showed an enhancing effect. During 14 days feeding trials, the intestinal lipase activity has been prominently enhanced by all probiotic treatments. It is found that, in O. mossambicus, both 14 days and 28 days feeding experiments, the pepsin as well as intestinal digestive enzymes such as amylase, total alkaline protease, lipase and their hepatopancreatic counter parts showed a significant elevation in their specific activity. Intestinal alpha‐amylase and total alkaline proteases of O. mossambicus showed an increase in specific activities on both 14 days and 28 days feeding experiments with the Bacillus and Micrococcus combination. The hepatopancreatic enzymes were highly influenced by the Bacillus species in O. mossambicus. The results of this study suggest that live probiotic microorganisms such as Micrococcus MCCB 104 and Bacillus MCCB 101 may be incorporated while formulating the cost‐effective, nutritionally balanced diet of E. suratensis and O. mossambicus for better growth performance and nutrient utilization.  相似文献   

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