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1.
A 130 kg, 60-day-old Quarter Horse male foal presented with bilateral stifle effusion and severe left hindlimb lameness. Clinical examination and imaging including radiography, ultrasound and computed tomography revealed bilateral stifle trauma. Specifically, disruption of the left medial meniscus and deep bone injury to the left medial femoral condyle (MFC) were detected, and bilateral injury to the origin of the cranial cruciate ligaments was suspected. Treatment consisted of stall rest and joint injection with corticosteroids, however there was little improvement in lameness. Due to the poor prognosis for soundness, the foal was subject to euthanasia 10 weeks after initial presentation. Post-mortem examination supported the left medial meniscus and MFC injuries and revealed avulsions of the origin of the cranial cruciate ligaments (complete on the left and partial on the right) from the lateral femoral condyle. Histopathology of the left stifle joint revealed varying depths of MFC osteochondral injury and severe left medial meniscus damage. 相似文献
2.
Jamie Williams MS DVM Randall B. FitchDVM MS Rose J. LEMARIÉ DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1997,38(5):380-383
A four year-old intact male Dalmatian was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital at Louisiana State University for acute, non-weight-bearing left hindlimb lameness of three weeks duration. Information supplied by the referring veterinarian indicated the lameness was first diagnosed and treated seven months previously, but recurred three weeks ago. External rotation of the left stifle, mild discomfort upon stifle flexion, mild to moderate muscle atrophy and palpable joint effusion were noted during physical examination. Slight cranial drawer movement with a soft end-point was discovered during manipulation of the left stifle. A triangular bone fragment and thickened, confluent intracapsular soft tissues were observed on radiographs of the stifle. Radiographically, moderate degenerative changes suggested chronicity. This report describes the clinical and radiographic findings of a rarely reported partial avulsion of the origin of the cranial cruciate ligament in a skeletally mature dog. 相似文献
3.
Cranial tibial thrust: a primary force in the canine stifle 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
A cranially directed force identified within the canine stifle joint was termed cranial tibial thrust. It was generated during weight bearing by tibial compression, of which the tarsal tendon of the biceps femoris is a major contributor, and by the slope of the tibial plateau, found to have a mean cranially directed inclination of 22.6 degrees. This force may be an important factor in cranial cruciate ligament rupture and in generation of cranial drawer sign. 相似文献
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An in vitro biomechanical study of cadaver stifles from rottweilers and racing greyhounds was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of the cranial cruciate ligament to stifle joint stability. This was performed at differing stifle joint angles, first with the joint capsules and ligaments intact and then with all structures removed except for the cranial cruciate ligament. Craniocaudal laxity increased in both breeds as stifle flexion increased. The rottweiler stifle showed greater craniocaudal joint laxity than the racing greyhound at all joint angles between 150 degrees and 110 degrees, but the actual increases in joint laxity between these joint angles were similar for both breeds. Tibial rotation during craniocaudal loading of the stifle increased craniocaudal laxity in both breeds during joint flexion. The relative contribution of the cranial cruciate ligament to cranial stability of the stifle joint increased as the joint flexed and was similar in both breeds. 相似文献
6.
Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease in the dog is a multifactorial complex problem that requires a thorough understanding of the biomechanics of the stifle joint to be understood. Successful treatment of rupture of the CCL should be based on managing underlying anatomical and conformational abnormalities rather than attempting to eliminate the tibial cranial drawer sign. The cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, the patella ligament and quadriceps mechanism, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, the medial and lateral menisci and the joint capsule provide stability of the joint and load-sharing. The function of the stifle is also significantly influenced by the musculature of the pelvic limb. An active model of biomechanics of the stifle has been described that incorporates not only the ligamentous structures of the stifle but also the forces created by weight-bearing and the musculature of the pelvic limb. This model recognises a force called cranial tibial thrust, which occurs during weight-bearing, and causes compression of the femoral condyles against the tibial plateau. In middle-aged, large-breed dogs, forces acting on the CCL together with conformation-related mild hyperextension of the stifle and slightly increased tibial plateau slopes are suspected to cause progressive degeneration of the ligament. Palpation of craniolateral stifle laxity has become pathognomonic for CCL rupture; however, chronic periarticular fibrosis, a partial CCL rupture, and a tense patient, may make evaluation of instability of the stifle difficult. Surgical treatment is broadly separated into three groups: intracapsular, extracapsular, and tibial osteotomy techniques. Tibial osteotomy techniques do not serve to provide stability of the stifle but rather alter the geometry of the joint to eliminate cranial tibial thrust such that functional joint stability is achieved during weight-bearing. Visualisation of both menisci is a critical aspect of CCL surgery, irrespective of the technique being performed. Regardless of the surgical technique employed, approximately 85% of dogs show clinical improvement. However, many of these dogs will demonstrate intermittent pain or lameness. Post-operative management is an integral part of the treatment of CCL rupture, and significant benefits in limb function occur when formalised post-operative physiotherapy is performed. 相似文献
7.
de Bruin T de Rooster H van Bree H Cox E 《American journal of veterinary research》2007,68(3):283-289
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anticollagen type I antibodies in synovial fluid of the affected stifle joint, the contralateral stifle joint, and the left shoulder joint of dogs with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture during an extended period of 12 to 18 months. ANIMALS: 13 client-owned dogs with CrCL rupture and 2 sham-operated dogs. PROCEDURES: All dogs were examined and arthrocentesis of all 3 joints was performed every 6 months after surgery. Synovial fluid samples were tested for anticollagen type I antibodies by use of an ELISA. RESULTS: Dogs with partial CrCL rupture had higher antibody titers than dogs with complete rupture. Six of 13 dogs ruptured the contralateral CrCL during the study, whereby higher antibody titers were found for the stifle joints than for the shoulder joint. Seronegative dogs or dogs with extremely low antibody titers and 2 dogs with high antibody titers did not sustain a CrCL rupture in the contralateral stifle joint. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In most dogs that had a CrCL rupture of the contralateral stifle joint, a distinct antibody titer gradient toward the stifle joints was detected, suggesting that there was a local inflammatory process in these joints. However, only a small number of sham-operated dogs were used to calculate the cutoff values used to determine the anticollagen type I antibody titers in these patients. Synovial fluid antibodies against collagen type I alone do not initiate CrCL rupture because not all dogs with high antibody titers sustained a CrCL rupture in the contralateral stifle joint. 相似文献
8.
T D Scavelli S C Schrader D T Matthiesen D E Skorup 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1990,196(7):1135-1138
Partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament was diagnosed in 25 dogs. In all dogs, the primary problem at the time of physical examination was hind limb lameness. The mean time from initial onset of lameness to diagnosis at exploratory surgery was 17 weeks. A cranial drawer sign was detected in 13 of the 25 dogs; in 9, the cranial drawer sign was evident only when the stifle was positioned in flexion. Of the 25 dogs, 12 had no detectable cranial drawer sign in response to manipulation of the involved stifle. In all dogs, lateral stifle arthrotomy was performed in routine manner, and the cranial cruciate ligament was found to be incompletely torn. Lesions identified during arthrotomy were rupture of the craniomedial band (n = 20 dogs), interstitial tear (n = 4 dogs), and rupture of the caudolateral band (n = 1 dog). 相似文献
9.
Synovial membrane changes after experimental transection of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Degenerative joint disease and inflammation of the synovial membrane were produced in the left stifle of 16 dogs by severing the cranial cruciate ligament. Arthrotomy only was performed on the right stifle. Synovial membrane from these joints was histologically examined at 1, 2, 8, and 13 weeks after surgical operation. Similar tissue was obtained from 4 healthy dogs for comparison. Inflammatory changes in the synovium of the left stifle progressed with time and were prominent at 8 weeks postoperatively; subsynovial fibrosis was greatest at 13 weeks. Inflammation of the synovial membrane and subsynovial tissue was characterized by synovial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltration, and increased vascularization of the subsynovial region. 相似文献
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Thirty-four dogs that had surgical correction of medial patellar luxation (MPL) in 52 stifle joints were examined after a minimum follow-up period of 1 year (median, 3.6 years). The dogs were divided into the following three groups depending on their age at the time of surgery: group 1, 3 to 6 months; group 2, 8 to 20 months; and group 3, 2.2 to 12 years. Two of the dogs in group 3 had ruptured their cranial cruciate ligament in addition to having MPL. The results were based on a clinical assessment of the animal's gait, and physical and radiographic examination of the stifle joints. Six of seven stifle joints evaluated in group 1 had radiographic evidence of moderate to severe degenerative joint disease of the patellofemoral joint, and in two of the joints recurrence of MPL was observed. Failure to maintain reduction of the patellofemoral joint was also observed in 11 of 22 (50%) and 12 of 23 (52%) of the stifle joints in groups 2 and 3, respectively. In the latter groups, mild degenerative joint disease was evident radiographically in stifle joint that had not maintained reduction. Four of the 34 dogs were consistently (n = 2) or intermittently (n = 2) lame; the two dogs that were consistently lame had cranial instability of the stifle consistent with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. In the latter two dogs, the cranial cruciate ligament had been intact at the time of surgery for correction of MPL. 相似文献
12.
Powers MY Martinez SA Lincoln JD Temple CJ Arnaiz A 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(7):1109-1111
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs with lameness previously attributed to canine hip dysplasia (CHD). DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 369 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES: Hospital medical records from 1994 to 2003 were reviewed for dogs in which the referring veterinarian had diagnosed hip dysplasia or hip pain. Dogs were designated as having hind limb lameness because of partial or complete CCLR or CHD. RESULTS: 8% of dogs were sexually intact females, 43% were spayed females, 14% were sexually intact males, and 35% were castrated males. Mean age was 3.8 years (range, 3 months to 15 years). The most common breeds were the Labrador Retriever (21%), German Shepherd Dog (13%), and Golden Retriever (11%). The prevalence of CCLR as the cause of hind limb lameness was 32% (95% confidence interval, 27.2% to 36.8%). The distribution of CCLR among hind limbs was left (29%), right (28%), and bilateral (43%). Of 119 dogs with CCLR, 94% had concurrent radiographic signs of CHD, 92% had stifle joint effusion, and 81% had a cranial drawer sign. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On the basis of the high prevalence of CCLR in dogs referred for lameness because of CHD, it is important to exclude other sources of stifle joint disease before making recommendations for treatment of CHD. 相似文献
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de Bruin T de Rooster H Bosmans T Duchateau L van Bree H Gielen I 《The Veterinary record》2007,161(22):745-750
The formation and progression of osteoarthrosis in the unaffected contralateral stifle joints of 14 dogs with a unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture were monitored radiographically in terms of a global score and the scores for 10 parameters specific for the stifle joint. The dogs were examined initially and six and 12 months later by three observers, and the variability between the observers' scores was also assessed. The score for osteophytes at the tibial attachment site of the ligament was the most reliable parameter, and that for the increase in femoropatellar joint space was the least reliable. In the contralateral stifle joints there were significant increases after six and 12 months in osteophyte formation caudal to the tibial plateau, and in subchondral sclerosis of the tibial plateau and of the long digital extensor muscle groove. These three parameters progressed more regularly during the disease process than the other parameters. The global osteoarthrosis score of the contralateral stifle joint was an important risk factor for sustaining a rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in that joint during the next six months. 相似文献
15.
W. J. Bruce 《The Journal of small animal practice》1998,39(7):333-340
Multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle are uncommon. In this study, they affected mainly adult, male, working or sporting dogs and occurred secondary to severe trauma, or where chronic joint infection had weakened the supporting structures. Rupture of the cranial cruciate, caudal cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments was the most common injury observed and this occurred after catching the limb in a fence or gate. Reconstruction of the collateral and cranial cruciate ligaments, and careful repair of damaged menisci and joint capsule, was an effective method of treatment for medium- and large-size dogs. Reconstruction of the caudal cruciate ligament and postoperative limb support was not found to be essential. All dogs with subluxated stifles had good to excellent limb function with minimal loss of mid-thigh circumference or stifle joint range of motion at follow-up. Less favourable results were achieved where there was stifle joint luxation with extensive disruption to secondary joint restraints. 相似文献
16.
Michiel A. van Zuijlen Patricia W.F. Vrolijk Marcel A.G. van der Heyden 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2010,19(3):245-248
A 4.1 kg, 4-month-old female pet rabbit was presented twice within a 4 month period for cranial cruciate ligament rupture of its right, then left stifle joint. Stifle joint stabilization was performed with an extracapsular technique after both events. Immediately after stabilization, the rabbit regained normal use of the injured limbs. The animal underwent a 3 month rehabilitation program intended to increase muscle strength. Twenty-four months after the procedures were performed the rabbit shows no signs of discomfort and has normal use of both rear legs. 相似文献
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A cranial technique for entry of the medial femorotibial (MFT) joint in the horse was validated. It was hypothesised that the frequency of correct placement into the MFT joint using the described cranial technique would be similar to using a standard medial approach. Twenty‐four limbs from 15 horses were injected with a latex mixture. Limbs with stifle joint effusion and/or known stifle pathology were grouped separately to those without. When effusion/pathology was not present the medial technique (93%) was almost twice as successful as the cranial technique (53%), including when extremes of size were removed from the population. With the presence of femoropatellar or medial femorotibial effusion, the cranial technique (20%) was 5 times less successful than using the medial technique (100%). When extremes of size were removed from the population of horses with effusion, the success of the cranial technique was marginally improved (33%). When an ‘average size’ of horse is used with or without joint effusion, the cranial technique is successful in entering the MFT joint in approximately 50% of cases, and may hence be of use in a fractious animal without sedation, a stallion, or in the presence of a wound/skin infection at the site of the medial needle entrance. 相似文献
18.
ECHOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE STIFLE JOINT AFFECTED BY CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE IN THE DOG
Giacomo Gnudi Dr Vet Med Giorgio Bertoni Prof Dr Vet Med 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2001,42(3):266-270
Ultrasound is a useful technique for the study of normal and pathologic stifle joints, in particular for soft tissue examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate sonography for examination of stifle joints affected by cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Forty-two medium to giant breed dogs were studied. Tibial compression radiography was performed. A 7.5 MHz transducer with an incorporated 2 cm thick standoff was employed. Sagittal and midsagittal images were collected. The stifle was positioned in maximum flexion during sonography. Sonographic findings were compared with pathologic findings at surgery. Ultrasound was useful in evaluating the presence of fibrous tissue within the joint due to repair processes. It was observed in 70% of stifles with radiographic evidence of chronic osteoarthritis. In 19.6% of the joints it was possible to identify the ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Ultrasound was not an accurate test for cruciate rupture evaluation, but was specific for the soft tissue pathologic changes which were observed consequent to joint instability. 相似文献
19.
Gabriel Ignacio Ramírez-Flores Javier Del Angel-Caraza Israel Alejandro Quijano-Hernández Don A. Hulse Brian S. Beale José Mauro Victoria-Mora 《Veterinary research communications》2017,41(2):129-137
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative disease affecting the articular cartilage and subchondral bone that causes pain and inhibits movement. The stifle’s joint fibrous capsule contains the synovial membrane, which produces cartilage nutrients. A ruptured cranial cruciate ligament injures the joint and produces OA. Osteoarthritis diagnosis starts with clinical radiographic and ultrasonographic tests, although the latter is not used very much in dog and cat clinics for this purpose. The objective of this study was to establish the correlation among the results of orthopedic, radiographic, ultrasonographic examinations and structural anatomical changes revealed by arthroscopic evaluation to diagnose stifle joint OA and determine risk factors in the dogs affected. Of 44 clinical cases of OA included in the study, 88.64% had ruptured of cranial cruciate ligaments. The correlation between synovial fluid effusion and osteophytosis was of 0.84. It was concluded that there is good diagnostic agreement between synovial fluid effusion and osteophytosis when dealing with stifle joint OA. Risk factors for dogs regarding the development of stifle joint OA included: ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments or patella luxation, female dogs and weight over 10 kg. 相似文献
20.
Stephen J Hernandez-Divers 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2002,33(2):125-130
This report describes stifle luxation resultant from multiple ligamentous injuries in a spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca). Despite an absence of obvious trauma in the case history, the tortoise presented with acute, unilateral hind limb lameness. Diagnosis of stifle luxation was based on cranial drawer motion, increased rotational joint instability. and radiographic findings. Joint stabilization was accomplished by a combination of cranial cruciate reconstruction using an autograft of lateral vastus muscle in an over-the-top procedure and lateral imbrication of the joint capsule. Postoperative management included restriction of limb movement for 6 wk and parenteral chondroprotective regime. Treatment was effective in restoring clinically normal function to the limb. 相似文献