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1.
One of the causal fungi of butt rot of Chamaecyparis obtusa in Kyushu Island, Japan, was identified as Tinctoporellus epimiltinus from cultural characters, and by mating and inoculation tests. The cultural characters of the isolates obtained from butt rot of C. obtusa and T. epimiltinus isolated from the basidiocarp tissue and from decayed wood were examined. The morphological characters and chemical reactions of the isolates from butt rot were typical for T. epimiltinus. Di‐mon mating tests were performed between five monospore isolates of T. epimiltinus and five heterokaryotic isolates from the butt rot. All of the monospore isolates examined were heterokaryotized by the isolates from butt rot. Tinctoporellus epimiltinus isolates were inoculated on roots of 24‐year‐old C. obtusa. Butt rot was observed on all inoculated trees 1–2 years after the inoculation, and the inoculated fungus was re‐isolated from the decayed parts of the inoculated trees. 相似文献
2.
Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco] stumps infested with Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. were inoculated with the antagonist Trichoderma viride Pers.: Fr. Colonization of the stumps by Trichoderma spp. after one year was significantly higher in the upper 10-cm than in the middle or lower 10-cm section even though inoculum was present at all levels. A pellet inoculum made from fermented barley grains and spores proved to be superior inoculum to colonized dowels, but no difference was found among the three isolates of T. viride tested. Decayed wood was more readily colonized than stained wood and was much more readily colonized than sound wood. 相似文献
3.
J. L. Ricard 《Forest Pathology》1983,13(1):60-62
Fifteen elm trees ranging in DBH from 25 to 40 cm were inoculated with ca. 8 mm diameter pellets containing propagules of Trichoderma viride IMI 206039 and IMI 2006040 besides nutrients. These pellets were inserted in the trunks every 10 cm around the circumference. Dead elms present upwind and downwind from the 15 treated elms remained standing during the four year duration of the experiment. No progress in the disease occurred during three growing seasons after the original treatment. During the fourth growing season (1982) 4 elms died and 11 survived, though one was severely damaged. These 11 surviving trees were retreated in September 1982. 相似文献
4.
A total of 101 Fraxinus excelsior trees 8–32 cm in d.b.h. with bark stripping wounds caused by Alces alces and Cervus elaphus in Lithuania were cut, dissected and examined. The injuries ranged in age from 5 to 18 years, when the trees were 22–40 years old and were in the size range 6–24 cm d.b.h. For 5-10 years old wounds, the mean length of associated wood discoloration was 804 × 201 cm, while in 16–18 years old wounds it was 912 × 144 cm. There was no correlation between wound age and extent of discoloration in the stems examined (r = 0.11). Tree d.b.h. and wound size (initial width × length) were correlated with the extent of discoloration (r = 0.43 and r = 0.20, respectively). The presence of complete wound occlusion had no significant effect on the length of columns of discoloration associated with wounds of 10 or more years old. The average occlusion rate during the first 10 years was 128 × 28 mm or 13 mm/year, correlating positively with the radial increment (r = 0.42). Amongst a total of 500 F. excelsior trees with wounds, 29 trees (5.8%) bore basidiomycete fruiting bodies. Most common was Phellinus punctatus, found on 12 (2.4%) stems, followed by Coniophora puteana (1.6%), Peniophora limitata (0.4%) and Datronia mollis (0.4%). Fungi most commonly isolated from discoloured wood were ascomycetes Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum, Phialophora malorum, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Coniothyrium sporulosum, Libertella spp., Ophiostoma sp., and basidiomycetes Ischnoderma benzoinum, Ischnoderma resinosum, Tyromyces sp. 相似文献
5.
Summary Enzyme assay showed that the commercial cellulase from Trichoderma reesei degraded several polysaccharide substrates; highest activity was on xylan. Transmission electron micrographs showed that the T. reesei cellulase degraded nondecayed wood extensively; the attack always progressed from the point of contact into the cell wall. Cytochemically prepared wood that had been decayed by Poria placenta showed uniform distribution of electron-dense particles throughout the walls; the same results were observed with added T. reesei cellulase. In wood decayed by Ganoderma applanatum without or with added T. reesei cellulase, the progress of degradation was similar to that in nondecayed wood. Negatively stained T. reesei cellulase had 3–7 nm diameter for the smallest particles; the smallest diamaters of electron-dense particles in wood ranged from 3–7 nm. This suggests that the electron-dense particles probably are cellulase molecules. 相似文献
6.
A comparison between decay patterns of the white‐rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus in chestnut–leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia) shows predominantly simultaneous attack both in vivo and in vitro 
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下载免费PDF全文 E. Bari M. Karim R. Oladi M. A. Tajick Ghanbary M. Ghodskhah Daryaei O. Schmidt J. P. Benz M. Emaminasab 《Forest Pathology》2017,47(4)
In this research, we examined decay patterns occurring in Quercus castaneifolia wood under natural conditions compared with controlled decay in vivo. Pleurotus ostreatus‐infected oak wood was obtained from the Sari forests in the north of Iran. The species causing decay was verified as P. ostreatus using rDNA‐ITS sequencing of pure cultures from infected sapwood. In addition to P. ostreatus, two wood‐inhabiting Ascomycota, Trichoderma harzianum and T. lixii, were present. Mass loss in oak sapwood samples exposed to P. ostreatus for 60 days was around 10 per cent. Samples were prepared from both naturally decayed wood and wood decayed under controlled conditions and examined using microscopy. P. ostreatus was found to produce a simultaneous white‐rot decay pattern in both conditions. 相似文献
7.
Erwin Shuhei Takemoto Won-Joung Hwang Miyuki Takeuchi Takao Itoh Yuji Imamura 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(3):233-241
To further our understanding of wood decay in living light red meranti (Shorea smithiana) trees, microscopic characteristics of the cell and cell wall degradations of S. smithiana wood in the presence of the decay fungi, the identity of the causal fungi, and the decay potential and pattern by an isolated
fungus were investigated. Cell wall degradations, including cell wall thinning, bore holes formation, rounded pit erosion,
and eroded channel opening were clearly observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. In transverse view, many large
voids resulting from a coalition of degraded wood tissue appeared in the decayed canker zone. All these observations suggest
the well-known simultaneous decay pattern caused by white-rot fungi. By phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of internal
transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, a basidiomycete fungus isolated from the decayed wood was identified as Schizophyllum commune. The degradation caused by this fungus on sound S. smithiana wood in an in situ laboratory decay test was classified as the early stage of simultaneous decay, and showed a similar pattern
to that observed in the wood samples naturally decayed. 相似文献
8.
Z. H. Sierota 《Forest Pathology》1977,7(3):164-172
The mycelial yield of Trichoderma viride on a number of carbon sources and the inhibitory effect of its filtrates on Fomes annosus were investigated. d-Xylose and d-glucose as carbon sources in the media gave the highest degree of inhibition when their filtrates were directly tested against F. annosus mycelium. The protection of pine wood blocks with filtrates was most effective when these were derived from cellulose and d-xylose. 相似文献
9.
Trang T. Tran Morag Glen Chris Beadle David Ratkowsky Caroline Mohammed 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(2)
Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) clones are widely planted in Vietnam with a total of approximately 400,000 ha to meet the demand for pulpwood, sawn timber and wood chip exports. Silvicultural techniques such as pruning and thinning have been applied to improve productivity and sawlog quality of Acacia hybrid plantations. However, those techniques may also create opportunities for wood decay fungi to enter the Acacia hybrid stems through wounds and cause stem defects that reduce sawlog quality and the value of the plantation. The presence of fungal decay agents in Acacia hybrid trees was examined in two Vietnamese plantations. In July 2011, just prior to a second thinning, discoloured wood samples were taken from a three‐year‐old Acacia hybrid plantation at Phan Truong Hai for the isolation of fungi. In July 2012, approximately 18 months after pruning and thinning treatments, discoloured wood samples were taken from a three‐year‐old Acacia hybrid plantation at Nghia Trung for the isolation of fungi. DNA sequencing of the rDNA ITS identified the isolates. In May 2015, approximately 4 years after thinning and fertilizer treatments, discoloured and decayed wood samples were taken from the above (7‐year‐old) Acacia hybrid plantation at Phan Truong Hai for fungal identification. DNA was extracted directly from discoloured and decayed wood samples and fungal rDNA ITS amplicons sequenced on a Roche 454 sequencer. The results showed that silvicultural treatments did not affect the fungal communities associated with discoloured and decayed wood of Acacia hybrid plantation at Phan Truong Hai. A total of 135 fungal species or OTUs (operational taxonomic units) were identified, including 82 members of Ascomycota and 52 Basidiomycota. 相似文献
10.
K. J. Lang 《Forest Pathology》1975,5(4):225-240
Experiments with fungi causing damping off. I. Interrelations between Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. and races of pathogenic fungi in the genera Pythium, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia . In vitro the anagonism of Trichoderma viride is affected by streptomycin and pH. Damping off fungi can reduce the degree of antagonism on a malt agar substrate. Species and races of the tested fungi differ in their sensitivity to the antagonistic effect of T. viride. 相似文献
11.
Pablo Martín Pinto Juan Alberto Pajares Alonso Valentín Pando Fernández Julio Javier Díez Casero 《New Forests》2006,31(1):41-56
Fungal endophytes in container-grown seedlings in forest nurseries located in the North Plateau of Spain have been studied.
Influences of nursery, season (spring and autumn), host genus and plant part on those fungal assemblages have been also evaluated.
Four nurseries were sampled in spring and three in autumn. Analysed material consisted of stems, roots and rhizosphere from
five host species, Quercus ilex, Q. pyrenaica, Pinus pinea, P. nigra and P. sylvestris. A total of 581 isolates corresponding to 13 taxa were found in this study. Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum and Trichoderma viride were the most frequently isolated fungi. Number of fungal species per observation differed significantly among the sampled
parts. Multivariate Correspondence Analysis allowed the discrimination of samples in five groups based on nursery, season,
host genus and plant part. Isolation frequencies of F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum were higher in the roots and in spring, whereas those of T. viride were higher in the rhizosphere and in autumn. A relationship was observed between presence of T. viride and absence of Fusarium spp. in forest nurseries. T. viride, could serve as a biological control agent against Fusarium spp. in forest nurseries. 相似文献
12.
Fungi isolated from the oak (Quercus robur) rhizosphere were tested for their effects on rhizomorph formation and growth of 16 isolates of Armillaria ostoyae sampled in three localities in western Poland. The number of rhizomorphs, number of rhizomorph apices, and rhizomorph length and weight increased most in the presence of Penicillium lanosum, Penicillium notatum, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Penicillium spinulosum and Mycelium radicis atrovirens α and, to a lesser extent, in the presence of Nectria grammicospora. Inhibition of rhizomorph formation was caused by Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma viride in two A. ostoyae isolates and by M. radicis atrovirens α and P. spinulosum in one A. ostoyae isolate. It is suggested that variation in sensitivity to microbial stimulation within A. ostoyae is associated with the environmental and nutritional conditions of its original habitat. Isolates from nutrition‐rich localities, with 20% of the land area covered by deciduous trees, were particularly susceptible to stimulation by rhizosphere fungi. 相似文献
13.
A survey to identify ophiostomatoid fungi that infect wounds on native Norwegian and Swedish broadleaved trees was undertaken during summer 2004. A fungus resembling a species of Sporendocladia was commonly isolated from the exposed cambium and inner bark of wounds. Morphological examination and comparisons of DNA sequence data for the ITS and 5.8S regions of the rRNA gene region led to its identification as Sporendocladia bactrospora. Pathogenicity trials on young Populus tremula and Betula pubescens trees showed that S. bactrospora is capable of causing lesions on these trees. There have been few previous reports of S. bactrospora, and in most cases, these have been as saprophytes on wood. In contrast, results of this study show that it is a common inhabitant of freshly made wounds on native broadleaved trees in Scandinavia, and it appears to contribute to staining of wood. 相似文献
14.
Identification and characterization of fungi associated with internal wood lesions and decline disease of willow and poplar trees in Iran 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 During the study of fungal trunk pathogens associated with urban trees decline in Shiraz (Iran), a serious decline of willow and poplar trees was observed. Therefore, an investigation was conducted on these trees in some areas of this city during spring and summer 2012 and 2013, to determine the main fungal trunk pathogens associated with these ornamental plants. Plant materials were collected from trees exhibiting disease symptoms such as yellowing, shoot canker, shoot dieback, defoliation and internal wood necrosis and decayed wood. Fungal isolations were made from discoloured or decayed wood tissue onto 2% malt extract agar (MEA) amended with streptomycin sulphate. Nine species, Fomes fomentarius, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Neoscytalidium hyalinum, Diatrype whitmanensis, Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum, P. aleophilum and P. parasiticum, were identified based on morphology and DNA sequence comparisons. Pathogenicity tests were performed on detached shoots of willow and poplar trees under greenhouse conditions. Lasiodiplodia theobromae caused the longest lesions on willow. On poplar shoots, the longest lesions were caused by P. parasiticum. Diplodia seriata produced the smallest lesions on both woody hosts. First reports from willow wood include P. parasiticum, P. rubrigenum, D. whitmanensis, L. theobromae, D. seriata and N. hyalinum, while new reports from poplar wood include P. parasiticum and Do. sarmentorum. Based on our knowledge, this is also the first report of D. whitmanensis in Iran. 相似文献
15.
Z. H. Sierota 《Forest Pathology》1976,6(5):302-311
This work reports results of observations on mycelial dry weight yield, pH changes and the inhibitory effect of filtrates of Trichoderma viride on linear growth of the mycelium of Fomes annosus. The maximum mycelial yield of T. viride, derived from spores was obtained within the pH range 2,5–3,1. The greatest inhibitory effect of filtrates on the mycelial growth of F. annosus occurred at an initial pH of the Trichoderma cultures from 2,0-3,5. At other pH-values, no inhibition was found. 相似文献
16.
In two stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), plantedin 1952 and 1929 in Yair Hill Forest and Glentress Forest, BordersRegion, two per cent of the trees examined in 1983 had extractiondamage on stems and superficial roots. Extraction wounds were4 and 8 years old respectively and ranged in size from 52 to1099 cm2. Infection frequency of the damaged trees was 47 percent and 54 per cent respectively. Stereum sanguinolentum wasthe most common fungus isolated, accompanied by Trichodermaviride Fr; Chaetomium cochlioides Palliser and Heterobasidionannosum (Fr.) Bref. The frequency of isolation of S. sanguinolentumincreased progressively in samples taken from the outside ofstems inwards, whereas the other microorganisms present showedthe opposite pattern. In four trees, T. viride overgrew S. sanguinolentumin the the decay columns. Positive correlations were demonstratedbetween surface area of wounds and vertical extension of decay,tree volume and decay volume, and diameter of stem at breastheight (DBH) and decay volume; whereas a negative correlationoccurred between number of growth rings per 5 cm (measured inwardsfrom the outside of the bole) and radial penetration of decay.The results confirm the importance of S. sanguinolentum as awound pathogen. 相似文献
17.
The structural changes in the cell wall and delignification pattern caused by Trametes versicolor and Trametes hirsuta in the sap wood of Leucaena leucocephala were examined by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The in vitro decay test was conducted for 12 weeks. Both species of Trametes used in this study caused anatomical characteristics specific to simultaneous white rot. Formation of boreholes, erosion troughs, erosion channels with U-shaped notches in tangential sections and thinning of cell walls were evident in the wood inoculated with each of the fungal species. Cell separation due to removal of middle lamellae occurred at the early stages of infection (30 d) with T. versicolor. In contrast, middle lamellae remained intact in wood inoculated with T. hirsuta and showed cell separation due to degradation of the outer layer of the secondary wall and degradation of the middle lamellae observed only in severely decayed wood at late stages. Confocal microscopy revealed the delignification pattern particularly from cell corners and vessel walls at an advanced stage of decay, indicating strong ligninolytic activity of both species in the sapwood of L. leucocephala. 相似文献
18.
Seasonal development of resinous stem canker was determined in Chamaecyparis obtusa trees wound‐inoculated with Cistella japonica in January 1996. Samples for anatomical analysis were harvested on 20 May, 9 July and 6 August in the second year of inoculation, and the sections were observed under light microscope. Resin exudation was most abundant in the second year, decreasing in the third. All new resin exudation in the second year was recognized at the May observation. New traumatic resin canal formation was observed in the August samples, and an expansion of necrotic lesions was observed mainly in summer samples in the inoculated trees and in naturally affected trees. Cistella japonica was re‐isolated from all bark lesions or inoculated wounds examined. These results suggest that the activity of Ci. japonica in the tree affects the seasonal development of resinous stem canker during the growing season of the trees. 相似文献
19.
Study aim was to investigate discoloration and associated fungi in 50‐ to 70‐year‐old stems of Betula pendula damaged by logging. Investigated wounds (on 70 stems) were inflicted 4–18 years previously, and all of them had discoloration with mean radial spread (±SD) 2.9 ± 2.9 cm and longitudinal spread 50.3 ± 24.0 cm. Both wound area and length had a strong impact on a total length of discoloration (r = 0.665 and r = 0.745, respectively; p < 0.001), but had no influence on its spread beyond wound margins (r = ?0.035 and r = ?0.079). There was no correlation between the age of an injury and spread of the discoloration neither in vertical (r = ?0.110) nor in radial (r = ?0.280) direction. Average wound closure rate was 1.2 ± 0.5 cm year ?1. The difference between discoloration length in stems with open and occluded injuries was insignificant (t‐test, p = 0.769). The principal fungi isolated from the wounds were ascomycetes (Epicoccum, Cadophora, Neonectria, Alternaria spp.) that were able to cause discoloration of wood with little effect on its mechanical properties and capable only for limited spread inside a stem of a living tree. In conclusion, results of the present study demonstrate that the amount of discoloured wood beyond logging wounds in B. pendula is mainly restricted to the damaged portion of a stem and that the associated loss of wood production remains low during about 10 years since the damage. 相似文献
20.
Ascomycetes, Fungi imperfecti, and Bacteria invading experimentally created wounds on stems of 55–60 years old Picea abies were studied after 1,2, and 4 years. The effect of wounding season, number of years since wounding, tree diameter class, height above ground, size and depth of the wounds is discussed. A general discussion is given of all isolated microorganisms, the Hymenomycetes included. Mutual influence of microorganisms is discussed. 相似文献