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1.
Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents one of the main yield-limiting factors for crops in acid soils. Silicon (Si) is known to increase tolerance in higher plants. This study was conducted to determine whether treatment with Si could improve nutrient uptake by peanut under Al stress. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv Zhonghua 4) was raised with or without Si (1.5 mM) in the growth chamber under 0 and toxic Al (0.3 mM) levels. Aluminum stress significantly decreased the root- and total-dry weight by 52.4% and 32.0%, respectively. The content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was significantly decreased, but that of Al increased markedly in shoots and roots after Al exposure at seedling, flower-needle, and pod-setting stage. Silicon alleviates Al toxicity in peanut plants in relation to Al distribution and allocation of tissue P, K, Ca, and Mg by favoring the partitioning of dry mass to roots.  相似文献   

2.
Silicon (Si) can enhance the resistance of plants to many abiotic stresses. To explore whether Si ameliorates Fe2+ toxicity, a hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate whether and how Si detoxifies Fe2+ toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots. Results indicated that rice cultivar Tianyou 998 (TY998) showed greater sensitivity to Fe2+ toxicity than rice cultivar Peizataifeng (PZTF). Treatment with 0.1 mmol L-1 Fe2+ inhibited TY998 root elongation and root biomass significantly. Reddish iron plaque was formed on root surface of both cultivars. TY998 had a higher amount of iron plaque than PZTF. Addition of Si to the solution of Fe treatment decreased the amount of iron plaque on root surface by 17.6% to 37.1% and iron uptake in rice roots by 37.0% to 40.3%, and subsequently restored root elongation triggered by Fe2+ toxicity by 13.5% in the TY998. Compared with Fe treatment, the addition of 1 mmol L-1 Si to the solution of Fe treatment increased xylem sap flow by 19.3% to 24.8% and root-shoot Fe transportation by 45.0% to 78.6%. Furthermore, Si addition to the solution of Fe treatment induced root cell wall to thicken. These results suggested that Si could detoxify Fe2+ toxicity and Si-mediated amelioration of Fe2+ toxicity in rice roots was associated with less iron plaque on root surface and more Fe transportation from roots to shoots.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

The effects of soluble silicon (Si) on the toxicity of aluminium (Al) to soybean roots were investigated in solution culture. A weak nutrient solution which included a low concentration of phosphorus (P) was shown to be necessary to allow the full expression of Al toxicity. As solution pH decreased below 6, reductions in root growth in the presence of Al became increasingly severe. Silicon alleviated the symptoms of Al toxicity, but the effective rate was dependent on pH. Greater concentrations of Si were required at lower pH where Al was more toxic. These results support the hypothesis that the pH‐dependent affinity of Si for Al in dilute solutions, and the consequent formation of sub‐colloidal inert hydroxyaluminosilicate species, is the basis for the alleviation of Al toxicity by Si.  相似文献   

4.
Effect of Si on alleviation of Mn toxicity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was investigated with special reference to the effect on Mn microdistribution and peroxidase activity. Manganese treatment was conducted by growing the seedlings in nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of Mn. Silicon treatment was conducted by growing the seedlings in the solutions with or without Si supply. Silicon supply alleviated the necrotic browning in the leaves but did not affect the chlorosis caused by Mn toxicity. Silicon treatment did not appreciably alter the uptake of Mn by the plants. Electron probe X‐ray microanalysis revealed that Mn accumulated in high concentration around the necrotic brown spots and that Si supply prevented the uneven distribution of Mn in the tissues. Increase in the level of Mn supply caused an increase in peroxidase activity in the tissues, and Si supply prvented the increase in peroxidase activity.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

To characterize the effect of silicon (Si) on decreasing transpiration rate in maize (Zea mays L.) plants, the transpiration rate and conductance from both leaves and cuticula of maize plants were measured directly. Plants were grown in nutrient solutions with and without Si under both normal water conditions and drought stress [20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration in nutrient solution] treatments. Silicon application of 2 mmol L?1 significantly decreased transpiration rate and conductance for both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface, but had no effect on transpiration rate and conductance from the cuticle. These results indicate that the role of Si in decreasing transpiration rate must be largely attributed to the reduction in transpiration rate from stomata rather than cuticula. Stomatal structure, element deposition, and stomatal density on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a light microscope. Results showed that changes in neither stomatal morphology nor stomatal density could explain the role of Si in decreasing stomatal transpiration of maize plants. Silicon application with H4SiO4 significantly increased Si concentration in shoots and roots of maize plants. Silicon concentration in shoots of maize plants was higher than in roots, whether or not Si was applied. Silicon deposits in cell walls of the leaf epidermis were mostly in the form of polymerized SiO2.  相似文献   

6.
Silicon(Si) offers beneficial effect on plants under cadmium(Cd) stress such as promoting plant growth and increasing resistance to heavy metal toxicity. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to study the role of Si in alleviating Cd toxicity in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants on a yellow soil taken from Guiyang, China. Nine treatments consisting of three concentrations of Cd(0, 1, and 5 mg kg~(-1)) together with three Si levels(0, 1, and 4 g kg~(-1)) were established. Plant growth parameters, Cd concentration,and the malondialdehyde(MDA), chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were determined 100 d after transplanting of tobacco seedlings.Application of exogenous Si enhanced the growth of tobacco plants under Cd stress. When 5 mg kg~(-1) Cd was added, Si addition at 1 and 4 g kg~(-1) increased root, stem, and leaf biomass by 26.1%–43.3%, 33.7%–43.8%, and 50.8%–69.9%, respectively, compared to Si addition at 0 g kg~(-1). With Si application, the transfer factor of Cd in tobacco from root to shoot under both 1 and 5 mg kg~(-1) Cd treatments decreased by 21%. The MDA contents in the Si-treated tobacco plants declined by 5.5%–17.1% compared to those in the non-Si-treated plants, indicating a higher Cd tolerance. Silicon application also increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by 33.9%–41% and 25.8%–47.3% compared to the Cd only treatments. Therefore, it could be concluded that Si application can alleviate Cd toxicity to tobacco by decreasing Cd partitioning in the shoots and MDA levels and by increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, thereby contributing to lowering the potential health risks of Cd contamination.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in soil and effectively counteracts the effects of various abiotic stresses, such as drought, heavy metal toxicity and salinity, on plants. In the present study the ameliorating effects of Si nutrition supplied as 2?mmol?L?1 sodium silicate were investigated on hydroponically grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants under salinity stress (i.e. 150?mmol?L?1 sodium chloride). Salinity decreased plant growth parameters such as tissue fresh and dry weights. These decreases were accompanied by increased lignin contents, Na+ ion accumulation, increased lipid peroxidation and decreased chlorophyll contents in plants. Silicon nutrition, however, enhanced plant growth parameters and led to the prevention of lignin and the Na+ accumulation in shoots, reduced levels of lipid peroxidation in the roots and higher levels of chlorophyll. As a result of salinity, catalase activity in the whole plant and both soluble and cell wall peroxidase activities in the shoots decreased. Silicon nutrition, however, increased the reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity of salt-stressed plants through increased catalase and cell wall peroxidase activities. Thus, silicon nutrition ameliorated the deleterious effects of salinity on the growth of canola plants through lower tissue Na+ contents, maintaining the membrane integrity of root cells as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation, increased reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and reduced lignification.  相似文献   

8.
Silicon (Si) application, both via foliar application and via roots, may be promising to improve plant growth under different biotic or abiotic stresses. In the present study, we investigated whether application of Si can also mitigate the harmful effects of boron (B)‐related nutritional disorders, such as B deficiency, when the application of B is inefficient or insufficient, and B toxicity, when the soil presents high levels of B. This may enable producers to apply Si preventively, if there is a low availability of B in the environment or if B deficiency is induced during the growth season due to a water deficit reducing the plant's B absorption. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of leaf and root Si application on alleviating the harmful effects of B deficiency and toxicity in cotton. Three experiments were carried out with cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Bayer FM910®), using a soilless system. In a first experiment, we determined that highest plant Si concentrations were obtained with application of stabilized sodium and potassium silicate at concentrations of 0.8 g L?1 (foliar) and 0.056 g L?1 (roots). Experiment 2 indicated that the B concentrations in the nutrient solution associated with moderate B deficiency, sufficiency and moderate toxicity were 33.7, 83.6, and 130.5 µM B L?1, respectively. In Experiment 3 we evaluated the effect of optimum Si applications on the physiology and dry weight production of cotton plants subjected to B deficiency, sufficiency, and toxicity. Silicon mitigated the harmful effects of both B deficiency and toxicity by increasing whole‐plant biomass production and levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, and reduced initial and maximum fluorescence, thereby improving the quantum efficiency of photosystem II. Collectively, these results indicate that the greatest benefit of Si in mitigating B deficiency occurred with foliar B application, while Si supplied via the nutrient solution was more effective against B toxicity.  相似文献   

9.
Silicon (Si) is widely distributed in nature and can promote plant growth under various biotic and abiotic stresses. Drought stress seriously affects plant growth and the concentration and ecological stoichiometry of nutrients. Integrated nutrient management effectively protects plants from stresses. However, the role of water and Si availability on element concentrations and stoichiometry in plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) are unclear. Accordingly, this study observed changes in the concentration and stoichiometry of macro- and micro-elements in plantain leaves supplied with various levels of Si under variable water availabilities through a greenhouse experiment. Supplemental Si increased Si concentration of leaves under both well-watered and drought conditions. Without supplemental Si, drought conditions decreased concentrations of carbon (C), C: nitrogen (N), C: phosphorus (P), silicon (Si):N, Si:P and increased concentrations of N, P, N:P, Si:C, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Increased Si under water stress increased concentrations of C, C:N, C:P, Si:C, Si:N, and Si:P, and decreased concentrations of Ca2+, sodium (Na+), and Mg2+. These results suggested that exogenous Si changed the concentrations and ecological stoichiometry of macro- and micro-elements.  相似文献   

10.
The effects of silicon (Si) on the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seedlings were studied in a growth chamber. Mungbean seedlings were grown in a nutrient solution with combinations of three concentrations of Si (0,1, and 10 mM) and three concentrations of Al (0, 2, and 5 mM) in randomized completely block design experiments for 16 days. Silicon at 1 mM in the solution decreased root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content, and showed no significant effect on epicotyl length and seedling height, and protein contents of shoots or roots in mungbean seedling under no Al stress. But, Si at 10 mM showed marked toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth and increased protein contents of the shoots or roots. In contrast, under 2 mM Al stress, Si addition at 1 mM had significant increasing effect on root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content. It also had decreasing effect on protein contents of the shoots or roots, and had no effect on epicotyl length and seedling height. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed no effect on morphological and physiological measurements of mungbean seedling. However, Si at 1 mM added to solution only increased seedling height, epicotyl length, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content, but decreased dry weight and protein content of the roots under 5 mM Al stress, significantly. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed similar toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth under 5 mM Al stress to that under no Al stress.  相似文献   

11.
Although silicon (Si) is not an essential element, it presents a close relationship with the alleviation of heavy‐metal toxicity to plants. This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of Si application to soil on the amelioration of metal stress to maize grown on a contaminated soil amended with Si (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg kg–1) as calcium silicate (CaSiO3). Additionally, the cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) bioavailability as well as their distribution into soil fractions was also studied. The results showed that adding Si to a Cd‐ and Zn‐contaminated soil effectively diminished the metal stress and resulted in biomass increase in comparison to metal‐contaminated soil not treated with Si. This relied on Cd and Zn immobilization in soil rather than on the increase of soil pH driven by calcium silicate application. Silicon altered the Cd and Zn distribution in soil fractions, decreasing the most bioavailable pools and increasing the allocation of metals into more stable fractions such as organic matter and crystalline iron oxides.  相似文献   

12.
Silicon (Si)‐induced cadmium (Cd) tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated by analyzing Cd uptake, growth, and physiological parameters. Silicon treatments (0.0, 0.2, or 0.6 mM) were added to 6 d–old seedlings, and Cd treatments (0.0 or 5.0 μM) were added to 20 d–old seedlings. Parameters determined included: maximum net CO2 assimilation (Amax), stomatal conductance (gsmax), and transpiration (Emax) rates at varying intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci). Also measured were chlorophyll fluorescence, growth, and Cd‐uptake parameters. Results showed a Si‐induced inhibition of Cd uptake. However, 0.2 mM or 0.6 mM Si treatment concentrations did not differentially inhibit Cd uptake or differentially alleviate Cd‐induced growth inhibition, despite a significant increase in tissue Si concentration due to 0.6 mM Si treatment compared to 0.2 mM Si treatment. Additionally, photosynthesis and chlorophyll‐fluorescence analysis showed that treatment with Cd significantly inhibited photosynthetic efficiency. Interestingly, the addition of 0.2 mM Si, more so than the addition of 0.6 mM Si, significantly alleviated the inhibitory effects of Cd toxicity on photosynthesis and chlorophyll‐fluorescence parameters. Our results suggest that 0.2 mM Si could be close to an optimum Si‐dose requirement for the alleviation of toxicity symptoms mediated by moderate (5 μM) Cd exposure.  相似文献   

13.
Summary Mature (flowering) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. PBD6, Nicotiana rustica cv. Brasilia) and maize (Zea mays cv. INRA 260) plants were grown in an acid sandy-clay soil, enriched to 5.4 mg Cd kg–1 dry weight soil with cadmium nitrate. The plants were grown in containers in the open air. No visible symptoms of Cd toxicity developed on plant shoots over the 2-month growing period. Dry-matter yields showed that while the Nicotiana spp. were unaffected by the Cd application the yield of Z. mays decreased by 21%. Cd accumulation and distribution in leaves, stems and roots were examined. In the control treatment (0.44 mg Cd kg–1 dry weight soil), plant Cd levels ranged from 0.4 to 6.8 mg kg–1 dry weight depending on plant species and plant parts. Soil Cd enrichment invariably increased the Cd concentrations in plant parts, which varied from 10.1 to 164 mg kg–1 dry weight. The maximum Cd concentrations occurred in the leaves of N. tabacum. In N. rustica 75% of the total Cd taken up by the plant was transported to the leaves, and 81% for N. tabacum irrespective of the Cd level in the soil. In contrast, the Cd concentrations in maize roots were almost five times higher than those in the leaves. More than 50% of the total Cd taken up by maize was retained in the roots at both soil Cd levels. The Cd level in N. tabacum leaves was 1.5 and 2 times higher at the low and high Cd soil level, respectively, than that in N. rustica leaves, but no significant difference was found in root Cd concentrations between the two Nicotiana spp.Cd bioavailability was calculated as the ratio of the Cd level in the control plants to that in the soil or as the ratio of the additional Cd taken up from cadmium nitrate to the amount of Cd applied. The results showed that the plant species used can be ranked in a decreasing order as follows: N. tabacum > N. rustica > Z. mays.  相似文献   

14.
The present investigation aims to study the potential protective role of exogenous applications of gibberellin, auxin, citric acid and calcium on the growth and cellular redox state of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germinating seeds exposed to copper stress. All tested treatments alleviated the adverse effects of Cu-induced toxicity on the growth, cell viability and mobilization of nutrients from the cotyledons. This alleviation of Cu toxicity occurred by limiting heavy metal biosorption and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Redox balance, examined through the study of the redox state of nicotinamide couples NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH appeared to be protected by the treatments. This correction was correlated to a modulation of NAD(P)H-oxidase and dehydrogenase activities, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. The present research provides evidence that supplementation of plants with gibberellin, auxin, citric acid and calcium was an effective approach for enhancing Cu tolerance in pea seedlings.  相似文献   

15.
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate on Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne L. With increased salinity level, chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) in these three turfgrasses were reduced significantly when compared with the untreated control. Supplementary silicon (Si) ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity on chlorophyll content. Silicon treatments decreased proline at all salinity levels. Moreover, addition of Si increased shoot length and shoot number in all turfgrasses. Sodium (Na) concentration was increased in both leaves and roots of turfgrasses at high salinity level; however, Si treatment significantly reduced Na concentration in all of them. Silicon increased Potassium concentration in shoots and roots (though not significantly) in most cases. It can be concluded that Si alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in all turfgrasses.  相似文献   

16.
硅增强植物重金属耐性机理研究综述   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
In recent years, due to excessive emission of industrial waste, wastewater irrigation, and unreasonable utilization of fertilizers, pesticides and plastic sheeting, heavy metal pollution is increasing rapidly, resulting in many environmental problems. Silicon （Si）, as the second most abundant element in the soil, can not only stimulate plant growth, but alleviate various biotic and abiotic stresses, including heavy metal stress. Here, we reviewed recent advances in the mechanisms for Si-mediated heavy metal tolerance in plants. These mechanisms included reducing active heavy metal ions in growth media, reducing heavy metal transport to the shoot, stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, chelation, compartmentation, regulation of the expression of metal transport genes, and structural changes in plants. Further research orientation is also discussed.  相似文献   

17.
外源硅对植物抗盐性影响的研究进展   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
盐胁迫是世界范围内影响作物产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫之一,如何提高作物的抗盐性已经引起全世界的关注。硅 (Si) 是地壳中含量仅次于氧的第二大丰富元素。在pH值低于9的介质中,硅通常以单硅酸[Si(OH)4]的形式被高等植物吸收。尽管目前硅仍然未被认为是植物生长的必需元素,但是作为植物生长的“有益元素”,硅可以缓解各种生物胁迫和非生物胁迫对植物生长发育的抑制。大量的研究表明硅可参与调控植物抗盐的生理生化代谢过程,并与一些信号物质,如乙烯、水杨酸和多胺等存在互作。主要进展如下:1) 植物对硅的吸收存在主动、被动和拒绝吸收三种,硅转运蛋白在硅的吸收和转运中起到非常重要的作用,但是关于该蛋白的编码基因在更多物种中的克隆和功能研究有待于进一步开展。2) 硅可以调节盐胁迫下植物体内的离子平衡,降低植物根系对盐离子的吸收和向地上部的转运,并使盐离子更均匀的分布在根系中;改善盐胁迫下根系对钙、钾、氮等营养元素的吸收,缓解盐胁迫造成的营养失调。近期一些研究表明多胺可能参与硅对根系盐离子吸收的调控。3) 硅可以通过调节水通道蛋白的表达和渗透调节物质的积累提高根系对水分的吸收和向地上部的转运,改善植株的水分状况。4) 硅可通过调节抗氧化酶活性,降低活性氧的产生和积累,同时可以缓解盐胁迫对光合器官和光合色素造成的损伤,保证盐胁迫下植物光合作用的正常进行。5) 植物耐盐的分子机制非常复杂,涉及大量基因的表达和调控以及信号转导过程,包括蛋白质组学和转录组学在内的组学研究策略为从分子水平揭示硅缓解胁迫的机理提供了有力的技术手段。转录组和蛋白质组学的研究表明硅可以通过调控转录因子、激素等相关基因的表达及蛋白的翻译和修饰来调控植物对盐胁迫的快速响应,提高植物的抗盐能力。6) 硅吸收突变体的应用有助于我们更好的了解硅在调控植物生理生化代谢中所发挥的作用。  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Silicon (Si) is considered a beneficial element for plants due to the far-reaching benefits it confers, including enhanced growth, yield, and crop quality, as well as stress resistance. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Si during germination and initial growth (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5?mM Si) and during vegetative growth (0, 1, 2, or 3?mM Si) in rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Morelos A-98. Si did not affect germination but stimulated seedling height, root length, number of roots, as well as fresh and dry biomass weight of shoots and roots during initial growth. During vegetative growth, the application of 3?mM Si significantly increased the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio, but no major changes were observed either in growth or in concentrations of most nutrients, with the exception of Ca (which increased with 3?mM Si), and B and Zn (which decreased in the presence of Si). In conclusion, applying Si had positive effects during the initial stage of growth, increasing seedling height, root length, root number, and fresh and dry biomass weight. Under our experimental conditions, Si did not affect germination and vegetative growth, but increased Ca concentrations and decreased B and Zn concentrations.  相似文献   

19.
Foliar silicon (Si) concentrations vary significantly among plants, resulting in the classification of different species as either high or low-Si accumulators. While the uptake pathways have been identified in some high accumulators, those that operate in low accumulators have largely been overlooked. Using a bioinformatics approach, a putative NIP2-like Si transporter gene was discovered within the genome of the low-Si accumulator, Nicotiana tabacum. The predicted protein, termed NtNIP2;1, possesses all the molecular signatures expected of an NIP2 Si transporter. Furthermore, when NtNIP2;1 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, Si transport across the plasma membrane was observed. Nicotiana tabacum NIP2;1 RNA levels in the roots of seedlings were down-regulated in response to Si, similar to the Si transporter, OsLsi1, in rice. Taken together, these data suggest that a functional NIP2 Si uptake mechanism is also present in plants that acquire low foliar Si levels.  相似文献   

20.
Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. is a perennial wetland halophyte which could be exposed to heavy metals in polluted salt marsh environments. In order to investigate the interaction between salinity (50 mM NaCl) and heavy metal, young plants were exposed in hydroponic culture to 10 μM Cu in the presence or absence of 50 mM NaCl. Copper strongly inhibited the leaf emergence and lateral branch development as well as leaf expansion, and induced a significant decrease in plant dry weight (DW), water content (WC), osmotic potential (Ψ s) and leaf water potential (Ψ w). Copper treated plants accumulated significantly higher level of Cu in the roots than in the shoots although Cu intake rates decreased with the duration of stress exposure. Additions of NaCl in the absence of Cu excess had no detrimental impact on plant growth. In the presence of Cu excess, NaCl decreased Cu accumulation in roots and stems but had no positive impact on plant growth. Copper induced a large decrease in K concentration in roots and stems as well as a decrease in Ca concentration in the leaves. The impact of Cu and NaCl appeared to be additive on leaf Ψ s and leaf quaternary ammonium compounds concentrations. It is concluded that K. virginica exhibits a high bioconcentration factor for Cu which could be, at least partly, responsible for its sensitivity to this toxic element. The impact of stress on K and Ca homeostasis is discussed in relation to ion distribution and presence of mucilage in the plant.  相似文献   

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