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1.
Eight geldings and four mares were randomly assigned treatments within three 4x4 Latin square design experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) on mineral balance and dry matter digestibility in sedentary and anaerobically exercised horses. Four diets with an average DCAB (calculated as meq ((Na+K+) - Cl-)/kg of diet dry matter) of +24 (Low, L), +127 (Medium Low, ML), +227 (Medium High, MH) and +352 (High, H) were fed for a 21 day adjustment period followed by a 72 hour collection period. Diets consisted of a pelleted base concentrate of com, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with either native prairie grass or bermuda grass hay in a 60:40 ratio. Diet L was formed by adding calcium chloride and ammonium chloride to the base concentrate, diet ML was formed by adding calcium chloride, and diet H was formed by adding potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate. Diet MI-I received no supplementation and served as the control. Representative samples of feed, feces and urine were analyzed for mineral content and mineral balances were calculated by difference. Fecal output was greater (p <.05), and thus, dry matter digestibility was lower in exercised homes consuming diet L versus diet H. Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet MH as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet H as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Potassium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet H as compared to those horses consuming diet ML, however, potassium balance was not affected by DCAB in exercised horses. No significant differences were detected in chloride or magnesium balances in the sedentary horses, although chloride balance was greater (p <.05) and magnesium balance was lower (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet L as compared to all other diets. In sedentary homes, phosphorus balance was reflective of intake with differences (p <.05) observed between all treatments. However, in exercised homes, phosphorus balance was lower (p <.05) oniy for those consuming diet L. Calcium balance decreased significantly as DCAB decreased between all treatments in sedentary horses, while calcium balance in exercised homes was greater (p <.05) for homes consuming diet H as compared to those consum- ing diet L.Previous research from our laboratory has shown that both exercised and sedentary horses consuming diets with a low DCAB experience a nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis. The current data indicate that anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses consuming these diets excrete significantly more calcium in the urine resulting in decreased calcium balances. Prolonged consumption of diets with a low DCAB may lead to a significant demineralization of bone and a subsequent weakening of the skeleton.  相似文献   

2.
Four mature, sedentary geldings were used in a 4x4 Latin square design experiment to study the effects of dietary cationanion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na + K) - C1)/kg of dietary dry matter, on urine pH, blood pH and blood gasses. Four diets with actual DCAB levels of +21 (Low, L), +125 (Medium Low, ML), +231 (Medium High, MH) and +350 (High, H) were fed for a 21-day adjustment period and a 72 hour collection period. Total urine output was collected every 4 hours post feeding for 72 hours, and like times across days were combined for analyses. Arterial and venous blood samples were drawn, via indwelling catheters, hourly for 12 hours beginning at feeding. All samples were analyzed immediately after collection for pH, blood gasses and blood acid-base measures. Urine pH was lower (p<.05) at all measured intervals when geldings consumed diet L than when they consumed diets MI, MH and H. Least squares means for urine pH ranges from 5.40 to 5.86 on diet L, 6.79 to 7.30 on diet ML, 7.35 to 7.63 on diet MH and 7.52 to 8.14 on diet H. Blood pH, pCO2 and HCO3 values were also significantly lower in both arterial and venous samples when geldings consumed diet L than when fed diets MH and H. Results of this trial indicate that horses consuming highly anionic diets may experience a nutritionally-induced metabolic acidosis.  相似文献   

3.
Sixteen Quarter Horse weanlings were used in a splitplot design experiment to determine the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on mineral metabolism, osteocalcin concentration and variables of growth. Horses were blocked by age and sex and then randomly allotted to two treatment groups (High or Low). Experimental diets with a DCAD of +325 (High, H) and −52 (Low, L) were formed by supplementing diet H with sodium bicarbonate and diet L with calcium chloride. The DCAD was calculated as meq (Na+K)−(Cl+S)/kg of diet DM. The 25-week trial consisted of three 72 h collection periods at 150, 240 and 330 d of age during which a complete urine collection was taken.Multiple fecal grab samples were collected to represent every 2 h post-feeding during each collection period. Venous blood samples were taken for analysis of serum osteocalcin concentration. Weekly measurements were taken to monitor skeletal growth. Representative samples of feed, feces and urine were analyzed for mineral content and apparent mineral balances were calculated by difference. Although osteocalcin concentration did not differ significantly between diets H and L at 150 and 330 d of age, it was higher (P<.05) at d 240 in horses consuming diet H versus diet L. No difference (P>.05) was detected between treatments in any skeletal growth variable measured. Phosphorus balance and digestibility did not differ significantly between treatments across d of age. However, digestibility of P was lower (P<.05) at d 240 and 330 compared to d 150 in both treatments. Horses consuming diet L experienced an increased (P<.05) urinary and a decreased (P<005) fecal excretion of Ca compared to horses consuming diet H. Apparent daily Ca balance was higher (P<.05) in horses consuming diet L than those on diet H at 240 and 330 d of age. Furthermore, Ca digestibility decreased significantly between d 150 and d 240 and 330 in horses consuming diet H. Horses consuming diet L experienced no difference (P>.05) in Ca digestibility across d of age.These findings suggest that horses consuming a low DCAD diet are able to compensate for the increased urinary excretion of Ca by enhancing intestinal Ca absorption and thereby increasing daily CA balance and digestibility.  相似文献   

4.
This study demonstrated that the feeding of treatment diets with calculated dietary cation-anion balances (DCAB) of +370.43 (H) and -25.69 (L) did not have significant effects on blood pH, pCO2, and HCO3-. Serum Ca2+, P, Na+, and Cl- as well as plasma PTH did not differ (P > .05) between the two treatment groups. Serum K+ was higher (P< .05) in horses fed diet H rather than diet L. The DCAB of the diet significantly affected urinary Ca2+, P, Na+, K+, and Cl- excretion in the young growing horse. Urine Ca2+ and Cl- levels were higher (P < .01) in horses fed diet H versus diet L. Furthermore, levels of P, Na+, and K+ in the urine were higher (P < .01) in horses on diet H as opposed to diet L. Results of this study indicate that horses were able to maintain acid-base status regardless of diet. However, these data imply that growing horses consuming diets low in DCAB may be predisposed to abnormal bone mineralization due to the increase in calcium excretion which could lead to a weakening of the skeletal system.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether plasma, urine, and fecal electrolyte and mineral concentrations differ between clinically normal horses and Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) after consumption of diets varying in cation-anion balance. ANIMALS: 5 Thoroughbred mares with RER and 6 clinically normal mixed-breed mares. PROCEDURE: Each of 3 isocaloric diets designated as low, medium, and high on the basis of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) values of 85, 190, and 380, respectively, were fed to horses for 14 days. During the last 72 hours, 3 horses with RER and 3 control horses had daily urine and fecal samples obtained by total 24-hour collection. Remaining horses had urine samples collected daily by single catheterization. RESULTS: For each diet, no differences existed between horses with RER and control horses in plasma pH, electrolyte concentrations, and creatine kinase activity or in urine pH and renal fractional excretion (FE) values. Plasma pH, strong ion difference, bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide concentrations, and base excess decreased and plasma chloride and ionized calcium concentrations increased with decreasing DCAB. Urine pH decreased with decreasing DCAB. The FE of chloride and phosphorus were greatest for horses fed the low diet. The FE values for all electrolytes exept magnesium did not differ between urine samples obtained by single catheterization and total 24-hour collection. Daily balance of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, and potassium did not differ significantly among horses fed the various diets. CONCLUSIONS: In clinically normal horses and in horses with RER, the DCAB strongly affects plasma and urine pH and the FE of sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine daily variation in urinary clearance and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes and minerals within and between horses and to compare volumetric and single-sample urine collection for determining FE values of diets with a range of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB). ANIMALS: 5 Thoroughbred and 6 mixed-breed mares. PROCEDURE: 3 isocaloric diets with low, medium, and high DCAB values (85, 190, and 380 mEq/kg of dry matter, respectively) were each fed for 14 days. Daily blood samples, single urine samples collected by using a urinary catheter (5 mares), and volumetric urine collections (6 mares) were obtained during the last 72 hours of each diet. RESULTS: Urine and plasma pH values, plasma concentrations, and FE values of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium were altered by varying the DCAB. Noticeable variation in clearance and FE values was detected within horses from day-to-day on the same diet as well as between horses. Fractional excretion values were not significantly different between single-sample and volumetric methods, except for magnesium in the high DCAB diet. Volumetric and single-sample collections revealed similar patterns of change in urinary FE values with varying DCAB, except for calcium and magnesium. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Substantial variation in clearance and FE of electrolytes and minerals are evident within horses between 24-hour periods as well as between horses fed a specific diet. Three daily urine samples provide similar information regarding dietary-induced changes in clearance and FE values (excluding calcium and magnesium) as that obtained by volumetric urine collection.  相似文献   

7.
Serum potassium concentrations in horses euthanatized by intravenous injection of potassium chloride (KC1) were determined and compared to potassium concentrations in control horses euthanatized by injection of sodium pentobarbital. Horses euthanatized with 50 (n=7) or 100 (n=5) mg KCl/kg body weight had significantly higher (P<0.05) serum potassium concentrations compared to control horses, (11.3±0.8 meq/1 or 16.0±4.7 meq/1 versus 7.6±2.2 meq/1, respectively) at 2 hours after death. Both test groups sustained elevated serum potassium concentrations from 15 to 120 minutes postmortem. Whole blood potassium and serum chloride concentrations were of little diagnostic value.  相似文献   

8.
In a switchback experiment, six mature mares were fed a control and a fat-supplemented diet while being exercised in a galloping regimen. After three weeks adaptation to each diet, horses performed an exercise test (ET) consisting of four, 600-m gallops. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after the ET, and blood samples were taken before, during and throughout recovery from the ET. Resting glycogen concentration in the biceps femoris muscle increased (P<.05) from 15.77 mg/g wet tissue when the horses were fed the control diet to 22.89 mg/g when they were fed the fats-supplemented diet. During the ET, the amount of glycogen mobilized by the muscle increased (P<.05) from 6.99 mg/g when the horses were fed the control diet to 13.09 mg/g when they were fed the fat-supplemented diet. When the horses were fed the fat-supplemented diet, they galloped faster (P<.09), at a constant heart rate, during the last two gallops of the ET. Thus, adapting exercising horses to a fat-supplemented diet increased muscle glycogen concentrations, which appeared to enhance their performance past the anaerobic threshold.  相似文献   

9.
A control and a 10% fat-supplemented diet were fed to exercising horses maintained in two different body conditions, during both temperate and hot weather, to determine the efficacy of fat as dietary aid to reduced energy requirements for thermal regulation in exercising horses. Horses were worked 7.2 km daily, 5 d/w, and in each season were fed sufficient energy to maintain constant body weight and body fat content at each assigned level of body condition. In both seasons and in both body conditions, digestible energy intake was lower (P<.01) when the horses were fed the fat-supplemented diet than when fed the control diet. Digestible energy intake was partitioned into requirements for work and maintenance. Since work levels were similar, digestible energy requirements for work were similar when horses were fed both experimental diets. However, the digestible energy requirements for maintenance were significantly lower (P<.01) when the horses were fed the fat-supplemented diet. Thus, it appears that feeding fat to exercising horses reduces the thermal load and resulting digestible energy requirements for maintenance in both temperate and hot weather.  相似文献   

10.
Thirty, 19-week-old Quarter Horses were utilized in a 112-d study to compare growth, nutrient utilization and post prandial thyroid hormone concentrations in weanling horses fed fat-supplemented or conventional diets. Concentrates were formulated to contain the same nutrient-calorie ratios and were fed with Coastal Bermuda grass hay in a 70:30 concentrate:hay ratio. Initially and at 28-d intervals the horses were weighed and measured for height, heart girth circumfer ence and subcutaneous fat thickness over the rump and ribs. Radiographs were taken of the right carpal and metacarpal phalangealjoints at the beginning and end of the experimental period for evaluation of bone density and physeal maturation. A digestion trial was conducted on each horse 10 d prior to completion of the study. On d 70, blood samples were col lected from 6 females in each treatment group over a 6-h collection period for evaluation of postprandial insulin, T4 and T3 concentrations in response to the diets. Horses in both groups consumed an average of 2.6% of body weight daily of total feed (Dry Matter). Weanlings consuming the fat-supplemented concentrate tended to have higher (P = .10) average daily weight gains (.80 vs .74 kg) and lower (P<.05) feed:gain ratios (6.3 vs 7.3) than weanlings fed the control diet. Gain in heart girth circumference was greater (P<.05) for the fat fed weanlings (20.1 cm) than the control weanlings (17.9 cm). All other linear measurements of growth were similar between treatments. There were no radiographic indications of abnormalities in the physes of horses on either treatment. Closure of the physes occurred at normal rates in foals on both treatments. Radiographic bone density was not different between treatments, and there was an expected increase in bone density in weanlings on both treatments over time. Digestibilities of protein and energy were similar between treatments, while ether extract and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities were higher (P<.05 and P<.06, respec tively) in those horses consuming the fat-supplemented diet (65.39 vs 57.67% and40.55 vs 35.62%, respectively). These data indicate that fat can be used as an energy source to support growth and development in weanling horses.  相似文献   

11.
In a crossover experiment, eight mature Quarter Horses were exercised by simulated cutting-horse training and fed either a control concentrate (C) or a 10% fat-supplemented concentrate (F) with Bermuda grass hay in a 60:40 ratio. The experiment consisted of two 28-day experimental periods with a 28-day standardization period between treatments. Digestion trials and standardized exercise tests (SET) were conducted every 7 days during experimental periods. Dietary fat had no detrimental effect on digestion of diet constituents, and all digestion coefficients were within expected ranges. Likewise, there was no significant difference in heart rates between treatments or SET days. Plasma lactic acid concentrations did not differ (P > .05) between treatments, however, there was a decline (P < .05) with advancing SET day. When horses were fed fat, there was an increase (P < .05) in muscle glycogen storage from days 0 to 28, but there was no increase (P > .05) in muscle glycogen over time when horses were fed C. On days 7, 14, and 28, muscle glycogen utilization increased (P < .05) from day 0 when horses were fed fat but not C. Pre-exercise data were normalized such that day 0 values equaled zero, due to higher (P < .05) glycogen concentrations for C than F on day 0. Subsequently, muscle glycogen concentrations on day 28 before exercise were higher (P < .05) when horses were fed F than C. The results of this study indicate that Quarter Horses in simulated cutting-horse training can adapt to digestion of a fat-supplemented diet by day 14. However, it may take up to 28 days of adaptation to a fat-supplemented diet to observe increases in glycogen storage and use.  相似文献   

12.
Muscle biopsy samples were removed from the m gluteus medius of 47 retired running Quarter Horse (QH) mares. Horses were separated based on bloodline, past racing history and percentage Thoroughbred (TB). The bred to run and raced (BRRA) and bred to run and not raced (BRNR) groups possessed a lower percentage (P<.01) of fast-twitch low oxidative (FT) fibers (BRRA 38.6 and BRNR 36.2±2.54 respectively). These horses also possessed a higher percentage (P<.01) of fast-twitch high oxidative (FTH) fibers (BRRA 52.5 and BRNR 48.5±2.54, respectively) than not bred to run and not raced (NBNR) horses. Horses that were bred to run had higher (P<.05) FTH to FT fiber ratios (1.44) than horses that were not bred to run (.94). Successful racehorses possessed a lower percentage (P<.05) of slow-twitch (ST) fibers and a higher percentage (P<.05) of FT fibers than unsuccessful racehorses. Success or failure was determined by Speed Index. No differences (P>.05) were found in the percentage FTH fibers between successful and unsuccessful horses.  相似文献   

13.
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate serum osteocalcin concentrations in normal weanling and yearling Quarter Horses. In Experiment 1, jugular blood samples were taken at 3 hr intervals for 24 hr to evaluate diurnal changes in serum osteocalcin concentration of foals (n=3) and yearlings (n=5). In Experiment 2, twelve Quarter Horse foals were weaned at 4 months of age to determine the influence of sex, weaning and method of weaning of serum osteocalcin concentration. The third experiment utilized fifteen yearling Quarter Horses (7 geldings, 8 fillies) in a two-phase trial to evaluate normal peripheral osteocalcin concentration in sedentary and exercising horses. In Experiment 1, there was no detectable variation (P>.05) in serum osteocalcin concentration during the 24 hr sample period in either age group. In Experiment 2, colts had greater (P<.05) osteocalcin concentrations than fillies at weaning. Method of weaning did not alter mean serum osteocalcin concentration (P>.1). Serum osteocalcin concentrations declined (P<.05) in all horses following weaning but returned to preweaning levels within one week. In Experiment 3, sedentary horses had similar (P>.1) osteocalcin concentrations on d 0, 45 and 90. Serum osteocalcin concentrations of sedentary horses were not affected by sex (P>.1). During exercise, fillies had greater (P<.05) osteocalcin concentrations than geldings. Serum osteocalcin concentrations of all horses declined linearly (P<.0001) during the 90 d exercise period. Osteocalcin may be useful as a tool to assess bone metabolism during growth and physical conditioning in horses. However, variability in serum osteocalcin concentrations due to age, sex and level of activity suggest that these factors must also be considered.  相似文献   

14.
Six mature Quarter Horse-type geldings were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of adding 5 or 10% feed-grade rendered animal fat to the concentrate diet fed to performance horses. The experiment was conducted over a 14-day pre-trial period to acquaint horses to the experimental apparatus, a 28-day conditioning period and 3 diet treatment periods of 21 days, each conducted in a Latin square arrangement. The horses were exercised on a dirt track and diet effects were evaluated during and following a submaximal exercise test (SET) on an equine treadmill. Physiological responses to the SET were determined following each experimental period. Relative to the control, the horses required 21% and 25% less of the concentrate feed (P<.05), containing 5% and 10% added fat, respectively. There was an increase (P<.05) in muscle glycogen concentration as fat was added to the diet. There were no differences due to feeding fat in nutrient digestibility or in oxygen consumption, ventilatory capacity, respiratory quotient, heart rate blood lactate or blood pH during the SET. However, there was an overall decrease (P<.05) in blood glucose and total lipid concentration, when 10% fat was added to the concentrate diet  相似文献   

15.
Fifty-three Quarter Horses were put into race-training at 18 mo of age. Changes in the third metacarpal were monitored by radiographic densitometry initially at 83 days prior to the commencement of training and at days 0, 62, 104 and 244 of training. A normal increase in density of the third metacarpal due to growth and mineralization was seen from the first set of radiographs until the horses began training at day 0 (P<.001). Bone density then decreased to day 62 (P<.001), remained low through day 104 before it began to increase to day 244 (P<.005). Differences in the most optically dense portion of each cortex of the third metacarpal were compared in horses completing the study without injury and those sustaining a bone-related injury. Horses experienced fewer injuries when they had greater cortical mass in the lateral (P<.05) and medial (P<.1) aspects of the third metacarpal, relative to the palmar aspect, at the commencement of training.  相似文献   

16.
Studies comparing the absorption and retention of various forms of trace minerals in horses have yielded mixed results. The objective of this study was to compare Cu and Zn absorption and retention in exercising horses where the mineral was supplemented in the sulfate or organic chelate form. Nine mature horses were used in a modified switchback design experiment consisting of seven 28-d periods. Horses were fed a diet consisting of 50% concentrate and 50% hay that was balanced to meet the energy, protein, Ca, and P requirements for horses performing moderate-intensity exercise. Horses were subjected to a controlled mineral repletion-depletion diet sequence before feeding the experimental diet to standardize mineral status across horses. The experimental diet was designed to provide 90% of the 1989 NRC for Cu and Zn, with supplemental mineral provided in the inorganic sulfate form (CuSO(4) and ZnSO(4)) or the organic chelate form (Cu-Lys and Zn-Met). Feed, fecal, urine, and water samples collected during a total collection during the last 4 d of the experimental diet periods were analyzed to determine apparent absorption and retention of Cu and Zn from the 2 mineral forms. A formulation error caused horses receiving the organic chelate diet to consume about 3 times the amount of Cu and Zn compared with those fed the sulfate-supplemented diet. Copper and Zn intake and fecal excretion were greater (P < 0.05) for horses consuming the organic chelate-supplemented diet. Apparent absorption values for all horses were negative. Apparent Cu absorption and retention as a percentage of intake were greater for horses fed the organic chelate diet (P < 0.05). It is unknown why excretion of Cu and Zn by the horses during the total collection exceeded the mineral intake. Although Cu-Lys seemed to be better absorbed than CuSO(4) and absorption of Zn-Met and ZnSO(4) were not different, these results are tempered by the observation of abnormally high fecal and urinary excretion values for Cu and Zn in the present study.  相似文献   

17.
将36头干奶后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组（每组12头）．分别饲喂常规日粮、阴离子型日粮及在此基础上朴Ca日粮，探讨其对奶牛体内代谢状况、健康状况及生产性能的影响。与饲喂常规日粮相比，饲喂阴离子型日粮可降低奶牛尿液pH值（P〈0．01）和血液HCO2^-浓度（P〉0．05）；增加奶牛产后12h（P〈0．05）、2d（P〈0．05）血清总钙含量．对血清无机磷、镁含量没有显著影响；明显降低奶牛亚临床性低血钙率（33％）、胎衣不下率（33％）和乳房水肿率（17％）；增加牛奶乳糖率（P〈0．05），对其他奶成分和奶产量没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。在阴离子型日粮中补Ca后．与饲喂阴离子型日粮相比．除增加奶牛产后血清镁含量外（P〈0．05）．对其他各项指标没有明显影响。  相似文献   

18.
In a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment conducted in summer, eight mature Thoroughbred horses received two diets, control and fat-supplemented, and were exercised at two fitness levels designed to increase daily digestible energy (DE) requirements to approximately 150% (fitness level I) and 200% (fitness level II) of maintenance. In a second experiment during the winter, horses received the two diets in a switchback design and exercised at fitness level II. After 3 wk adaptation to treatments, feed and fecal samples were collected and horses galloped a standardized exercise test (SET) designed to increase the heart rate above 185 bpm for 1200 m. Vital signs were monitored and blood samples were obtained. Feed intake increased as fitness level increased (P < .05). Horses on the fat-supplemented diet required less feed (P < .05) to meet the energy requirements at a given fitness level. Daily DE intake was higher (P < .05) for the horses exercised at fitness level II to meet the increased metabolic demands. Heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature all increased (P < .05) with exercise. No treatment effects were found for heart rate (P >. 10) or rectal temperature (P > .30). Horses exercised in the winter had lower (P < .05) respiration rates, indicative of less problems dissipating excess body heat. Plasma aldosterone concentrations increased (P < .05) with exercise, corresponding to an increase in plasma K concentrations. Horses exercised in the summer exhibited higher (P < .05) plasma aldosterone concentrations than horses worked in the winter. Plasma CI and Na concentrations did not change (P > .30) with any treatment or exercise, indicating that the horses were not sufficiently stressed to induce any significant dehydration.  相似文献   

19.
To obtain basic knowledge about selecting horses for therapeutic riding, the influence of equine conformation on rider oscillation and relationships between these factors and the evaluation on horses as the therapeutic riding were studied. Thirty-five riding horses were used. Equine conformation was estimated by 24 indices. Rider oscillation was measured by an accelerometer fixed at the rider’s waist. The spatial position of the oscillation was estimated by a double integration of the acceleration. Horses were evaluated for therapeutic riding by a Riding for the Disabled Association instructor as a rider. Evaluations were on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score for 27 items. Horses were classified into 4 groups: the short and narrow (SN), short and wide (SW), tall and narrow (TN), and tall and wide (TW). The frequencies of rider oscillation both at walk and trot were higher (P<0.01), and the vertical (P<0.01) and longitudinal (P<0.05) amplitudes at trot were smaller, on short horses than on tall horses. The vertical amplitude at walk was smaller (P<0.05) and the lateral amplitude at trot was larger (P<0.01) on wide horses than on narrow horses. Short horses could be used for the rider who requires side walkers. Wide horses could be used for relieving muscular tension and for the rider who could not maintain good balance on the horse. Short and wide horses should be suitable for therapeutic riding.  相似文献   

20.
To determine to effect of feeding tall fescue hay infected with endophyte on growth rate, diet digestibility, and serum prolactin, 17 Quarter Horse yearlings were fed a diet of 60% concentrate and 40% tall fescue hay for 5 months. Diets were formulated to meet 1989 NRC recommendations for moderate growth. The dietary treatments included either non-infected (E-, n=9) or infected (E+, n=8) tall fescue hay. Field sampling determined a 52% infection rate of the E+ hay with the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum. Initially and at 29-day intervals, yearlings were weighed and measured for skeletal growth including: (1) height at the withers, (2) length of bone between knee and fetlock, (3) length of bone between hock and fetlock, and (4) the circumference of fore and rear cannon bones. Total fecal collection from the 10 geldings during the last month of the trial permitted the calculation of diet digestibility. Serum samples were taken throughout the trial to determine prolactin response to dietary treatments.The E+ fescue hay did not affect (P>.05) growth rate of yearling horses. Yearlings gained .40 and .38 kg/d when consuming the E− and E+ based diets, respectively. Geldings gained more (P<.05) than fillies. Changes in height at the wither and length and circumference of the fore and rear cannon were positive but did not differ between hay treatments or sexes.E+ fescue hay diets tended to be lower in dry matter, apparent energy, and crude protein digestibility, but values were not statistically different. Fiber digestibility was lower (P<.01) for the diet based on E+ hay. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility averaged 66.2 and 54.4% for E− and E+ diets, respectively.Acid detergent fiber digestibility averaged 78.9 and 64.5% for E− and E+ diets, respectively. Although fiber digestibility of E+ tall fescue hay was lower than E-hay, grain supplementation supportive of a moderate growth rate produced equal growth among yearling horses. Also, no differences in prolactin were apparent between the yearlings fed E− and E+ tall fescue hay.  相似文献   

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