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1.
采用15N示踪盆栽试验研究橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）幼苗对尿素、 硫酸铵、硝酸钙及硝酸铵等4种氮肥的吸收、利用和分配特征。结果表明：4种氮肥处理植株不同部位的15N丰度平均值介于1.04％~1.37％,橡胶树幼苗各器官氮素含量来自肥料氮的百分比（Ndff％）介于27.64％~41.70％,15N丰度和Ndff％均以硝酸钙处理最高,尿素处理最低;不同器官相比较,以韧皮部最高,主茎、主茎皮和细根次之,粗根、叶片和叶柄最低。4种肥料的利用率无显著差别,而残留率以尿素最低,硫酸铵最高;损失率以尿素最高,硫酸铵最低。综上所述,尿素的损失率高,橡胶树幼苗对尿素的吸收性较差,而对硝酸钙和硝酸铵具有较好的吸收性。 相似文献
2.
不同氮肥对污染土壤玉米生长和重金属Cu、Cd吸收的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用盆栽试验研究污染红壤不同氮肥处理对玉米生长和吸收重金属Cu和Cd的影响。结果表明,尿素和硝酸钙处理玉米生物量高于低硫酸铵用量处理和对照处理。在污染土壤中施入高氮量的尿素较其他处理有利于玉米生长和降低玉米植株体内重金属含量。与对照相比,尿素和硫酸铵的施用降低土壤pH值,从而增加红壤水溶态以及盐提取态Cu、Cd含量;硝酸钙处理升高土壤的pH值,降低盐提取态Cu含量。用1.0 mol/L NH4NO3盐提取态或水溶态根区土壤重金属含量能够很好地预测玉米对Cu和Cd的吸收。在Cu和Cd污染的酸性土壤上种植玉米,施加高用量尿素或者低用量硝酸钙来促进玉米生长和降低重金属含量,避免硫酸铵氮肥的施用。 相似文献
3.
氮肥运筹对农大108产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以农大108为试材,通过田间试验研究不同氮肥运筹方式对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,氮肥不同运筹方式增产效果差异显著,其中,1/3氮肥底施、2/3氮肥两次追肥(N3)处理增产效果最好,其次是1/4氮肥底施、3/4氮肥3次追肥(N4)处理,氮肥全部作底肥(N1)处理增产效果最小。分次施肥有利于子粒粗蛋白含量、子粒蛋白质产量以及氮肥利用率的提高;随着施肥次数的增加,子粒粗蛋白含量、子粒蛋白质产量以及氮肥利用率均呈上升趋势,以N4处理最佳,其次是N3处理。氮肥不同运筹方式氮素表观损失量差异显著,N1处理其表观损失量最高,N3处理最低。因此,N3处理有效促进了植株对氮素的吸收利用,显著增加了产量和子粒蛋白质产量,降低了氮素表观损失量,是最佳氮肥运筹方式。 相似文献
4.
以上海青为试验材料,研究在沙壤土条件下,用缓效氮素和普通尿素对上海青的肥料效应。结果表明：(1)上海青生物量随施用普通尿素用量的增加而增加,随施用缓效氮肥用量的增加而减少,处理4的上海青生物量最高;(2)上海青体内硝态氮含量都低于国家蔬菜熟食标准,符合国家蔬菜安全生产要求,随纯氮(N)用量的增加,上海青体内硝态氮积累也增加,以处理4的硝态氮含量较高;(3)不同氮肥处理所吸收氮的量都比空白高,对氮肥利用率最高是处理5,各处理间氮肥的利用率均有明显差异。本研究探讨通过普通尿素和缓效尿素处理,对上海青产量、硝态 相似文献
5.
半腐解秸秆覆盖下旱作水稻对15N的吸收和分配 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：13
在模拟田间条件下的水泥池（微区）内，用半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作水稻，两个水平的15N标记尿素分别作基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥施用，研究了不同时期施用的15N在水稻各部位的分配、15N的利用率和土壤 植株系统的氮素平衡。结果表明植株氮素含量中来自肥料氮的百分比（Ndff%）、水稻对15N的吸收和利用率以及15N的土壤残留率因标记肥料的施用时期和用量的不同而有很大差异。分蘖肥的15N在水稻各部位中的Ndff%最高，而作为基肥施入的15N在水稻体内的Ndff%最低。植株对氮肥利用率的最低和最高值分别为5.58%和51.53%，氮肥的土壤残留率最低和最高值分别为13.81%和29.87%。 相似文献
6.
为探讨高效尿素在水稻上的施用效果，通过田间试验，研究新型高效尿素对水稻产量、农艺性状及氮肥利用率的影响，试验结果表明，高效尿素的氮肥利用率显著高于常规尿素，施60％常规用量的高效尿素、50％常规用量的高效尿素的氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率分别比施常规用量的常规尿素处理提高5．09kg稻谷／kgN、6．04kg稻谷／kgN和14．79％、22．41％。60％常规用量的高效尿素处理水稻产量与当年正常产量不存在显著差异，仅比正常产量少86kg／hm2，50％常规用量的高效尿素处理水稻产量显著低于当年正常产量。高效尿素对水稻农艺性状也有一定影响，高效尿素处理的水稻穗下节间显著长于常规尿素处理，生长更为健壮。 相似文献
7.
不同氮肥对大豆根圈土壤酶活性和氮营养分布的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
氮是植物生长最重要的营养元素。本文报道了利用根箱系统，5种不同的氮肥(硝酸钠、硫酸铵、尿素、LP-40和LP-70)处理对典型黑土条件下生长的大豆根圈3种土壤酶活性及NO3^--N和NH4^ -N含量分布的影响。结果表明，除了长效缓释氮肥LP-70处理的亚硝酸还原酶活性表现为根圈亏缺外，其它氮肥处理的硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和尿酶活性在根圈土壤中要大于非根圈土壤。对NO3^--N含量在大豆根圈分布结果证明，当硫酸铵、尿素、LP—40和LP—70处理时，它在大豆根圈表现为亏缺效应，而当供给硝酸钠处理时，NO3^-—N含量在大豆根图表现为强烈的累积效应。不同氮肥对NH4 ^ —N含量分布的影响结果为；当供给硫酸铵处理时，NH4^ —N在根面区少量累计，而当其它4种氮肥处理时，NH4^ —N表现为亏缺。本试验结果证明不同氮肥对大豆根圈土壤酶活性及氮营养状况影响很大。 相似文献
8.
不同氮素形态供应对玉米幼苗生物量和氮素累积的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《玉米科学》2016,(6)
采用营养液培养方法,研究不同形态氮素供应对玉米幼苗生物量和氮素累积的影响。结果表明,登海605和鲁单981地上部植株干重均表现为硝酸钙硝酸铵尿素硫酸铵处理。两个品种根系干重在硝酸钙、硝酸铵和尿素处理下无显著差异,均高于硫酸铵处理下的根系干重。两个品种地上部植株氮浓度和叶片SPAD值均表现为硝酸钙硝酸铵尿素硫酸铵处理。登海605地上部氮素累积量在硝酸钙、硝酸铵、尿素和硫酸铵处理下呈下降趋势;鲁单981地上部氮累积量在不同氮素供应条件下无显著差异。与其他氮素形态相比,硝酸钙供应条件下氮素生理效率最高,最有利于促进玉米幼苗干物质累积,但造成地上部植株氮浓度的稀释效应。 相似文献
9.
腐殖酸尿素对滴灌棉花产量及氮肥利用率的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过田间试验,研究腐殖酸尿素对滴灌棉花产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与普通尿素等施肥量条件下,腐殖酸尿素Ⅰ型处理土壤硝态氮含量显著高于腐殖酸尿素Ⅱ型和普通尿素处理,但腐殖酸尿素Ⅱ型处理与普通尿素无差异。腐殖酸尿素减量条件下,2种类型腐殖酸尿素处理之间土壤硝态氮含量无显著差异。与普通尿素等施肥量条件下,施用腐殖酸尿素可以显著增加棉花植株总干物质质量,促进棉花植株对氮、磷和钾的吸收,腐殖酸尿素Ⅰ型处理较普通尿素处理棉花籽棉产量提高了17%,而腐殖酸尿素Ⅱ型处理与普通尿素处理无差异。减量施用腐殖酸尿素较普通尿素处理棉花产量有所下降,但却可以显著提高棉花氮肥利用率。不同类型腐殖酸尿素效果存在差异,总体上腐殖酸尿素Ⅰ型优于腐殖酸尿素Ⅱ型。 相似文献
10.
控释掺混尿素对稻麦产量及氮素利用率的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】为了探究控释掺混尿素对稻麦产量及氮素利用率的影响,并分析不同氮肥处理下稻麦生长差异及原因,【方法】采用稻麦轮作两季作物大田试验,共设7个处理,包括不施氮CK处理、常规施肥以及掺混控释氮肥10%、20%、40%、80%、100%(依次记为CK,T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4、T_5和T_6处理),探讨了控释掺混尿素对稻麦干物质积累与分配、干物质增长速率、氮素积累与分配、产量与产量构成因子以及氮素利用率的影响。【结果】掺混控释氮肥20%以上对稻麦生育中后期干物质与氮积累有明显促进作用。但稻麦成熟期干物质与氮分配均呈现出掺混80%以上控释氮肥处理穗部分配明显较少,而茎、叶分配相对较多的特征,表现出一定程度的茎叶徒长,贪青晚熟趋势。添加20%以上比例控释氮肥均具有显著增产的效果,掺混40%控释氮肥处理分别比常规施肥处理增产14.23%(小麦)和10.93%(水稻),分别比单施控释氮肥处理增产7.37%和3.83%。稻麦季随掺混比例增加,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮肥表观利用率均呈先增加后减少趋势,以掺混40%控释氮肥处理最优。各施氮处理均以单施控释氮肥处理的氮收获指数最低,小麦与水稻季分别较常规施肥处理下降了3.99%和8.51%。稻麦季土壤氮依存率随掺混比增加呈先下降后回升趋势,且均以掺混40%控释氮肥最低,分别比常规施肥处理下降了14.38%(小麦)和15.84%(水稻)。【结论】控释掺混氮肥处理可协调稻麦氮素吸收与分配,有利于作物生长发育,达到增产和提高氮素利用效率的作用,综合各因素以20%~40%掺混比例为佳。 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
15.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
19.
Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
20.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献