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大豆拟茎点种腐病主要影响大豆种子的品质。该病是由病原真菌Phomopsis longicolla引起。该研究利用大豆品种Williams82对分离自大豆的拟茎点种腐病原菌Phomopsis longicolla和分离自其他寄主植物的拟茎点霉属Phomopsis其他病原菌48个菌株对大豆进行致病性比较,病原菌被接种到生长2周的大豆植株上,以大豆植株的茎长和病斑长度进行比较。试验结果显示,被测的病原菌株间对大豆致病性存在显著性差异（P≤0．0001）。 相似文献
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《大豆科学》2016,(1)
大豆胞囊线虫是影响大豆产量的主要限制性病原。大豆胞囊线虫的自然抑制性是存在的,并且日益受到关注,然而在胞囊线虫生态抑制方面的研究却很少。研究在温室条件下接种真菌后以扰动(土壤过0.5 cm孔筛)为土壤微环境并与无干扰对比,用厚垣轮枝菌(Pochonia chlamydosporium)、镰孢菌(Fusarium spp.)和淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)的混合代谢物分别对大豆胞囊线虫进行处理,探讨其对大豆胞囊线虫温室盆栽防效的影响。在接种二龄幼虫(J2)35 d后,对大豆胞囊线虫密度调查结果表明:土壤扰动条件下,接种混合代谢物与不接种混合代谢物相比,雌虫数量降低20.0%~35.9%,胞囊数量降低18.3%~35.0%,卵量降低21.5%~38.5%,根内J2数量降低14.6%~35.3%,其中以4号混合代谢物扰动对大豆胞囊线虫密度降低作用显著;土壤不扰动下,接种混合代谢物与不接种混合代谢物相比,雌虫密度降低19.5%~32.7%,胞囊密度降低19.5%~35.2%,卵量降低21.1%~37.8%,J2数量降低8.0%~27.6%,仅雌虫和根内J2数量与不接种混合代谢物对照差异显著,菌株之间差异不显著。对大豆植株生长发育调查结果表明:扰动可能会促进植株生长、植株鲜重增加,但与不扰动差异不显著。试验证明:扰动对盆栽大豆胞囊线虫雌虫、胞囊、卵和J2的密度有一定的影响,扰动有增强寄生真菌代谢物对胞囊线虫温室防效效果的趋势,对降低大豆胞囊线虫密度起到积极作用。真菌对大豆胞囊线虫生长发育具有抑制作用,土壤扰动干扰和真菌代谢物的配合应用会降低土壤中胞囊线虫的密度,并影响真菌在土壤中的生防效果。 相似文献
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一株大豆腐霉菌(PSHH1)rDNA的ITS序列鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《大豆科学》2015,(5)
大豆腐霉菌是黑龙江省大豆根腐病菌群的重要组成部分,为了明确大豆腐霉菌的种类,从黑龙江省黑河市大豆根系土壤分离获得1株腐霉菌PSHH1,应用r DNA-ITS序列分析法对其进行菌种鉴定。Blast和系统进化树结果表明:PSHH1与Gen Bank上登录号为AB259316.1和AB512973.1等的Pythium sylvaticum亲缘关系最近,r DNA-ITS序列同源性大于99%,因此认定PSHH1为Pythium sylvaticum。为了考察PSHH1的致病性,选取了60份当前大豆主栽品种,应用种子腐烂法和下胚轴接种法进行回接试验,通过计算种子腐烂率和植株茎折率来评价PSHH1的致病性,结果显示,PSHH1仅对13.33%的大豆主栽品种表现出较强的致病力,而对61.67%的大豆主栽品种致病力较弱。 相似文献
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为了研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与间作种植模式对红壤上间作大豆磷素吸收利用及生长的影响,通过三室隔网盆栽模拟试验研究了分室磷[不添加磷(P0)、有机磷(OP50)添加和根室不接种(NM)、根室接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae(GM)]对大豆生长及磷素利用的影响。结果表明:在OP50处理下,无论何种种植模式,不接种处理下根长均显著高于接种处理,无论接种与否,单作处理下大豆根长均高于间作处理。在OP50处理下,接种GM处理地上部分生物量均明显高于不接种处理,在P0处理下地上部分生物量具有相同趋势。间作处理下,分室添加磷与不添加磷时,GM处理的植株生物量较NM处理分别提高了27.52%和48.76%。单作处理下,分室添加磷与不添加磷时,GM处理的植株生物量较NM处理分别提高了28.49%和27.65%。大豆植株根系磷含量在单作-GM-OP50组合处理下最高。在接种GM处理下,无论是否添加磷,间作大豆根系磷吸收效率均显著高于单作处理。因此,综合菌根侵染率、生物量、磷含量以及磷吸收效率等指标,接种GM和分室添加50 mg·kg-1有机磷处理能更有效地促进间作大豆的生长及磷素的吸收。 相似文献
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《大豆科学》2015,(3)
比较了不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)接种状况[不接种(NM)、接种Glomus mosseae(GM)、接种Glomus etunicatum(GE)]和玉米/大豆间作体系不同根系分隔方式(不分隔,隔尼龙网,隔塑料布)对大豆植株生长及磷素吸收累积的影响。结果表明:接种GM和GE处理下的间作大豆根系侵染率在不同根系分隔方式之间无显著差异,接种AMF抑制了间作大豆根系的伸长,其中接种GM处理能使大豆生物量显著提高,并在根系不分隔处理下使大豆对磷素吸收较多而生长较好,接种GE真菌则不能促进大豆对磷素的积累。间作体系不同根系分隔方式对大豆的影响也不同,其中大豆的根系长度在隔塑料布处理下最短,大豆生物量在根系分隔处理下均大于不分隔处理,根系不分隔处理能够较好的促进大豆对磷素的积累。所有复合处理中,以GM-不分隔处理组合对间作大豆的生长及磷素累积的促进作用最好。 相似文献
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哈茨木霉抗多菌灵突变株对大豆菌核病的诱导抗性生理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过测定接种菌核病菌后不同时间大豆植株抗逆酶活性的变化,研究了土壤中施用拮抗真菌哈茨木霉菌及其抗多菌灵突变株对植株抗逆生理的影响。结果表明:哈茨木霉突变菌株的处理对SOD酶的诱导出现较早,在接种4 h后酶活开始增强,而接种后36 h相比对照可提高67%以上;接种72 h后POD酶活比对照提高27.3%;而MDA含量与对照相比,却始终处于相对较低水平。表明哈茨木霉菌抗多菌灵突变株的应用具有诱导植株抗逆酶活性提高及增强植株抗病能力的作用。 相似文献
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大豆菌核病鉴定方法比较及分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
大豆菌核病鉴定方法对于大豆菌核病的研究至关重要,本文比较了子叶接种、离体茎段接种、离体叶片接种和离体茎的草酸反应4种大豆菌核病鉴定方法.结果表明:利用子叶接种法接种5 d后所有植株的子叶全部干枯皱缩,10 d后敏感品种合丰25植株开始萎蔫变黄,接种部位周围开始出现白色菌丝;15 d后植株布满白色菌丝;20 d后发病植株开始死亡;而耐性品种MAPLEARROW出现这些症状的时期较晚,死亡率也较低.离体茎段接种法和离体叶片接种法,基本上体现了大豆菌核病的主要致病特征.在离体茎的草酸接种中,合丰25和MAPLE ARROW对草酸的敏感度明显不同,且受害程度有明显差别,是一种方便快捷而且准确性较高的鉴定方法,对于大量种质资源筛选有着重要意义. 相似文献
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扁茎大豆的花序形态受光周期的调控研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以扁茎大豆、正常圆茎大豆、扁茎大豆与正常圆茎大豆杂交选育的高代品系为材料,分别进行短日照(12h)和长日照(16h)处理,观察光周期对扁茎大豆及正常圆茎大豆发育速度和形态特征的影响.结果表明,光周期不仅明显影响大豆的开花期、成熟期,而且调控顶端花序的形态.在长日照下,供试大豆品种生殖发育明显受到抑制,开花期延迟,在北京夏播条件下不能正常成熟;扁茎大豆、扁茎大豆与正常圆茎大豆杂交选育的高代品系植株顶端花序轴伸长,部分材料的花序轴上产生侧生花序,但均未象在原产地一样出现扁平、加宽的花序.在短日照条件下,不论是扁茎大豆还是正常圆茎大豆,发育速度均加快,植株顶端为典型的总状花序,花序轴较短,扁茎大豆也未出现扁茎及顶端花序簇集的现象.本实验的结果说明扁茎大豆植株顶端的茎秆扁化、花荚簇集的性状可因光周期等环境因素的变化而变化,是不稳定的性状.对扁茎性状形成和变化的原因亦进行了分析. 相似文献
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不同氮素水平下接种根瘤菌对大豆生长的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过田间小区试验,在高氮素(73.80kg N/hm2)和低氮素(32.40kg N/hm2)两个水平下接种大豆根瘤菌,比较不同处理大豆花期植株地上部生物量的积累和籽实的产量及产量构成情况。结果表明,较高氮素水平条件下接种大豆根瘤菌对大豆植株地上部生物量的积累和大豆产量的增加都较为明显,与其他处理相比产量增加在8.4%以上,而低氮素水平下接种根瘤菌增产效果不明显。在不接种根瘤菌的情况下,高氮素水平下的产量低于低氮素水平产量。建议今后大豆生产上在保证适量施用氮肥的情况下应接种大豆根瘤菌,这样才能够起到增产及增加肥料利用率的作用。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
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Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
16.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
17.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
18.
Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献
19.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
20.
Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on
yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC2 and BC3 substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC2 and BC2 substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were
significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between
reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than
cytoplasmic factors.
Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station. 相似文献