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1.
A thorough understanding of the role of microbes in C cycling in relation to fire is important for estimation of C emissions and for development of guidelines for sustainable management of dry ecosystems. We investigated the seasonal changes and spatial distribution of soil total, dissolved organic C (DOC) and microbial biomass C during 18 months, quantified the soil CO2 emission in the beginning of the rainy season, and related these variables to the fire frequency in important dry vegetation types grassland, woodland and dry forest in Ethiopia. The soil C isotope ratios (δ13C) reflected the 15-fold decrease in the grass biomass along the vegetation gradient and the 12-fold increase in woody biomass in the opposite direction. Changes in δ13C down the soil profiles also suggested that in two of the grass-dominated sites woody plants were more frequent in the past. The soil C stock ranged from being 2.5 (dry forest) to 48 times (grassland) higher than the C stock in the aboveground plant biomass. The influence of fire in frequently burnt wooded grassland was evident as an unchanged or increasing total C content down the soil profile. DOC and microbial biomass measured with the fumigation-extraction method (Cmic) reflected the vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM). However, although SOM was stable throughout the year, seasonal fluctuations in Cmic and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) were large. In woodland and woodland-wooded grassland Cmic and SIR increased in the dry season, and gradually decreased during the following rainy season, confirming previous suggestions that microbes may play an important role in nutrient retention in the dry season. However, in dry forest and two wooded grasslands Cmic and SIR was stable throughout the rainy season, or even increased in this period, which could lead to enhanced competition with plants for nutrients. Both the range and the seasonal changes in soil microbial biomass C in dry tropical ecosystems may be wider than previously assumed. Neither SIR nor Cmic were good predictors of in situ soil respiration. The soil respiration was relatively high in infrequently burnt forest and woodland, while frequently burnt grasslands had lower rates, presumably because most C is released through dry season burning and not through decomposition in fire-prone systems. Shifts in the relative importance of the two pathways for C release from organic matter may have strong implications for C and nutrient cycling in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems.  相似文献   

2.
Two approaches to quantitatively estimating root-derived carbon in soil CO2 efflux and in microbial biomass were compared under controlled conditions. In the 14C labelling approach, maize (Zea mays) was pulse labelled and the tracer was chased in plant and soil compartments. Root-derived carbon in CO2 efflux and in microbial biomass was estimated based on a linear relationship between the plant shoots and the below-ground compartment. Since the maize plants were grown on C3 soil, in a second approach the differences in 13C natural abundance between C3 and C4 plants were used to calculate root-derived carbon in the CO2 efflux and in the microbial biomass. The root-derived carbon in the total CO2 efflux was between 69% and 94% using the 14C labelling approach and between 86% and 94% in the natural 13C labelling approach. At a 13C fractionation measured to be 5.2‰ between soil organic matter (SOM) and CO2, the root-derived contribution to CO2 ranged from 70% to 88% and was much closer to the results of the 14C labelling approach. Root-derived contributions to the microbial biomass carbon ranged from 2% to 9% using 14C labelling and from 16% to 36% using natural 13C labelling. At a 3.2‰ 13C fractionation between SOM and microbial biomass, both labelling approaches yielded an equal contribution of root-derived C in the microbial biomass. Both approaches may therefore be used to partition CO2 efflux and to quantify the C sources of microbial biomass. However, the assumed 13C fractionation strongly affects the contributions of individual C sources.  相似文献   

3.
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown for biomass feedstock production has the potential to increase soil C sequestration, and soil CO2 flux in grassland is an important component in the global C budget. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the effects of N fertilization and harvest frequency on soil CO2 flux, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), and potentially mineralizable carbon (PMC); and (2) evaluate the relationship of soil CO2 flux with soil temperature, soil moisture, SMBC, and PMC. Two N rates (0 and 224 kg ha−1) were applied as NH4NO3 and cattle (Bos Taurus L.) manure. Switchgrass was harvested every year at anthesis or alternate years at anthesis. The data were collected during growing season (May-October) 2001-2004 on switchgrass-dominated Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land in east-central South Dakota, USA. Manure application increased soil CO2 flux, SMBC, and PMC during the early portion of the growing season compared with the control, but NH4NO3 application did not affect soil CO2 flux, SMBC, and PMC. However, seasonal variability of soil CO2 flux was not related to SMBC and PMC. Estimated average soil CO2 fluxes during the growing periods were 472, 488, and 706 g CO2-C m−2 for control, NH4NO3-N, and manure-N plots, respectively. Switchgrass land with manure application emitted more CO2, and approximately 45% of the C added with manure was respired to the atmosphere. Switchgrass harvested at anthesis decreased soil CO2 flux during the latter part of the growing season, and flux was lower under every year harvest treatment than under alternate years harvest. Soil temperature was the most significant single variable to explain the variability in soil CO2 flux. Soil water content was not a limiting factor in controlling seasonal CO2 flux.  相似文献   

4.
Increased atmospheric CO2 will likely impact the productivity of arid and semiarid ecosystems through increased C, N, and water use efficiencies at the individual plant level. Tallgrass prairie has had increased above- and belowground biomass production under elevated CO2, primarily due to increased water use efficiency. There is an apparent decreased N requirement to sustain increased productivity in CO2-enriched tallgrass prairie, and C∶N ratios of plant litter above and below ground have increased. The tallgrass prairie ecosystem level response to elevated CO2 on the C cycle could potentially increase C storage. Reduced litter quality associated with elevated CO2 in tallgrass prairie has the potential to reduce decomposition rates, and ruminant digestion rate of plant biomass apparently has been lowered. Reduced intake by ruminants would shunt more of the plant biomass directly into the detrital food chain, thereby slowing decomposition further. The potential impact is for increased C to be retained as soil organic matter in the tallgrass prairie.  相似文献   

5.
The contribution of old soil C (SOM) to total soil respiration (RS) in forest has been a crucial topic in global change research, but remains uncertain. Isotopic methods, such as natural variations in carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of soil respiration, are more frequently being applied, and show promise in separating heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions to RS. However, natural and artificial modification of δ13CRs can cause isotopic disequilibria in the soil-atmosphere system generating a mismatch between what is usually measured and what process-based models will predict. Here we report the partitioning of the soil surface CO2 flux in a warm Mediterranean forest into components derived from root, litter/humus, and SOM sources using a new, three end-member mixing model, and compare this with the conventional partitioning into autotrophic and heterotrophic components. The three end-member mixing model takes into account both the discrimination during CO2 respiration/decomposition of the three components, as well as the fractions of their CO2 fluxes integrated over the total soil profile mass. In addition, we used a novel dual-chamber technique to ensure that δ13CRs was subjected to minimal artefacts during measurement.We observed that by using measured soil surface CO2 concentrations as a baseline level for the dual-chamber operation, it was possible to achieve and monitor the necessary conservation of the soil CO2 steady-state diffusion conditions during the measurements, without using permanent collars inserted deeply into the soil. When RS (8.64 g CO2 m2 d−1) was partitioned into two components, the mean autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration was 56 and 44%, respectively. When RS was partitioned using the three-way model, however, roots, litter/humus, and SOM contributed 30, 33, and 37% of the total flux. Our results confirm that to improve the estimates of the partitioning method, it is important to distinguish the fractional contribution of the long-term SOM-derived flux from younger and more labile sources.  相似文献   

6.
Microbial nitrogen (N) transformations play a key role in regulating N cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, there is still little information on how management of semi‐arid grassland such as mowing and/or N fertilizer application affects microbial activity and N transformations. In a field experiment in northern China, N was added at a rate of 10 g N m?2 year?1 as NH4NO3 to mown and unmown plots (4 × 4 m2) and in situ rates of net ammonification (Ramm), nitrification (Rnit) and mineralization (Rmin) were followed at monthly intervals for the vegetation growth periods in the years 2006–2009. In addition, we also measured soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) and peak above‐ground biomass in August of each measurement year. Driven by the pronounced inter‐annual variability of rainfall, all the properties investigated varied markedly across years. Nevertheless, we were able to demonstrate that over the 4 years N addition significantly stimulated Rnit, Rmin and MBN, on average, by 288, 149 and 11.6%, respectively. However, N addition decreased MBC significantly as well as the ratio of MBC:MBN by, on average, 10 and 23%, respectively, whereas an effect of N addition on MR could not be demonstrated. Mowing decreased MBN, MR and qCO2 significantly by 9, 28 and 24%, respectively, but no effects were found on microbial net N transformation rates and MBC. N addition and mowing interactively affected Ramm and Rmin, and MBN, MBC:MBN. In summary, our results indicate a positive effect of N addition but a negative effect of mowing on microbial N transformation in this C4 grassland in northern China.  相似文献   

7.
Pasture and afforestation are land-use types of major importance in the tropics, yet, most flux tower studies have been conducted in mature tropical forests. As deforestation in the tropics is expected to continue, it is critical to improve our understanding of alternative land-use types, and the impact of interactions between land use and climate on ecosystem carbon dynamics. Thus, we measured net ecosystem CO2 fluxes of a pasture and an adjacent tropical afforestation (native tree species plantation) in Sardinilla, Panama from 2007 to 2009. The objectives of our paired site study were: (1) to assess seasonal and inter-annual variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of pasture and afforestation, (2) to identify the environmental controls of net ecosystem CO2 fluxes, and (3) to constrain eddy covariance derived total ecosystem respiration (TER) with chamber-based soil respiration (RSoil) measurements. We observed distinct seasonal variations in NEE that were more pronounced in the pasture compared to the afforestation, reflecting changes in plant and microbial activities. The land conversion from pasture to afforestation increased the potential for carbon uptake by trees vs. grasses throughout most of the year. RSoil contributed about 50% to TER, with only small differences between ecosystems or seasons. Radiation and soil moisture were the main environmental controls of CO2 fluxes while temperature had no effect on NEE. The pasture ecosystem was more strongly affected by soil water limitations during the dry season, probably due to the shallower root system of grasses compared to trees. Thus, it seems likely that predicted increases in precipitation variability will impact seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes in Central Panama, in particular of pasture ecosystems.  相似文献   

8.
In the southern Great Plains (USA), encroachment of grassland ecosystems by Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) is widespread. Mesquite encroachment alters net primary productivity, enhances stores of C and N in plants and soil, and leads to increased levels of soil microbial biomass and activity. While mesquite’s impact on the biogeochemistry of the region is well established, it effects on soil microbial diversity and function are unknown. In this study, soils associated with four plant types (C3 perennial grasses, C4 midgrasses, C4 shortgrasses, and mesquite) from a mesquite-encroached mixed grass prairie were surveyed to in an attempt to characterize the structure, diversity, and functional capacity of their soil microbial communities. rRNA gene cloning and sequencing were used in conjunction with the GeoChip functional gene array to evaluate these potential differences. Mesquite soil supported increased bacterial and fungal diversity and harbored a distinct fungal community relative to other plant types. Despite differences in composition and diversity, few significant differences were detected with respect to the potential functional capacity of the soil microbial communities. These results may suggest that a high level of functional redundancy exists within the bacterial portion of the soil communities; however, given the bias of the GeoChip toward bacterial functional genes, potential functional differences among soil fungi could not be addressed. The results of this study illustrate the linkages shared between above- and belowground communities and demonstrate that soil microbial communities, and in particular soil fungi, may be altered by the process of woody plant encroachment.  相似文献   

9.
Net carbon flux partitioning was used to disentangle abiotic and biotic drivers of all important component fluxes influencing the overall sink strength of a Mediterranean ecosystem during a rapid spring to summer transition. Between May and June 2006 we analyzed how seasonal drought affected ecosystem assimilation and respiration fluxes in an evergreen oak woodland and attributed variations in the component fluxes (trees, understory, soil microorganisms and roots) to observations at the ecosystem scale. We observed a two thirds decrease in both ecosystem carbon assimilation and respiration (Reco) within only 15 days time. The impact of decreasing Reco on the ecosystem carbon balance was smaller than the impact of decreasing primary productivity. Flux partitioning of GPP and Reco into their component fluxes from trees, understory, soil microorganisms and roots showed that declining ecosystem sink strength was due to a large drought and temperature-induced decrease in understory carbon uptake (from 56% to 21%). Hence, the shallow-rooted annuals mainly composing the understory have a surprisingly large impact on the source/sink behavior of this open evergreen oak woodland during spring to summer transition and the timing of the onset of drought might have a large effect on the annual carbon budget. In response to seasonal drought Reco was increasingly dominated by respiration of heterotrophic soil microorganisms, while the root flux was found to be of minor importance. Soil respiration flux decreased with drought but its contribution to total daily CO2-exchange increased by 11.5%. This partitioning approach disentangled changes in respiratory and photosynthetic ecosystem fluxes that were not apparent from the eddy-covariance or the soil respiration data alone. By the novel combination of understory vs. overstory carbon flux partitioning with soil respiration data from trenched and control plots, we gained a detailed understanding of factors controlling net carbon exchange of Mediterranean ecosystems.  相似文献   

10.
Land use change and grassland degradation are two of the most critical problems ubiquitously found in arid and semi-arid areas in Northern China. Energy fluxes, including net radiation (Rn), latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H) and soil heat flux (G), were examined over an entire year (December 2005 to November 2006) in different steppe ecosystems – the steppe and cropland in Duolun and the fenced and grazed steppe in Xilinhot – in Inner Mongolia based on direct measurements from four eddy-covariance flux towers. The seasonal changes in Rn, LE, H and G of the four sites were similar, with very low values during the period of snow cover from December to February, followed by a gradual increase in the growing season. The opposite seasonal patterns of the LE and H fraction resulted in significant seasonal changes in Bowen ratio (β). Human activity in cropland ecosystems not only resulted in a rapidly shift between LE and H, but also triggered a decrease in latent heat fraction because of a shortened growing season of crop plants. The significantly positive relationships between canopy surface conductance (gc) and LE/LEeq of all of the study sites suggested that a lack of precipitation coupled with high VPD conduced remarkable decreases of stomatal conductance. This could impede the latent heat partitioning of available energy (Rn − G) in semi-arid ecosystems, Inner Mongolia. The obvious decrease in the values of gc and the decoupling factor (Ω) in both the cropland and the degraded steppe suggested that land use change could depress latent flux fraction and increase its sensitivity to air and soil drought.  相似文献   

11.
This study describes a novel approach to separate three soil carbon (C) sources by one tracer method (here 13C natural abundance). The approach uses the temporal dynamics of the CO2 efflux from a C3 grassland soil amended with added C3 or C4 slurry and/or C3 or C4 sugar to estimate contributions of three separate C sources (native soil, slurry, and sugar) to CO2 efflux. Soil with slurry and/or sugar was incubated under controlled conditions, and concentration and δ13C values of evolved CO2 were measured over a 2‐week period. The main assumption needed for separation of three C sources in CO2 efflux, i.e., identical decomposition of applied C3 and C4 sugars in soil, was investigated and proven. The relative contribution to the CO2 efflux was higher, but shorter with an increased (microbial) availability of the C source, i.e., sugar > slurry > SOM. The shortcomings and limitations as well as possible future applications of the suggested method are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
《Applied soil ecology》2007,35(3):660-669
The current study tested the contribution of native Acacia species of the Sudano-Sahelian zone to improving organic carbon and nitrogen level in Cambisols and Vertisols with specific focus on variation in microbial biomass (Cmic), soil basal respiration (Cresp) and metabolic quotient (qCO2). The results show enrichment in total organic carbon (Ctotal), in total nitrogen (Ntotal) and higher clay content under Acacia canopies as compared to adjacent open grasslands. The relative nutrient concentration in Acacia cover showed an increase in Cmic ranging from 203 to 572 μg g−1 whereas in adjacent open grassland it varied from 100 to 254 CO2–C μg g−1. As a function of Cmic (r = 0.60), Ctotal (r = 0.70) and Ntotal (r = 0.70), Cresp was higher under Acacia canopies than open grassland and this difference was more pronounced when measured over lengthier incubation periods (10–21 days). A lower qCO2 under Acacia cover (except for one site) demonstrated a change in microorganisms communities structure and higher substrate use efficiency as compared to open grassland. The results also show that soil texture, as well as vegetation cover, influenced microbial processes. The negative correlation between clay content and carbon mineralization (Cresp/Ctotal, qCO2), and positive linear relation between clay and Cmic supported the hypothesis that finer soil texture protects soil microbial biomass against degradation and limits organic matter mineralization. The specific effects of soil typology and vegetation cover on Cmic and qCO2 variability were significant, but the greater effects were attributed to vegetation cover.  相似文献   

13.
A methodological outline is presented of a study into the diurnal and seasonal cycle of carbon fluxes within grassland ecosystems in the Netherlands in relation to their environment. At experimental sites Lelystad and Zegveld ?redominantlyLolium perenne L. at a clay and peat soil, respectively — measurements will be made on (1) net CO2 assimilation of the grassland vegetation using infrared gas analysis; (2) carbon distribution within the plant using14C pulse labeling; and (3) carbon and CO2 fluxes associated with root respiration and soil organic matter decomposition using14C pulse labeling. At both sites and at experimental site Cabauw additional measurements will be made on total CO2 fluxes between the grassland vegetation and the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer. For the analysis of the experimental results and generalisation of the relationships between carbon fluxes and environmental and plant factors use will be made of dynamic simulation models of grass growth and soil organic matter dynamics.  相似文献   

14.
In a greenhouse experiment with continuous labeling of oat plants in a 13CO2 atmosphere, the ratios between different carbon and nitrogen pools in the rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil, i.e., the values of the rhizosphere factor R f , were determined. The mean values of the rhizosphere factor varied from 0.9 (the water-soluble nitrogen pool) to 4.6 (the pool of 13C-labeled dissolved organic carbon). We split the carbon and nitrogen pools into three groups depending on the mean R f value. Group I with high R f values (>2) included the most labile labeled organic carbon pools and the active component of the soil microbial biomass. Group II with the rhizosphere factor values 1 < R f < 2 included the more conservative pools of the total dissolved organic carbon and the microbial biomass in the soil. The only representative of group III (R f < 1) was the water-soluble nitrogen pool. The dynamics of the rhizosphere factor had a maximum during the period of the rapid root growth rate (the tillering, booting, and earing stages) for most members of group I; a maximum during the period of the intensive root turnover (the milk ripeness and wax stages) was detected for the pools-representatives of group II. The dynamics of the rhizosphere factor for the soluble nitrogen had no prominent trends.  相似文献   

15.
韦薇  陶冶  王东明  王晓茜  朱春梧 《土壤》2023,55(1):147-152
大气CO2浓度升高和海平面上升会通过影响植物的分布和生长状况,继而影响湿地的稳定性。地下生物量是调节潮汐湿地生态系统功能的关键因素,包括土壤有机质的积累和湿地海拔高程的维持。本文通过设置开顶式生长箱(OTC:open top chamber)试验探究不同海拔的3个典型植物群落(SC群落：C3植物为主的群落;MX群落：C3、C4植物混合群落;SP群落：C4植物为主的群落)对CO2浓度升高和海平面上升的响应差异。研究结果显示：CO2浓度升高能够显著增加SC、MX和SP群落的根茎、根和总地下生物量,但年际差异较大。海平面上升显著降低了3个群落植物的根生物量和SC群落高CO2浓度处理下及SP群落对照处理下的总地下生物量,但对根茎却无显著影响。在高盐的条件下,高CO2浓度一定程度上能够缓解高盐分对植物的胁迫,但高CO2浓度的施肥作用下降。对照条件下的SC和MX群落总地下生物量随试...  相似文献   

16.
An arable soil with organic matter formed from C3-vegetation was amended initially with maize cellulose (C4-cellulose) and sugarcane sucrose (C4-sucrose) in a 67-day laboratory incubation experiment with microcosms at 25 °C. The amount and isotopic composition (13C/12C) of soil organic C, CO2 evolved, microbial biomass C, and microbial residue C were determined to prove whether the formation of microbial residues depends on the quality of the added C source adjusted with NH4NO3 to the same C/N ratio of 15. In a subsequent step, C3-cellulose (3 mg C g−1 soil) was added without N to soil to determine whether the microbial residues formed initially from C4-substrate are preferentially decomposed to maintain the N-demand of the soil microbial community. At the end of the experiment, 23% of the two C4-substrates added was left in the soil, while 3% and 4% of the added C4-cellulose and C4-sucrose, respectively, were found in the microbial biomass. The addition of the two C4-substrates caused a significant 100% increase in C3-derived CO2 evolution during the 5-33 day incubation period. The addition of C3-cellulose caused a significant 50% increase in C4-derived CO2 evolution during the 38-67 day incubation period. The decrease in microbial biomass C4-C accounted for roughly 60% of this increase. Cellulose addition promoted microorganisms strongly able to recycle N immediately from their own tissue by “cryptic growth” instead of incorporating NO3− from the soil solution. The differences in quality of the microbial residues produced by C4-cellulose and C4-sucrose decomposing microorganisms are also reflected by the difference in the rates of CO2 evolution, but not in the rates of net N mineralization.  相似文献   

17.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted by growing oats (Avenasativa L.) in a continuously 13CO2 labeled atmosphere. The allocation of 13C-labeled photosynthates in plants, microbial biomass in rhizosphere and root-free soil, pools of soil organic C, and CO2 emissions were examined over the plant's life cycle. To isolate rhizosphere from root-free soil, plant seedlings were placed into bags made of nylon monofilament screen tissue (16 μm mesh) filled with soil. Two peaks of 13C in rhizosphere pools of microbial biomass and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as well as in CO2 emissions at the earing and ripeness stages were revealed. These 13C maxima corresponded to: (i) the end of rapid root growth and (ii) beginning of root decomposition, respectively. The δ13C values of microbial biomass were higher than those of DOC and of soil organic matter (SOM). The microbial biomass C accounted for up to 56 and 39% of 13C recovered in the rhizosphere and root-free soil, respectively. Between 4 and 28% of 13C assimilated was recovered in the root-free soil. Depending on the phenological stage, the contribution of root-derived C to total CO2 emission from soil varied from 61 to 92% of total CO2 evolved, including 4-23% attributed to rhizomicrobial respiration. While 81-91% of C substrates used for microbial growth in the root-free soil and rhizosphere came from SOM, the remaining 9-19% of C substrates utilized by the microbial biomass was attributable to rhizodeposition. The use of continuous isotopic labelling and physical separation of root-free and rhizosphere soil, combined with natural 13C abundance were effective in gaining new insight on soil and rhizosphere C-cycling.  相似文献   

18.
A theoretical approach to the partitioning of carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux from soil with a C3 vegetation history planted with maize (Zea mays), a C4 plant, into three sources, root respiration (RR), rhizomicrobial respiration (RMR), and microbial soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition (SOMD), was examined. The δ13C values of SOM, roots, microbial biomass, and total CO2 efflux were measured during a 40-day growing period. A three-source isotopic mass balance based on the measured δ13C values and on assumptions made in other studies showed that RR, RMR, and SOMD amounted to 91%, 4%, and 5%, respectively. Two assumptions were thoroughly examined in a sensitivity analysis: the absence of 13C fractionation and the conformity of δ13C of microbial CO2 and that of microbial biomass. This approach strongly overestimated RR and underestimated RMR and microbial SOMD. CO2 efflux from unplanted soil was enriched in 13C by 2.0‰ compared to microbial biomass. The consideration of this 13C fractionation in the mass balance equation changed the proportions of RR and RMR by only 4% and did not affect SOMD. A calculated δ13C value of microbial CO2 by a mass balance equation including active and inactive parts of microbial biomass was used to adjust a hypothetical below-ground CO2 partitioning to the measured and literature data. The active microbial biomass in the rhizosphere amounted to 37% to achieve an appropriate ratio between RR and RMR compared to measured data. Therefore, the three-source partitioning approach failed due to a low active portion of microbial biomass, which is the main microbial CO2 source controlling the δ13C value of total microbial biomass. Since fumigation-extraction reflects total microbial biomass, its δ13C value was unsuitable to predict δ13C of released microbial CO2 after a C3-C4 vegetation change. The second adjustment to the CO2 partitioning results in the literature showed that at least 71% of the active microbial biomass utilizing maize rhizodeposits would be necessary to achieve that proportion between RR and RMR observed by other approaches based on 14C labelling. The method for partitioning total below-ground CO2 efflux into three sources using a natural 13C labelling technique failed due to the small proportion of active microbial biomass in the rhizosphere. This small active fraction led to a discrepancy between δ13C values of microbial biomass and of microbially respired CO2.  相似文献   

19.

Purpose

The objective of this study is to estimate the contribution of various sources that influence soil CO2 concentrations in calcareous grassland.

Materials and methods

The research was performed at the Podgorski Kras plain (45?°33?? N, 13?°55?? E, 400?C430?m.a.s.l.) in the sub-Mediterranean region of Slovenia (SW Slovenia), where many meadows and pastures have been abandoned. In parallel to the measurement of soil respiration R s, soil gas was sampled for stable isotope analysis. Samples were taken biweekly at two sites, Grassland and Invaded, from July 2008 until November 2010. In addition, daily variations in concentration and stable isotope composition of soil CO2 were determined in May 2009. The partitioning of soil CO2 concentrations was performed using stable isotope mass balance calculation.

Results and discussion

The concentration and isotope composition of soil CO2 exhibited similar seasonal variations at both sites. Lower ??13CCO2 values, ranging from ?28.2 to ?15.2 ??, which occurred during warm periods and higher values, up to ?12.1 ??, were typical of cold winter periods, from December to March. Organic sources were estimated to constitute between 78 and 99?% of total soil CO2 during warmer periods from May until October. This contribution was lower during the winter, ranging from 46 to 77?%. In winter, the atmospheric component to soil CO2 dominated, constituting up to 60?%. On average, the inorganic contribution was estimated to comprise 12?% of the soil CO2 at all sampling locations. The contribution of this source to soil CO2 concentration, at up to 41?%, was highest in Grassland during the growing season. The inorganic source of soil CO2 was also an important component during daily variations. The highest contribution was observed during the day, in parallel to the highest respiration rates.

Conclusions

The inorganic pool is shown to be an important part of soil CO2 in calcareous areas and should be considered as equal to organic CO2 as a source in soil CO2 partitioning.  相似文献   

20.
Measured surface-atmosphere fluxes of energy (sensible heat, H, and latent heat, LE) and CO2 (FCO2) represent the “true” flux plus or minus potential random and systematic measurement errors. Here, we use data from seven sites in the AmeriFlux network, including five forested sites (two of which include “tall tower” instrumentation), one grassland site, and one agricultural site, to conduct a cross-site analysis of random flux error. Quantification of this uncertainty is a prerequisite to model-data synthesis (data assimilation) and for defining confidence intervals on annual sums of net ecosystem exchange or making statistically valid comparisons between measurements and model predictions.We differenced paired observations (separated by exactly 24 h, under similar environmental conditions) to infer the characteristics of the random error in measured fluxes. Random flux error more closely follows a double-exponential (Laplace), rather than a normal (Gaussian), distribution, and increase as a linear function of the magnitude of the flux for all three scalar fluxes. Across sites, variation in the random error follows consistent and robust patterns in relation to environmental variables. For example, seasonal differences in the random error for H are small, in contrast to both LE and FCO2, for which the random errors are roughly three-fold larger at the peak of the growing season compared to the dormant season. Random errors also generally scale with Rn (H and LE) and PPFD (FCO2). For FCO2 (but not H or LE), the random error decreases with increasing wind speed. Data from two sites suggest that FCO2 random error may be slightly smaller when a closed-path, rather than open-path, gas analyzer is used.  相似文献   

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