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1.
沙棘柔性坝影响下砒砂岩沟道土壤水分空间变异分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据典型砒砂岩区内蒙古鄂尔多斯准格尔旗境内植有沙棘柔性坝的东一支沟道与无任何植物的对比沟道的表层(0-30cm)土壤含水量数据,运用地统计学方法分析与探讨了沙棘对砒砂岩区小流域沟道土壤水分小尺度空间变异的影响。结果表明:沙棘可明显提高砒砂岩区小流域沟道土壤含水量;沙棘柔性坝沟道与对比沟道土壤含水量具有明显的空间变异特征,沙棘柔性坝沟道土壤含水量在1-6m变程内具有中等程度的空间自相关性,对比沟土壤含水量在1-5m变程内具有较高的空间自相关性;土壤含水量分数维值表明,沙棘柔性坝沟道土壤含水量的空间依赖性比对比沟的要弱些;沙棘对小尺度土壤水分空间分布格局及其异质性有显著影响。应当指出的是,虽然降雨是土壤含水量空间自相关与分布格局影响的主要因素,但干旱条件也不容忽视,在长时间地表蒸发及植物蒸腾作用下,沟床表层土壤含水量空间变异性会进一步加强,且在一定程度上会影响沟床表层短根系及一年生草本植物的生长与分布。 相似文献
2.
古尔班通古特沙漠南缘浅层风沙土含水量空间变异 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
2008年5月,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梧桐沟区段设置200 m×50 m样地,均匀选取180个样点进行样方的植被、地形和地貌调查,并且采取表层(0～10 cm)和次表层(10～30 cm)土壤样品进行土壤含水量分析。借助地统计软件GS~+和ArcGIS地统计模块分析研究区土壤含水量在沙垄不同地貌条件下的空间变异规律。结果显示:两层土壤水分的半方差函数值拟合为指数模型;表层和次表层土壤水分的变程分别为37.8 m和21.3 m,偏基台值与基台值的比值[C/(C_0+C)]分别为75.1%和75.6%,说明两层土壤水分具有强烈的空间自相关性,也表明土壤水分的变异主要由结构性差异所引起,客观地反映了研究区土壤水分的空间格局特征。克里格插值图显示,土壤水分随地势的升高而增大,平均数分析表明,0～10 cm土壤含水量由高至低的变化趋势是:垄顶>迎风坡>背风坡>垄间地,而10～30 cm则为:迎风坡>垄顶>垄间地>背风坡。 相似文献
3.
内蒙古浑善达克沙地土壤水分状况的分析 总被引：35，自引：3，他引：32
为探明浑善达克沙地土壤湿度的时空变化规律 ,于 1 998一 1 999年在浑善达克沙地中部取样分析了地形和植被与土壤含水量的相关性及生长季内土壤含水量的动态。发现在坡度 <1 5°时 ,随坡度的增大 ,土壤含水量降低 ,在坡度 >1 5°时 ,沙丘阴坡上土壤的含水量随坡度的增大而增加。高沙丘阳坡的土壤含水量 ,受坡度的影响很小 ,略有降低。由于沙地土壤类型复杂 ,土壤剖面变异也比较大 ,所以随深度的增加土壤含水量的变化规律也不同。土壤含水量的动态特征在不同土层也有差异 ,表土层 ,春末夏初之前土壤比较干 ,以后在波动中上升 ,8月份土壤含水量比较大 ,8月底以后又迅速下降到春末夏初的水平。心土层则在前期土壤比较湿润 ,而后逐渐下降 ,在 6月中旬至 7月中旬出现土壤含水量的低谷 ,7月中以后又逐渐升高 ,并在 8月底达最大含水量 ,9月中旬后又降到年初的水平。6、7月间含水量的低谷可能是由于植物大量耗水造成的。表土层和心土层 (70 cm以上土层 )在 9月上旬基本降到了5月初的水平。但底土层土壤含水量在波动中升高 ,9月上旬虽有所下降 ,但仍高于 5月初的土壤湿度。在某些地形部位 ,随植被盖度的增加 ,土壤含水量有增大的趋势。 相似文献
4.
关中农田土壤有机质和碳酸钙空间变异特征及其机理分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了研究人为活动对于农田土壤有机质含量和碳酸钙空间变异性的作用与影响,在陕西杨凌杜寨村研究了农田土壤有机质和碳酸钙空间变异性,并对其变异机理进行了分析.试验表明:表层0～10 cm和底层20～40 cm土壤有机质平均值分别20.64 g/kg和10.81 g/kg,变异系数为0.087和0.013,均属弱变异程度;亚表层10～20 cm土壤有机质平均值为16.96 g/kg,变异系数为0.130,属中等变异程度;碳酸钙均属弱变异程度.经过对土壤特性空间分布等值线图的分析得出:在水平方向上,土壤有机质和碳酸钙均具有相同的变异规律,距离村庄越近土壤有机质和碳酸钙含量越高,以村庄为圆心土壤有机质和碳酸钙含量呈同心圆式的空间变异特征. 相似文献
5.
浑善达克沙地不同植被下的土壤水分状况 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
浑善达克沙地的中东段阳坡近裸的流动风沙土 0 - 1 0cm土层整个生长季内平均含水量较低、波动也比较大 ,而在 1 0cm以下则基本稳定在 3%左右 ,尤其是深层。丘间低地草本群落下的土壤湿度随深度增加变化较大 ,2 0cm以上土层含量较高 ,40 - 5 0cm土层的含水量最低 ,波动也剧烈 ,90cm以下达裸沙含水量水平。阴坡灌丛下 ,最低土壤含水量出现在 70 -90cm土层 ,深层土壤含水量长期稳定在 1 .5 %左右。这说明植物的生长使根层土壤含水量下降 ,而且不同植物利用水的土层及利用土壤水的量不同。这可能是引起流动风沙土向固定风沙土转变过程中地表植被演替及决定地区顶级群落的主要原因。在干旱半干旱地区 ,植被影响着降水在土层中的分布及地表的蒸散条件 ,使土壤有效水向浅层分配。而降水在土壤不同深度的分配及入渗深度 ,决定着地表植被的生活型 ,从而影响地表植被的演替方向及顶级类型。需水量较大的灌丛在沙丘阴坡能形成稳定的群落 ,是由于沙丘为植物避免干旱胁迫 ,延长在干旱季节的生存时间创造了条件 ,因此 ,沙丘是沙地的重要环境资源 ,尤其是高大沙丘 ,在这类地区的防风固沙中具有重要的作用。 相似文献
6.
PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取风季和雨季两个典型时期,对铺设不同规格PLA沙障沙丘迎风坡不同坡位0-60cm土层的土壤含水量进行测定,并以裸沙丘为对照,探究PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响.结果表明:1m×1m和2m × 2m沙障在不同时期对沙丘迎风坡整体和坡位间土壤水分影响明显,而菱形沙障作用效果差;1m×1m、2m×2m沙障使风季形成迎风坡浅层(5-20cm)土壤含水量低于裸沙丘的水分特征,雨季形成迎风坡表层(0-10cm)土壤含水量优于裸沙丘的水分特征,从而影响了植物的入侵与定居方式;不同时期1m×1m和2m×2m沙障对迎风坡中部和下部土壤水分的影响均较上部明显,迎风坡中部和下部应为重点关注区域,而在上部应采取相伴措施弥补不足. 相似文献
7.
黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
切沟是黄土高原侵蚀沟的重要类型之一,对流域水文、植被、地貌和生态等地表过程具有深刻影响。为明确土壤物理参数对切沟地形、坡位和深度的响应,在陕北黄土高原选择典型切沟,根据其走向设置沟道、沟缘及坡面3条样线,对40个样点按照10 cm深度间隔采集0~30 cm各土层原状土样,利用定水头法和烘干法对土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量进行测定并分析。结果表明:(1)地形对容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量具有显著或极显著影响,3个参数随坡位自下而上均呈波浪式变化趋势;沟缘和坡面位置容重随坡位上升总体呈微弱减小趋势,沟缘表层坡下土壤含水量较其他坡位明显偏低;(2)沟缘和坡面位置不同土层深度饱和导水率及容重的大小变化规律与沟道恰好相反;(3)对于各土层深度而言,沟缘和坡面土壤含水量均与沟道内差异显著,且沟缘土壤含水量总是低于坡面。以上结果表明,切沟分布改变了土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量在坡面的空间格局,在黄土区坡沟系统内不同地形条件对相关土壤物理参数的影响不应忽视。 相似文献
8.
以2 m×2 m的网格布点,采用经典统计学和地统计学结合的方法研究了一次灌溉前后膜下滴灌棉田的表层土壤体积含水量的空间变异性特征。结果表明:(1)灌溉前后表层土壤含水量变异系数(CV)分别为28.7%和21.8%,均表现出中等变异特性,颗粒分布能为灌溉前后表层土壤含水量的变异系数变化提供参考。(2)灌溉前后表层土壤含水量的半方差函数均可用高斯模型很好地描述(R20.9),对应的空间异质比(C0/(C0+C))分别为0.201和0.324,表现出强烈和中等的空间依赖性;灌溉后,表层土壤含水量空间自相关性减小,4.373 m可作为该研究区域的参考取样步长。(3)灌溉前后表层土壤含水量的Moran’s I随滞后距离变化的趋势大体一致,且灌前表层土壤含水量的自相关性较灌后显著。(4)Kriging插值结果表明,灌溉前后含水量空间分布较相似,表现出显著的变异性,且灌后含水量分布较灌前复杂。 相似文献
9.
杨凌区浅层土壤水分与深层土壤水分的关系研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过测定陕西杨凌区不同灌水条件下冬小麦的土壤水分变化,研究了浅层土壤水分与深层土壤水分的关系。结果表明:土壤含水量随土层深度的加深,呈先上升,后下降,又上升的变化趋势。在自然降水或灌溉条件下,土壤水分的变化程度随土层深度的增加,呈剧烈—缓和—剧烈—缓和的趋势。表层20、30、40、50 cm各土层含水量分别与0~150 cm各土层含水量的相关性较好,并且土层相邻越近,其相关性越好,说明由表层土壤含水量来推算深层土壤含水量是可行的。基于Biswas土壤水分估算模式,由表层30~40 cm的含水量来推算0~100 cm各土层含水量的精度较高,由表层20 cm的含水量来推算100~150 cm各土层含水量的精度较高。总灌水量及灌水次数对含水量的影响,直接影响到估算模式参数的取值及估算精度。 相似文献
10.
受人为和自然因素干扰，宁夏荒漠草原原生灰钙土经过长期沙化，面积逐渐缩小并形成岛状斑块分布在广大风沙土中。为揭示灰钙土沙化后土壤水分时空特征，于2017—2019年生长季内(5—10月)在宁夏盐池县皖记沟村选取大(200～300 m2)、中(约100 m2)、小(约50 m2)面积各3个斑块，分别开展斑块内部灰钙土与其外围风沙土的含水量对比研究。结果表明：(1)从时间上来看，2017年均匀降雨格局使得全年土壤平均含水量最高；2018年全年降雨量略高于2017年，但集中于春季，夏秋季几乎无降雨事件，导致全年土壤含水量均较低；2019年夏季降雨年型使得土壤平均含水量在夏季最高。(2)0～100 cm剖面内灰钙土含水量随土层深度的增加表现出先增加后减少，10～40 cm土层较高；而风沙土含水量随土层深度的增加而增大，0～20 cm土层土壤含水量远低于20～100 cm。0～20cm土层灰钙土含水量大于风沙土，20～100 cm土层灰钙土含水量显著小于(P<0.05)风沙土(2018年中小斑块除外)。除大斑块外围风沙土含水量显著大于(P<0... 相似文献
11.
Allan Walker 《Pest management science》1978,9(4):326-332
[14C]-Labelled methazole was incubated in six soils at 25°C and with soil moisture at field capacity. Under these conditions, methazole was unstable, the concentration declined following first-order kinetics with half-life values in the soils ranging from 2.3 to 5.0 days. The main degradation product was 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU) which was more stable than the parent compound. After about 160 days, DCPMU accounted for 30 to 45% of the initial methazole concentration. Degradation of methazole and DCPMU was affected by soil temperature and moisture content. With methazole, half-lives in one soil at field capacity moisture content and temperatures of 25, 15 and 5°C were 3.5, 8.7 and 31.1 days respectively. The half-life at 25°C was increased to 5.0 days at 50% of field capacity and 9.6 days at 25% of field capacity. A proportion of the initial radioactivity added to the soil could not be extracted and this proportion increased with time. After 160 days this unextractable radioactivity accounted for up to 70% of the amount applied. 相似文献
12.
The relationship between the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid (2-chloro- N -[2-ethoxyethyl]- N- [2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propenyl] acetamide) on rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Kiyohatamochi) seedlings and its behavior in soil was investigated under different moisture conditions. The phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was higher in 80% soil moisture content than in 70% and 60% soil moisture contents. The phytotoxic activity in soil in 70% and 80% soil moisture conditions decreased with the increasing time after application, but the phytotoxic activity was slight in 50% soil moisture conditions at any given time after application. The residues of pethoxamid in soil water, the amount adsorbed on soil solid, and the amount in total soil was reduced with the time after application in a similar manner among these soil moisture conditions. The residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was more highly correlated with the concentration in soil water than with the amounts adsorbed on soil solid and in total soil. The partition coefficients between the amounts of pethoxamid adsorbed on soil solid and its concentration in soil water were similar among the soils with different moisture conditions at each day, and the partition coefficient increased with the time after application. These results suggested that the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil depends on the decreasing concentration of pethoxamid in soil water with time, except in low soil-moisture conditions, which were insufficient for seedling growth. 相似文献
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15.
关中地区耕作方法与土壤紧实度时空变异及其效应分析 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
为了探明关中地区土壤紧实度的基本情况,揭示长期旋耕方法对于土壤紧实度的作用与影响,在关中头道塬设置了旋耕和深翻处理、休闲和种植小麦处理的定位观察试验,在小麦各生育阶段分别监测了0～40 cm剖面范围内土壤紧实度变异情况,分析了影响土壤紧实度的因子等.结果表明:播前施行旋耕土壤紧实度较高,尤其是在15～40 cm表现得较为明显,限制了作物根系伸长;深耕松土的效应在整个小麦生育期间都能得到明显的体现.实验证实了生产上现行的旋耕方法具有明显地导致土壤紧实化的问题.土壤紧实度与含水量明显相关,影响程度随土壤深度的增加而增大;土壤紧实度对含水量的敏感反应意味着土壤干燥化会对作物生长带来干旱和机械双重胁迫;同时随着紧实度的增加土壤内部温度变化幅度也在增大.可见现行旋耕方法使得土壤不良环境缓冲性降低,对于降水或者灌溉的依赖性在增强,土壤已经处于明显疲劳状态. 相似文献
16.
Detoxification of glyphosate in soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Detoxification of glyphosate in not-autoclaved and autoclaved soils was followed by bioassay with wheat. Comparisons are made with detoxification of MCPA under similar conditions followed by bioassay with spring rape. The well known pattern for microbial metabolism of MCPA with a ‘lag’-phase preceding the rapid degradation was shown. The initial rapid inactivation of glyphosate is by adsorption, but the results also clearly indicate that the further disappearance of activity mainly depends on microbial degradation. Glyphosate does not seem to sustain microbial growth, which indicates that it is degraded by co-metabolism. In autoclaved soil the possibility of a slight chemical degradation or an adsorption that becomes stronger with time could not be excluded. 相似文献
17.
The leaching of chlorfenvinphos through soil was studied in two field experiments by applying it to sloping arable land at 22 kg active ingredient/ha and following its movement down the slope. Only very small quantities of the insecticide later appeared lower down the slope and at the bottom. In one of these experiments there was a pond at the bottom of the slope and residues could not be detected in the mud or water from this pond. Residues of the main soil metabolites of chlorfenvinphos could not be detected in the pond water at 23 and 36 weeks after application. Chlorfenvinphos was applied at the same dosage to the surface of the soil in the first compartment of a trough that sloped from the treated end with a gradient of 1 : 3–7 and consisted of six compartments containing soil to a height of 5 cm above the height of the transverse partitions. Leachates were collected at the bottom of each compartment. Most of the chlorfenvinphos in the leachates was collected during the first 9 weeks from the first compartment. Only 0.18% of the amount of insecticide applied was leached through the soil but this was nine times more than was observed with dieldrin in a similar experiment. Only small amounts moved down the surface of the slope. More chlorfenvinphos leached vertically into drainage water than laterally over the surface. 相似文献
18.
R. G. LEHMANN L. S. LICKLY T. S. LARDIE J. H. MILLER W. S. BALDWIN 《Weed Research》1991,31(6):347-355
Fluroxypyr-MHE (methylheptyl ester) was applied to small field plots containing Londo sandy loam soil. After 30 days, fluroxypyr had degraded to about 60% of the initial concentration, but was still the main component, while after 120 and 366 days the methoxypyridine metabolite was the main component in the soil. At 30, 120, and 366 days, lettuce, turnips, green beans, soybeans, and wheat were planted and grown with no observed injury. Residues of 14C in the edible crop fractions were indistinguishable from 14C in control plants exposed to 14CO2, while residues in plant greens and chaff were low (0.1–0.2 mg kg?1), with little evidence of fluroxypyr and no evidence of metabolite uptake. These results indicate that the methoxypyridine metabolite, if present in the soil, does not harm and is not taken up into the plants. 相似文献
19.
A. Walker 《Pest management science》1970,1(6):237-239
Under field conditions, there was little loss of herbicidal activity following spring application of pronamide when the soil temperature remained below about 13°c, but under normal summer conditions loss was rapid (half-life 2–4 weeks). The rate of loss was retarded when the surface soil became very dry. After autumn application, there was no change in activity during the winter months and assays on samples taken in the following spring showed that little leaching had taken place from the surface 5 cm. In laboratory studies, breakdown was shown to follow first-order kinetics. Half-lives at 10% soil moisture were 29 days at 23°c, 63 days at 15°c and 140 days at 8°c. At 23°c the half-life was extended to 52 days when the soil moisture content was reduced by half. 相似文献
20.
Batch adsorption Koc values of fluroxypyr-methylheptyl ester (20000 1kg?1) and fluroxypyr (74 1kg?1) indicate increased mobility after hydrolysis of the ester to fluroxypyr. After 1 to 2 weeks incubation time in four soils, desorption Koc values of fluroxypyr were 100-200 1kg?1 but increased to 400-700 1kg?1 after 8 weeks. The increase in desorption Koc was related to incubation time and not to concentration, and it was interpreted as an entrapment of the fluroxypyr within the soil organic matter. Similar increases in desorption Koc with incubation time were noticed for pyridinol and methoxypyridine metabolites of fluroxypyr. Koc values also increased along the metabolic sequence fluroxypyr/pyridinol/methoxypyridine, with maximum Koc values of 3000-4000 1 kg?1 for the methoxypyridine metabolite. Hence mobility of the fluroxypyr aromatic ring strongly decreases with increased residence time in the soil. 相似文献