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瘤胃是反刍动物至关重要的消化吸收器官，部分降解的营养物质可直接通过瘤胃上皮被机体吸收和利用。因此，瘤胃的发育程度与反刍动物的生产性能密切相关，而瘤胃发育充分且功能健全是反刍动物最佳生产性能得以发挥的前提条件。然而，幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的生理结构及其功能均发育不完善，需在固体饲料、断母乳等外界刺激下完成经由非反刍阶段向反刍阶段转变的复杂过程，进而才可发挥其重要功能。目前，如何掌握并遵循瘤胃的发育规律，在保证瘤胃充分发育且功能完善的情况下，对幼龄反刍动物实施早期断奶技术，已成为现代反刍动物养殖生产中亟需解决的问题之一。作者就反刍动物瘤胃发育进程中瘤胃微生物菌群的时空演变、瘤胃组织形态学发育和代谢改变及瘤胃发育调控机制进行综述，由生理结构至功能逐层对反刍动物瘤胃的发育规律进行全面总结，阐明影响反刍动物瘤胃发育的相关因素及其可能的调控机制。本文旨在进一步丰富与瘤胃发育相关的理论基础，以期为利用瘤胃发育规律开发促进反刍动物瘤胃发育的营养调控策略提供科学支撑，为挖掘幼龄反刍动物的生产潜力提供新思路。 相似文献
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《中国畜牧兽医》2020,(7)
瘤胃是反刍动物至关重要的消化吸收器官,部分降解的营养物质可直接通过瘤胃上皮被机体吸收和利用。因此,瘤胃的发育程度与反刍动物的生产性能密切相关,而瘤胃发育充分且功能健全是反刍动物最佳生产性能得以发挥的前提条件。然而,幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的生理结构及其功能均发育不完善,需在固体饲料、断母乳等外界刺激下完成经由非反刍阶段向反刍阶段转变的复杂过程,进而才可发挥其重要功能。目前,如何掌握并遵循瘤胃的发育规律,在保证瘤胃充分发育且功能完善的情况下,对幼龄反刍动物实施早期断奶技术,已成为现代反刍动物养殖生产中亟需解决的问题之一。作者就反刍动物瘤胃发育进程中瘤胃微生物菌群的时空演变、瘤胃组织形态学发育和代谢改变及瘤胃发育调控机制进行综述,由生理结构至功能逐层对反刍动物瘤胃的发育规律进行全面总结,阐明影响反刍动物瘤胃发育的相关因素及其可能的调控机制。本文旨在进一步丰富与瘤胃发育相关的理论基础,以期为利用瘤胃发育规律开发促进反刍动物瘤胃发育的营养调控策略提供科学支撑,为挖掘幼龄反刍动物的生产潜力提供新思路。 相似文献
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瘤胃是反刍动物消化代谢和营养吸收最重要的场所之一.瘤胃内分解产生的小分子营养物质大部分通过瘤胃上皮直接吸收,因而瘤胃上皮的生长发育和功能完善直接影响到反刍动物的生产性能.伴随着反刍动物机体的发育,从胎儿期到出生期直至成年,瘤胃上皮的形态结构及生理功能都在持续不断的发展和完善.其生长发育受到日粮营养水平(如日粮营养水平、饲料的精粗料比例、物理性质、代谢产物和饲喂制度等)、瘤胃内代谢产物(如短链脂肪酸、葡萄糖、多胺等)、神经内分泌(如胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子-1、表皮生长因子、转化生长因子-α、胰高血糖素、生长激素、生长抑素等)等多重因素的影响.笔者主要对瘤胃上皮的生长发育过程及其调节因素进行了综述. 相似文献
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粗饲料对幼龄反刍动物瘤胃发育的影响及其作用机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
幼龄反刍动物瘤胃具有结构和功能不完善、微生物区系不健全等特点,出生后的前几个月瘤胃结构和功能发生了巨大的变化,并且幼龄阶段瘤胃结构和功能的发育程度直接影响到成年反刍动物的生产性能。研究发现仅饲喂精饲料容易引起幼畜瘤胃液pH降低、瘤胃乳头凝集和角化不全等症状,而补饲粗饲料明显提高了瘤胃液pH、促进了瘤胃肌肉层的发育及维持了瘤胃壁健康。本文综述了近年来关于粗饲料来源、水平和颗粒大小等对幼龄反刍动物瘤胃组织形态、微生物区系、发酵参数及瘤胃上皮物质吸收和转运功能的影响,并对其可能的机制进行阐述,以期为粗饲料在幼龄反刍动物饲粮中的应用研究提供参考。 相似文献
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瘤胃上皮在挥发性脂肪酸的吸收和代谢中发挥着重要作用，但瘤胃上皮发育的机制尚不清楚。近年来研究报道，瘤胃微生物与宿主存在互作关系，瘤胃微生物可以通过与宿主的相互作用，在瘤胃上皮发育和代谢中发挥作用。然而，瘤胃微生物与宿主相互作用的调节机制在很大程度上是未知的。因此，本文总结了瘤胃微生物与宿主互作以及其促进瘤胃上皮发育的最新研究成果，以期从瘤胃微生物与宿主互作角度，分析瘤胃上皮发育机制，为进一步了解瘤胃上皮发育过程中瘤胃微生物与宿主之间的关系研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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This study examined the time course of rumen metabolic development in the absence of solid feed consumption and the effect of delayed solid feed consumption on sheep rumen development. Twenty-seven lambs consumed milk replacer until slaughter at nine ages from 1 to 84 d (milk group). Three additional lambs consumed milk replacer from 1 to 48 d. From 49 d until slaughter at 84 d, these lambs were weaned onto solid feed (fed group). At slaughter, rumen contents were removed for VFA analysis and rumen epithelium was preserved for morphological examination. Rumen epithelial cells were isolated and incubated in media containing 2.5 mM U-[14C]-glucose or 10 mM 1-[14C]-butyrate. Rumen VFA concentrations did not change with age in lambs given milk replacer. At 84 d of age, intraruminal VFA concentrations were elevated in lambs consuming solid feed compared to 84-d-old lambs given milk replacer (P < .05). The number of ruminal papillae per square centimeter decreased (P < .05) while papillae length and width did not change significantly with age in rumen epithelium from lambs given milk replacer. At 84 d of age, rumen epithelium from lambs in the fed group had fewer and larger papillae/per square centimeter than rumen epithelium from lambs given milk replacer (P < .05). Rates of glucose and butyrate oxidation and acetoacetate and lactate production by rumen cells isolated from lambs given milk replacer did not change with age. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) production was undetectable before 42 d of age in lambs given milk replacer and increased to levels found in conventionally raised adults by 84 d. At 84 d there were no differences in rates of glucose and butyrate oxidation or acetoacetate and lactate production by rumen cells between the two treatment groups. Thus, the change in substrate oxidation from glucose to butyrate, indicative of rumen metabolic maturation, does not occur in the absence of solid feed consumption. However, the development of rumen ketogenesis, as evidenced by increased BHBA production, does occur in the absence of solid feed consumption. Delaying the initiation of solid feed consumption results in rumen morphological development but does not stimulate rumen metabolic development. Increased intraruminal VFA concentrations, earlier exposure to VFA, or a longer period of exposure to VFA may be required to induce the genes responsible for rumen metabolic development. 相似文献
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瘤胃上皮细胞增殖和物质转运分子机制的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
瘤胃作为反刍动物特有的消化器官,对饲粮营养消化利用具有重要作用。近50年来,人们对瘤胃上皮细胞发育和物质转运做了大量研究,重点聚焦于瘤胃上皮细胞增殖分子机制及相关转运蛋白调控通路的探索,如胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)和表皮生长因子(EGF)参与调控葡萄糖的转运,钠氢交换蛋白(NHE)、单羧酸转运载体(MCTs)和G蛋白偶联受体(GPR)参与瘤胃上皮细胞短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的转运等。尽管如此,我们对于瘤胃发育的内在机制了解非常有限,本文针对反刍动物瘤胃上皮细胞增殖和物质转运分子机制的研究进展进行了综述,对于进一步理解瘤胃上皮细胞发育过程及建立最佳的反刍动物营养供给策略具有重要意义。 相似文献
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虽然在哺乳动物体内都存在尿素循环利用机制,但是反刍动物由于瘤胃的存在而使得尿素循环在维系机体氮平衡和提高氮素利用效率等方面发挥着更加重要的生物学意义。通过瘤胃壁扩散或转运,血液中的尿素可进入胃肠道,在脲酶的作用下转化为氨态氮,从而为瘤胃微生物蛋白合成提供氮源。研究表明,尿素在瘤胃上皮的自由扩散速度较慢,而尿素转运蛋白可以介导尿素分子高效地进行跨膜转运,其也被认为是反刍动物尿素循环最重要的调控因子。然而,相关报道已经证实,尿素转运蛋白的表达和功能发挥受到日粮营养水平与结构组成、瘤胃内环境、动物年龄等因素的影响。本文以尿素循环为出发点,重点阐述了反刍动物体内尿素循环的特点、影响因素以及尿素转运蛋白的表达特征及其分子调控过程,以期从分子生物学角度解析反刍动物尿素循环的作用机制,从而为生产实践中动物氮素的精准营养提供理论依据和技术支撑。 相似文献
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Increases in the expression of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 and 3 are associated with insulin signalling in the ruminal epithelium 
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下载免费PDF全文 Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE), which catalyses the exchange of extracellular Na+ for intracellular H+, is of importance in the maintenance of Na+ and pH homoeostasis for rumen epithelial cells. Studies in ruminants showed that high concentrate diets could increase the expression of NHE in ruminal epithelium. Results of recent studies further indicated that insulin, as an important hormone closely related to dietary concentrate, could enhance the expression of NHE. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms of insulin regulating the expression of NHE in rumen epithelial cells and its potential role in dietary modulation of NHE expression in ruminal epithelium of cows. In primary culture, insulin increased phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and AKT in rumen epithelial cells. However, this promotion was diminished by insulin receptor inhibitor. Insulin also stimulated NHE1 and NHE3 expression. But this increase was suppressed by insulin receptor inhibitor, ERK inhibitor and AKT inhibitor. In the present animal experiment, NHE1 and NHE3 expression increased in rumen epithelium of cows ingesting a high concentrate diet (HC, 60% concentrate), accompanied by increased insulin concentration in plasma, compared to those feeding a low concentrate diet (LC, 20% concentrate). Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT was higher in the rumen epithelium of the HC group than those in the LC group. Collectively, these results indicate that diet‐dependent change of NHE1 and NHE3 abundance was mediated, at least in part, by plasma insulin through the ERK and AKT pathway. 相似文献