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1.
A properly selected stocktype can greatly enhance reforestation success through increased survival and growth following outplanting. Implementing a robust stocktype trial using stocktypes of equal quality can ensure results lead to the best choice. Six container types, differing primarily in depth and volume, were used to evaluate the performance of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws. var. ponderosa) seedlings outplanted on two sites that varied in volumetric soil moisture content (θ), average temperature, and total precipitation (mesic and xeric). Seedlings in each container type were cultured specifically to achieve uniform seedling quality. After two growing seasons, seedlings planted at the mesic site showed high survival (>99%) and incremental growth gains of 147, 100, and 794% for height, root-collar diameter (RCD), and stem volume, respectively; container types exhibited differences in total height, RCD, and stem volume with larger containers generally yielding the largest seedlings. Seedlings planted at the xeric site experienced 83% survival, smaller growth gains (25, 46, and 220% for height, RCD, and stem volume, respectively), and also exhibited differences in height, RCD, and stem volume. Regression analysis revealed that for each site, initial seedling morphological characteristics were better at predicting absolute height, RCD and stem volume after the first year than after the second year, with initial seedling height offering the best predictive power (R2 = 0.66, mesic site; and R2 = 0.70, xeric site). Second-year absolute growth prediction was poorest on the mesic site (R2 < 0.21). Regression analysis indicates that initial seedling characteristics lost predictive value with time, especially on the mesic site, as seedlings grew out of their initial, container-induced characteristics and become more limited by current environmental and genetic factors. Conversely, on a xeric site, where absolute growth was reduced, traits determined by the container type persisted longer. Selecting stocktypes for mesic site conditions may only be limited by the minimum growth gains desired. Conversely, xeric sites may benefit from deep-planted quality seedlings or carefully planted long-rooted, large container seedlings.  相似文献   

2.
After cold storage, conifer seedlings in British Columbia are tested for field growth potential before planting. We compared three tests of performance potential using container-grown seedlings of Douglas-fir, interior spruce, lodgepole pine, and western larch (14 seedlots total). On several autumn dates, seedlings were lifted and stored at −2°C. The following spring we tested stored seedlings for root growth potential (RGP), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and stomatal conductance (Gs), and then planted seedlings in nursery beds. We assessed survival and shoot dry weight (SDW) after one growing season. Performance test results were significantly correlated with each other (r ≥ 0.47) but showed different relationships with field performance, which varied with lift date. The best performance predictor was the sum of CF and RGP (R 2 = 0.79 for 78 seedlot by lift-date combinations), which minimized the risk of planting poor seedlings and not planting good seedlings. A sum of 83 for CF (Fv/Fm %) and RGP (new roots >1 cm) provided a threshold above which survival and growth were good. For evergreen conifers, Gs was a good performance predictor, but required extra time to measure leaf area. We recommend a combination of CF and RGP to assess vigor of shoot and root systems before planting. Wolfgang D. Binder––Scientist Emeritus.  相似文献   

3.
The influence of site and stock quality factors in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) plantation establishment has been studied. Five stocklots with a contrasting seedling quality were planted on six different sites showing different ecologic conditions in a same regional context. This reciprocal study indicated that site factors (climate, meteorology and soil) explained most of the variability found over stock quality factors (material and performance attributes) in the overall performance results (F values for final survival were 64.2 and 14.1 for site and stocklot, respectively). There were significant interactions between both factors in survival (F = 2.03 for final survival) and first growth, indicating that the seedling quality attributes associated with a better performance depended on site conditions, with physiological attributes being more dependent on the site than morphological attributes. The lower the site quality (poor performance), the higher the importance of stock quality, especially that related with seedling size and macronutrient content, which showed positive correlations (p < 0.05) with survival, yielding differences of over 30% between stocklots. In general, a milder climate and a shallow site meant a higher mortality. The meteorology during the two years after planting confirmed this trend as survival was preferably correlated with temperature variables instead of with precipitation. In the first year, climate factors affected seedling performance more than the soil texture, whereas, in the second, growth was correlated (p < 0.01) with clay and silt percentages, confirming a predominant effect of site over time. Soil depth is discussed as a basic variable possessing a determinant influence on the overall results.  相似文献   

4.
Height–diameter relationships are essential elements of forest assessment and modeling efforts.In this work,two linear and eighteen nonlinear height–diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model for Oriental beech(Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in the Hyrcanian Forest in Iran.The predictive performance of these models was first assessed by different evaluation criteria: adjusted R~2(R~2_(adj)),root mean square error(RMSE),relative RMSE(%RMSE),bias,and relative bias(%bias) criteria.The best model was selected for use as the base mixed-effects model.Random parameters for test plots were estimated with different tree selection options.Results show that the Chapman–Richards model had better predictive ability in terms of adj R~2(0.81),RMSE(3.7 m),%RMSE(12.9),bias(0.8),%Bias(2.79) than the other models.Furthermore,the calibration response,based on a selection of four trees from the sample plots,resulted in a reduction percentage for bias and RMSE of about 1.6–2.7%.Our results indicate that the calibrated model produced the most accurate results.  相似文献   

5.
Site quality index (SQI) of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) in the Boreal Shield of Quebec was predicted using two sources of information: (1) mappable permanent site variables derived from permanent sampling plots and other sources and (2) measured soil and site properties including both biological and permanent site variables. General mappable information did not produce reasonable relationships (R2 < 0.25) with SQI while measured variables were able to explain much of trembling aspen SQI variability. For the two parent material types found in our study, i.e. fluvial and till, there was no difference between median SQI values between groups. However, different soil and site variables were better at predicting trembling aspen productivity for the individual parent material types. As much as 60% of the variability in trembling aspen productivity was explained when both biological and permanent site variables were considered in stepwise regression models. When treated individually, models developed for fluvial sites better explained trembling aspen productivity compared to models developed for till sites. Moreover, the ability of the model to predict trembling aspen productivity on till sites when using permanent site variables alone, e.g. soil texture, elemental chemistry and elevation was decreased (R2 < 0.3). This indicates that the inclusion of biological site variables such as overstory species composition and forest floor properties provide a major contribution to SQI prediction and are necessary to yield high R2. Overall, the data indicate that the traditional mapping of landscape attributes such as drainage and deposit as well as inferred soil geochemistry do not contribute much to explaining SQI. At present, field measurements are needed to predict SQI with a reasonable degree of precision within a forest management unit.  相似文献   

6.
Single and multiple linear regression techniques were used to explain the capacity of initial seedling root volume (Rv) and first-order lateral roots (FOLR) relative to shoot height, diameter, and fresh mass to serve as important indicators of stock quality and predictors of first- and second-year height and diameter on an afforestation site in southern Indiana, USA. This was accomplished for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh) seedlings graded into four Rv categories at establishment. Field survival was high (85–97%) for all species. Initial diameter, height, fresh mass, and Rv provided similar predictive ability of second-year field response for absolute height (R2 = 0.59–0.77) and diameter (R2 = 0.50–0.73) for both oak species. Initial seedling Rv was a better predictor of field response than FOLR for both oak species, though not for cherry. Multiple-variable models accounted for a greater proportion of the total variation in seedling field height and diameter than did single-variable equations. The high R2 (up to 0.95) of regression models suggests field performance of these species can be reliably predicted and confirms the importance of initial seedling morphology in dictating early plantation performance.  相似文献   

7.
P.Saikia  M.L.Khan 《林业研究》2012,23(4):569-574
We studied seedling survival and growth of Aquilaria malaccensis in three different environmental conditions(homegardens,green house and in different canopy conditions) of northeast India.Results show that mean seasonal survival was highest in green house(95.53%±2.33),followed by homegardens(89.3%±1.89) and different canopy conditions(77.62%±6.73);the highest values were found during February to April for both the homegardens(96%±1.68) and green house(98% ± 0.88) and lowest during November to January(78%±2.99) in homegardens and May to July(90%±4.53) in green house.In case of transplanted seedlings in different canopy conditions,mean seasonal survival was highest during May to July(98%±1.92) and lowest during August to October(66%±12.81).However,mean seasonal growth of collar diameter was highest in different canopy conditions(23.99%±1.76) compared to green house(21.52%±2.70) and homegardens(12.44%±1.33) and it was highest during rainy season(May to July) and lowest during dry winter(November to January) in all the three experimental sites.These variations may be due to the different microclimatic conditions as well as nutrient status of the soil in all the three experimental sites.Although,seedling quality plays a great role in their survival and growth,based on the result of green house experiment,it can be concluded that maintenance of seedlings in green house conditions during their early growth period may improve both the survival and growth for large scale plantation of the species.Thus,the species can be reintroduced in its natural forest range to compensate the loss of natural population of this precious species in northeast India.  相似文献   

8.
This study investigated near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to rapidly estimate physical and mechanical properties of No. 2 2 × 4 southern pine lumber. A total of 718 lumber samples were acquired from six mills across the Southeast and destructively tested in bending. From each piece of lumber, a 25-mm-length block was cut and diffuse reflectance NIR spectra were collected from the transverse face using a FOSS 5000 scanning spectrometer. Calibrations were created using partial least squares (PLS) regression and their performance checked with a prediction set. Overall moderate predictive ability was found between NIRS and the properties for the calibration and prediction sets: block specific gravity (SG) (R 2 = 0.66 and R p 2  = 0.63), lumber SG (0.54 and 0.53), modulus of elasticity (MOE) (0.54 and 0.58), and modulus of rupture (MOR) (0.5 and 0.4). Model performance for MOE (R p 2  = 0.70) and MOR (R p 2  = 0.50) improved when performing PLS regression on a matrix containing lumber SG and NIR spectra. Overall NIRS predicted MOE better than linear models using lumber SG (R 2 = 0.46), whereas lumber SG (R 2 = 0.51) predicted MOR better than NIRS. Overall NIRS has reasonably good predictive ability considering the small volume of wood that is scanned with the instrument.  相似文献   

9.
The scattered tree layer that defines savannas is important for structuring the understory community and determining patterns of overstory recruitment. However, encroachment by woody plants has altered overstory tree densities and regeneration dynamics. We characterized seedling success of the savanna-forming species Quercus alba within Midwestern (USA) oak savannas that had been degraded by encroachment (control; n = 4) or experimentally restored by removal of encroaching woody vegetation (treatment; n = 4). In early 2004, 981 seedlings were transplanted along transects radiating from tree boles of overstory Q. alba trees to inter-canopy gaps and monitored for three growing seasons. Seedlings in restored sites had greater survival (>2×), height growth (by >50%), and basal diameter growth (by >20%). In general, seedling survival and growth parameters increased with distance from overstory trees and were greatest in inter-canopy gaps of restored sites. By the final growing season (2006), the seedling survival-by-distance from tree correlation was stronger in control (r2 = 0.25) than treatment sites (r2 = 0.18), due to relatively uniform (and greater) survival at all distances from trees in treatment sites. In 2006, growth parameters (seedling height, diameter, Δ height, Δ diameter, and # leaves) were significantly (and more strongly) positively correlated with distance from trees in treatment sites. However, seedling herbivory was also greater after treatment and increased with distance from overstory trees. To understand seedling/microenvironment relationships, we created logistic (survival) and linear regression models (Δ height, Δ basal diameter, # leaves in 2006). Control seedling models had consistently greater predictive power and included more variables, suggesting that savanna restoration may decouple seedlings from their microenvironments, potentially by decreasing competition for limiting resources. Encroachment of the savannas in this study is limiting regeneration of Q. alba, suggesting substantially altered regeneration dynamics from those under which these savannas originally formed. Initial responses from our test of restoration, however, were promising and mechanical encroachment removal may be a means to promote overstory regeneration of this species. Finally, the savannas in this study appear inherently unstable and a scattered canopy tree configuration is unlikely to persist without regular disturbance, even in the restoration sites. Repeated mechanical thinning treatments with selected retention of recruiting Q. alba individuals or reintroduction of understory fire or grazing animals may be potential mechanisms for promoting long-term persistence of savannas at these sites.  相似文献   

10.
Harper  C. P.  O'Reilly  C. 《New Forests》2000,20(1):1-13
The effect of warm storage (15 °C)for up to 21 days on the vitality of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings lifted on four occasions from October to January wasassessed using fine root electrolyte leakage (REL). After 0, 7 and 21 days warm storage, additionalseedlings were potted and placed in a controlledgreenhouse environment to determine root growthpotential (RGP) after 4 weeks and survival after 8weeks. REL was a poor indicator of survival potential;REL increased after 7 days storage, despite the factthat RGP and survival were unaffected. REL increased further during the remainder of the 21-days storage period, but values were often not greatly different from those following 7days storage. Storage for up to 21 days greatlydecreased RGP and survival. Seedlings lifted inOctober and November were most affected by storagetreatments, but differences among lifting dates wererelatively small.  相似文献   

11.
Recurrent problems with regeneration of oaks (Quercus spp.) have been documented across a wide range of ecosystems. In oak-dominated forests of the central and Appalachian hardwood regions of the United States, a lack of competitive oak regeneration has been tied, in part, to fire suppression in these landscapes, and managers throughout the region are using prescribed fire to address this concern. To examine fire effects on oak regeneration, researchers have generally relied on inventories or population studies of existing seedlings. These studies are valuable but do not permit examination of the role of fire in enhancing the establishment and growth of new oak seedlings stemming from oak mast events. In this study, white (Quercus alba) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) acorn mast crops serendipitously occurred in year three (fall 2005) of a landscape-scale prescribed fire experiment. We examined establishment, survival, height and diameter of new seedlings on sites on the Cumberland Plateau in eastern Kentucky. Treatments were fire exclusion, a single prescribed fire (1x-burn; 2003), and repeated prescribed fire (3x-burn; 2003, 2004, and after acorn drop in 2006), all conducted in late spring. Initial densities of newly established chestnut and white oak seedlings were statistically similar across treatments (P = 0.42), despite fires on the 3x-burn site having occurred after acorns were on the ground. Oak seedling density was significantly predicted by oak basal area on all sites (R2 = 0.12–0.46), except for chestnut oak on fire-excluded sites (R2 = 0.04). Litter depth was less on 3x-burn sites compared to 1x-burn and fire-excluded sites, whereas canopy openness was greater on both burn treatments compared to fire-excluded sites. Seedling mortality was generally higher on fire-excluded sites compared to burn sites, especially for white oak. Oak seedling mortality in the first two growing seasons was significantly predicted by initial litter depth and open sky, with greater litter depth and lower percent open sky leading to higher mortality. In the third growing season none of the measured variables predicted chestnut oak seedling survival; for white oak, percent open sky remained a significant predictor of mortality. Initially, seedlings on the fire-excluded sites had similar height but smaller diameter; after three growing seasons there were few differences in seedling height or diameter among treatments. Our findings suggest a potential role for prescribed fire in establishing forest floor and light conditions that may enhance the success of new oak germinants, although different responses among species may suggest the need to target management for individual oak species.  相似文献   

12.

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between stem volume in seven 19-30-yr-old field progeny trials and growth traits assessed in 1-yr-old Pinus sylvestris seedlings in growth-chamber treatments with optimal and limiting water availability at two temperatures. The seedlings in the growth-chamber experiment were open-pollinated families from two Swedish seed orchards. The field trials were established with full-sib families with the same parents. The genetic correlations between stem volume in the field progeny trials and height and biomass traits in the growth chamber were mainly low or zero. There was no clear pattern of juvenile-mature correlations with respect to combinations of growth-chamber treatments, field test site temperature and water availability. Periodic drought in the juvenile stage did not improve the juvenile-mature correlations, suggesting that at the juvenile stage, the mature stage, or both, the families used in this study do not appear to be specifically adapted to drought conditions.  相似文献   

13.
First-year survival of December-planted loblolly pine seedlings sampled from 20 nurseries ranged from 36 to 86%. Various characteristics of the seedlings including root growth potential (RGP), shoot/root ratio, root weight and stem length were correlated with survival. A regression model using the number of new roots >/= 0.5 cm and the shoot/root ratio accounted for 80% of the variation in first-year survival. Alone, the number of new roots >/= 0.5 cm accounted for 76% of the variation in survival. Foliar nutrients were not correlated with survival. Seedlings with a high proportion of quiescent buds at planting had a higher RGP and better survival than seedlings with dormant (endodormant) buds. The data suggest that seedlings with dormant buds should not be planted on sites where rapid new root growth is needed for survival.  相似文献   

14.
We compared different potential indicators of nitrogen (N) availability across 50 beech forests growing on a wide range of soils in northeastern France. Among the 50 sites measured, high elevation acidic soils had the highest potential net N mineralization in the A horizon (PNM0–5 cm), while low elevation neutral and calcareous soils had the lowest (PNM0–5 cm). We found that (PNM0–5 cm) was negatively correlated with soil pH (R2 = 0.47***) and positively correlated with microbial C/N (R2 = 0.34***). However, when high elevation sites were excluded from analyses, the relationship between PNM0–5 cm and soil pH as well as microbial C/N became weaker (R2 = 0.23*** for both variables). We found no relationship between PNM0–5 cm and organic N concentration, soil C/N, or vegetation-based indices for N availability (Ellenberg N and Ecoplant C/N). Bivariate linear regression analyses showed that 69% of the variability in percent nitrification (%Nitrif) was explained by both soil pH (0–5 cm) and soil C/N. Percent nitrification was strongly correlated with vegetation-based indices for N availability. The Ellenberg N and R (pH index) values together explained 74% of the variation in %Nitrif. No relationship was found between %Nitrif and soil δ15N (natural abundance in 15N). Of the 76 plant species evaluated, the probability of presence of 61 plant species was significantly correlated with %Nitrif while the probability of presence of 27 plant species only was correlated with PNM0–5 cm. From these results, we believe that the use of plant community composition or the combination of soil pH and C/N are robust indicators of N availability.  相似文献   

15.
South  David B.  Hallgren  Stephen W. 《New Forests》1997,13(1-3):357-365
Relationships between root growth potential (RGP) and plantation survival were evaluated for 12 families of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) from Oklahoma and Arkansas in 2 consecutive years. Bare-root, 1+0 seedlings were either planted one day after lifting (nonstored) or were stored at 1° to 3°C for 4 weeks. Correlations were obtained using the traditional research method where seedlings are planted in the field prior to obtaining results from the RGP test. In addition, operational correlations were derived by planting seedlings after obtaining RGP test data.For nonstored seedlings, research correlations were generally higher (r values were larger in 18 of 24 cases) than operational correlations. The predictive ability of operational correlations may not be high enough with 28-day pot tests to warrant batch culling of freshly lifted shortleaf pine. However, results were mixed for stored seedlings. In one year, operational correlations were generally higher than research correlations.  相似文献   

16.
We monitored variation in seasonal and annual net ecosystem production (NEP), gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (R E) based on 7-year eddy covariance measurements above a cool?Ctemperate deciduous broad-leaved forest (Japanese beech forest). The 7-year means (±SD) of annual NEP, GPP, and R E were 312?±?64, 1250?±?62, and 938?±?36?g?C?m?2?year?1, respectively. Variation in NEP was much larger than variation in GPP and R E. During the growing season, the main factor controlling carbon balance was air temperature; variation in seasonal integrated NEP was regulated by accumulated air temperature (degree-day) with a significant negative correlation, whereas the seasonal ratio of R E to GPP was correlated positively with accumulated air temperature. Because the deviation of seasonal NEP was also significantly correlated with seasonal R E/GPP, NEP was controlled by R E/GPP, depending on air temperature during the growing season. Seasonal R E in the defoliation and snow seasons was also important for evaluating the annual carbon balance, because the total number of days in the two seasons was quite large owing to a long snowy winter. In the defoliation and snow seasons, we found defoliation season length was a major factor determining seasonal integrated R E, illustrating the positive correlation between R E and defoliation season length. The major factors controlling interannual variations in forest carbon balance are discussed.  相似文献   

17.
The future of South Africa’s most important pine species, Pinus patula, is threatened by the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii represent two subtropical species that provide an alternative to planting P. patula on the warmer sites of South Africa. Extending the planting range of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi to include higher and colder altitude sites will reduce the area planted to P. patula and the risk of F. circinatum. During 2007 progeny trials of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi were planted on a sub-tropical and sub-temperate site. Shortly after the establishment of these trials, unusually cold weather conditions were experienced across South Africa (?3°C at the sub-temperate site) resulting in severe mortality. This provided the opportunity to assess the variation in survival as a measure of frost tolerance within these two species to determine whether it could be improved upon through selection. Results indicated that the variation in survival was under genetic control in P. tecunumanii (h (0,1) 2  = 0.16, h L 2  = 0.27) and P. maximinoi (h (0,1) 2  = 0.11, h L 2  = 0.23) at the sub-temperate site. Correlations in provenance ranking for survival across sites were high for both species. Moderate correlations in family survival for P. tecunumanii (r = 0.52) were found at the two sites. Improvements in cold tolerance can thus be made in both species extending their planting range to include greater areas planted to P. patula thereby limiting the risk of F. circinatum.  相似文献   

18.
A study concerning the winter mortality of a sub-corticolous population of Ips typographus and its parasitoids has been carried out in the south-eastern Alps (Italy) during the winter 1997/98. Three attacked spruce trees were sampled three times (November, February and April) by collecting infested bark disks (1?dm2 each). All insects that emerged from the bark or died in the samples before emergence were counted. The mean number of living Ips typographus occurring under the bark decreases by 49?% from November to April. Winter mortality mainly affects larval stages and young adults. The same trend was observed for the parasitoids Coeloides bostrychorum (48.5?%) and Roptrocerus xylophagorum (47.5?%).  相似文献   

19.
Field performance can be predicted by evaluating nursery stock quality, but optimal morphological variables for use in these assessments may vary by species especially under dry Mediterranean conditions. Our objective was to identify initial seedling morphological characteristics that successfully predict field performance of five Mediterranean species (Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Ceratonia silqua and Pistacia lentiscus). Container seedling morphology was evaluated following the nursery phase, and then seedlings were outplanted in the field where field survival was monitored for two successive years. Results indicate that survival can successfully be predicted from seedling initial morphological characteristics for all these species, yet not all the initial characteristics were good predictors. Survival of P. halepensis and Pist. lentiscus seedlings was positively correlated to initial seedling root-collar diameter, total dry weight and Dickson’s quality index, and can be reliably predicted by these variables. In contrast, seedling field survival of the two Mediterranean evergreen oak species was correlated with few initial morphological attributes; initial diameter provided an accurate index to predict second-year outplanting survival for both species while height/diameter was a good survival predictor for Q. coccifera seedlings. For C. siliqua seedlings, seedlings with larger initial diameter and total biomass survive better in the field. Thus, diameter was the common variable that accurately predicted survival for all species, which should be >5 mm for P. halepensis seedlings and >7 mm for the remaining species.  相似文献   

20.
We analysed the physiological bases that explain why large and high nitrogen (N) concentration seedlings frequently have improved survival and growth relative to small seedlings in Mediterranean woodland plantations. Large seedlings of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) with high N concentration (L+), and small seedlings with either high (S+) or low (S−) N concentration, were planted on two sites of different weed competition intensity that created contrasting stress conditions. Seedling survival, growth, gas exchange, N remobilization (NR) and uptake (NU), and water potential were assessed through the first growing season. Weeds reduced survival and growth, but seedling response to weed competition varied among phenotypes and between species. At the end of the first growing season, L+ Aleppo pine seedlings had higher survival than both small seedling types in presence of weeds but no differences were observed in absence of weeds. Mortality differences among phenotypes occurred in spring but not in summer. L+ Aleppo pines grew more than small Aleppo pines independently of weed competition. No holm oak seedling type survived in presence of weeds and no mortality differences among phenotypes where observed in absence of weeds, although L+ holm oak seedlings grew more than small seedlings. Mortality and growth differences in Aleppo pine were linked to marked physiological differences among phenotypes while physiological differences were small among holm oak phenotypes. L+ Aleppo pines had greater root growth, gas exchange, NR, and NU than small seedlings, irrespective of their N concentration. Seedling size in Aleppo pine had a greater role in the performance of transplanted seedlings than N concentration. The functional differences among oak phenotypes were small whereas they were large in pine seedlings, which led to smaller differences in transplanting performance in holm oak than in pine. This suggests that the nursery seedling quality improvement for planting in dry sites could depend on the species-specific phenotypic plasticity and functional strategy. Improved transplanting performance in large Aleppo pine seedlings relative to small seedlings was linked to greater gas exchange, root growth and N cycling.  相似文献   

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